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	Achene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Typical achenes are the fruits of buttercup, buckwheat, and dandelion.
		The most familiar achenes are those of the strawberry, where the "seeds" are the achenes (technically the 'botanical' fruits), while what is eaten as the ('culinary') fruit is a so-called accessory fruit.
		A grain, a type of fruit closely resembling an achene, differs in that the pericarp is fused to the thin seed coat in the grain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Achene (297 words)

	Olympus MIC-D: Darkfield Gallery - Dandelion Fruit
		Known as achenes, these fruits are derived from a follicle with a failure of dehiscence (split open, letting seeds fall out) and reduction of the number of seeds to one.
		The cypsela, an achene with adherent calyx, of the dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) weed, is one of three types that include the winged achene or samara (for example, the winged fruits of elms and maples), and the utricles (bladdery achene with a loose fitting pericarp around the seed).
		Achenes are common in the families of Ranunculaceae (buttercups), Polygonaceae, and Asteraceae (sunflowers, including dandelions).
	www.olympusmicro.com /micd/galleries/darkfield/dandelionfruit.html (527 words)

	Fruit Terminology (Part 2)
		The achene is the typical fruit of the sunflower family (Asteraceae).
		The hulled achenes or groats are used in several brands of hot and cold breakfast cereals.
		The lower portion of the calyx tightly enwraps the one-seeded achene and is persistent around the fruit as an anthocarp.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /termfr2.htm (1186 words)

	PlantNET - FloraOnline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Achenes all similar, terete to flattened, sometimes winged, glabrous to hairy or tuberculate.
		Achenes clavate, 4-angled at the apex, reflexed on the receptacle at maturity
		Mature achenes of disc florets with wings, and in most cases those of the ray florets similarly winged (wings often almost as thick as the achene and difficult to distinguish), rarely the wings restricted to the apex of the achene
	plantnet.rbgsyd.gov.au /cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Brachyscome (835 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: WILD HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF REDUCED SATURATED PALMITIC AND STEARIC FATTY ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Achenes of 86 populations of H. annuus were collected from the central Great Plains of the USA.
		Achene oil of one population of wild H. annuus from Holmquist, South Dakota, USA had a palmitic acid level that averaged 39 g kg-1, while stearic acid averaged 19 g kg-1.
		F2 plants produced an achene oil that averaged 45 g kg-1 palmitic and 23 g kg-1 stearic acid, for a total of 68 g kg-1.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=151830 (1144 words)

	Gibson, J. Phil. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		One achene class is typically larger, have a thicker pericarp, lack dispersal structures, and require specific conditions to germinate.
		The alternative achene class tends to be lighter, have dispersal structures such as a pappus, and do not require specific stimulus to break dormancy.
		Ecological and population genetic studies have shown that achene heteromorphism is a bet-hedging strategy whereby plants offset the contrasting spatial and temporal risks of seed dispersal by partitioning reproductive output between two ecologically and genetically different seed pools.
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/botany2000/section2/abstracts/6.shtml (254 words)

	Urticaceae in Flora of China @ efloras.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Fruit usually a dry achene, sometimes a fleshy drupe, often enclosed by the persistent perianth.
		Achene not lustrous, remaining attached to perianth; stigma persistent.
		Stigma peltate with long ciliate hairs along margin; achene adnate to thinly fleshy perianth, surrounded at base or almost wholly enclosed by discoid or cuplike fleshy receptacle.
	www.efloras.org /florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10931 (1262 words)

	achene
		Dry, one-seeded fruit that develops from a single ovary and does not split open to disperse the seed.
		Achenes commonly occur in groups – for example, the fruiting heads of buttercup Ranunculus and clematis.
		The outer surface may be smooth, spiny, ribbed, or tuberculate, depending on the species.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006894.html (195 words)

	Scleria in Flora of North America @ efloras.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Before the achene abscises, the hypogynium is attached to a concave disc, the cupula, which remains with the inflorescence when the achene is shed.
		The contra-ligule (sometimes called the ligula) is a membranous flap on the rim of the leaf sheath on the opposite side from the blade.
		Proximalmost lateral panicle spreading or drooping on filiform, flexuous peduncle (15–)20–100 mm; achene usually with tufts or lines of spreading, whitish or tawny hairs on ridges, rarely glabrous; distalmost lateral panicle with bract (including sheath) usually 1/4–3/4 length of terminal internode.
	www.efloras.org /florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=129760 (792 words)

	Untitled
		leaves are alternate, ribbon-like with a central vein; upper part of stem branched; inflorescence a flat-topped corymb, panicle, or spike, flowers yellow, in small numerous heads crowded in small clusters; fruit an achene; habitat variable wet meadow, shallow marshes, fens, ditches, moist to dry woods, and shores.
		Spikelets flattened, the scales in 2 rows on opposite sides of the rachilla; rachilla often with thin wings somewhat enclosing the achene or running to the scale next above; spikelets often in heads, with leafy bracts at base, leaves basal; fruit an achene; habitat variable.
		stems variable round, or 3-angled; leaves broad to narrow; spikelets may be single in in dense clusters; scales arranged in a spiral; flowers perfect; achenes variable in shape, usually has a beak; usually an emergent in marshes, ditches, ponds and lakes.
	www.msu.edu /course/bot/423/MstrPlantlst1.htm (4416 words)

	Untitled
		large and complex genus, characterized by having a achene (or nutlet) enclosed in a sac, the perigynium, and by having the stamens and pistils in separate flowers.
		To a large extent the species are based on the nature of the perigynium; this many be inflated, closely filled by the achene (or nutlet), or scale-like; it may be beaked or beakless.
		Spikelets flattened, the scales in 2 rows on opposite sides of the rachilla; rachilla often with thin wings somewhat enclosing the achene (or nutlet) or running to the scale next above; may have leafy bracts at the base; spikelets often in heads, with leafy bracts at base, leaves basal; fruit an achene; habitat variable.
	www.msu.edu /course/bot/423/Plntlist6grssedgrsh.htm (1065 words)

	achene - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		ACHENE [achene], dry, simple, one-seeded fruit with the seed attached to the inner wall at only one point.
		Use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for selecting for high stearic acid concentration in single husked achenes of sunflower.(Crop Breeding, Genetics & Cytology)
		Nondestructive Screening for Oleic and Linoleic Acid in Single Sunflower Achenes by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/a/achene.asp (257 words)

	IngentaConnect The Relationship Between Achene Weight, Embryo Weight and Germina...
		Achene characteristics of a single capitulum from each of 15 biotypes of apomictic Taraxacum were investigated.
		The probability of any one achene germinating was influenced both by its source and by its weight and ranged from 0.049 to 0.902 between capitula and from 0.028 to 0.873 between weight classes.
		Although the heaviest achenes showed the best germination, it is predicted that, for a given investment of maternal resources, seedling number would be maximized by producing achenes of a single intermediate weight.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/ap/bo/1999/00000083/00000001/art00790 (248 words)

	Joann Lau
		For instance, one plant (from a non-cold-requiring achene) produced achenes that exhibited 100% germination at room temperature, whereas another plant (from an achene that germinated after one cold treatment) exhibited 32%, 20%, and 16% germination after 0, 1, and 2 cold treatments, respectively.
		Also, the effect of achene size on germinability was examined by partitioning achenes from a single population into four size categories.
		In one population (even though the weight of large achenes was more than double the smallest) there were no statistically significant differences in cumulative germination between different size categories.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /robinson/joannlau.htm (668 words)

	Composite Flowers
		The achenes in the middle, at the very top of the receptacle, are white because they are still immature.
		Later the pappuses on these mature achenes will serve as parachutes, enabling the achenes to be blown by the wind into new territory.
		On these achenes the pappus bristles have stiffened into barbs that can stick into animal fur (or hikers' pants), and thus travel into new territory to be planted.
	www.backyardnature.net /fl_comps.htm (1220 words)

	Blunt Spike Rush (Eleocharis ovata obtusa)
		At the apex of each achene, there is a flattened tubercle with a short slender beak that corresponds to the base of the style.
		Each achene is usually surrounded by several fine bristles that originate from the achene's base; these bristles are about the same length as the achene (a 10x hand lens is useful in observing these bristles and other characteristics of the achene).
		Each of its achenes has a tubercle that is unusually flat and broad and there are several fine bristles surrounding the achene (usually about 6).
	www.illinoiswildflowers.info /grasses/plants/bl_spikerush.htm (600 words)

	NPWRC :: Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants
		Flowers unisexual; achene enclosed in a saclike perigynium which in turn is subtended by a scale.
		Style base persistent as a tubercle atop the achene, often swollen, differentiated in color and texture from the achene body, or if the style base appears confluent with and not differentiated from the achene body, then the spikelets solitary on leafless culms.
		Fertile flowers or achenes few to several per spikelet, all or nearly all of the scales with flowers or achenes; achene trigonous, the tubercle minute, mammillate, distinct from the achene body.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/plants/vascplnt/famcyper.htm (493 words)

	PlantNET - FloraOnline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Achenes flattened, cuneate, sometimes winged, glabrous or hairy; pappus of rigid, usually barbed awns, often alternating with scales, rarely absent.
		Achene wings narrow, glabrous; leaves in a basal rosette
		Heads in a cymose panicle; apex of the achenes projecting as a hairy cone within the circle of the awns
	plantnet.rbgsyd.gov.au /cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Calotis (359 words)

	Dispersal biology of Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae (Asteraceae), a rare New England grassland perennial -- ...
		Achene width was significantly greater for propagules from the
		Note that achene width was the only trait that was significantly larger in the coastal region, although a trend for propagules from coastal areas to be heavier was also suggested.
		Venable D. Levin 1985 Ecology of achene dimorphism in Heterotheca latifolia: I. Achene structure, germination, and dispersal.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/90/8/1159 (5776 words)

	Appendix Table 3 - Literature Review of Plant Species Common in the Snake River Region
		Achene 4-5 mm, stems clustered; scaly rhizomes; reproduces from seeds and rhizomes; water, gravity
		Achenes 3.5-4 mm, pappus of numerous capillary bristles 5 mm; reproduces from seed; wind
		Achenes 2 x 5 mm pubescent, pappus of numerous capillary bristles; reproduces from seed and root sprouts; wind
	www.nww.usace.army.mil /lsr/REPORTS/vegetation/tab3c.htm (1200 words)

	16(1) Those Knotty Spikerushes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Its stem joints become crowded (closer together) near the stem tip; the internode stem surface is smooth rather than bumpy; and the robust achene bristles are longer than the achene.
		Its stem joints are spaced regularly but closely together all along the stem (2-5 mm apart); the internode stem surface is smooth; the flower spike is distinctly wider than its stem (about twice as wide); and the achene bristles are of unequal length, some as long as the achene.
		Another obvious difference is in the tubercles: while the other two species have a narrow conical tubercle topping the achene, this species has a short broad tubercle hugging the achene body.
	aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu /aq-s96-9.html (456 words)

	American Journal of Botany, 81, 3, March, 1994 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Abstract: The interrelationships among achene weight, allocation to embryo and pericarp, and germination time were determined for 500 stratified achenes of tetraploid Aster pilosus Willd.
		Heavy achenes are at an advantage in that their proportionately larger embryos and thinner pericarps facilitate germination, promoting competitive establishment of seedlings.
		Lighter achenes are also at an advantage through increased dispersibility, and their relatively thick pericarp provides a persistent seed bank.
	www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di001959.php (3591 words)

	American Journal of Botany, 74, 3, March, 1987 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In contrast, the onset of ray achene germination occurred 21 days after planting in the field plot and 19 days after planting in the field petri dishes Averages of 2.05 and 2.71 disc achenes/day germinated in the field plot and field petri dishes, respectively.
		Three separate treatments, using 100 ray and 100 disc achenes in each, were performed in laboratory growth chambers: 1) nicking the fruit coat, 2) excising the embryo, and 3) leaving the fruit coat intact.
		Untreated ray achenes in the laboratory paralleled the ray achenes in both field experiments in rate and germination percentage, but were delayed in time of germination.
	www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di001869.php (3259 words)

	Role of Within-individual Variation in Capitulum Size and Achene Mass in the Adaptation of the Annual Centaurea ...
		achenes, achenes were germinated under either controlled light
		The role of dimorphic achenes in the biology of the annual weed Leontodon longirrostris.
		The influence of achene type and plant density on growth and biomass allocation in the heterocarpic annual Catananche lutea (Asteraceae).
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/90/2/279 (3777 words)

	Gnaphalineae_South America
		However, all three taxa were described as possessing sericeo-pubescent achenes.
		It is diagnosed by heterogamous capitula, pappus bristles fused at the base, style branches of hermaphroditic florets rounded or obtuse, and achenes glandular with biseriate, multicellular, capitate-glandular trichomes (Fig.
		Achene shape: (0) oblong to oval, (1) rosulate.
	www.sacha.org /Gnaphalieae/Gnaphalieae.htm (2861 words)

	www.botanique.org : Dry fruit: follicle, capsule or achene
		An achene when it is indehiscent and 1-seeded with the seed coat distinct from the fruit wall (pericarp),
		A samara when it is an achene with a flat wing formed from the pericarp,
		A caryopsis when it is an achene with the seed coat (test(N. a) united to the fruit wall.
	www.botanique.org /reproduction-in-angiosperms/angiosperm-fruit/dry-fleshy-simple-fruit-follicle-capsule-achene-berry-drupe/dry-fruit-follicle-capsule-achene-article24466.html (219 words)

	Amazon.com: achene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Achene germination ecology of the federally threatened floodplain endemic boltonia decurrens (asteraceae): An article from: The American Midland Naturalist by Carol C Baskin and Jerry M Baskin (Jan 31, 2002)
		Setting of Jerusalem artichoke Helianthus tuberosus L. achenes depending on the order of branches =: Zalezhnist' zav'iazuvannia nasinnia Helianthus tuberosus L. vid poriadku pahoniv by M. M Pas'ko (Unknown Binding - Jan 1, 1986)
		A young rainbow trout (Salmo irideus) with a "horn" (the achene of Bidens cernua) on its head (American Museum novitates) (American Museum novitates) by E. W Gudger (Unknown Binding - Jan 1, 1931)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&search-alias=aps&keywords=achene&page=1 (171 words)

	AGR-118 SUMMER ANNUAL BROADLEAF WEEDS OF KENTUCKY
		Fruit: an achene, straw-colored with a central protuberance.
		Fruit: an achene enclosed in a bur with hooked prickles.
		Fruit: an achene, containing a circular glossy seed that is fl with a yellow scar at the end.
	www.ca.uky.edu /agc/pubs/agr/agr118/agr118.htm (1738 words)

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