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Topic: Acheulian

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	A review of the Early Acheulian evidence from South Asia
		All Acheulian evidence from this region is found in a rich mosaic of diverse palaeoenvironmental, geographical, and landform contexts, highlighting the dynamic adaptive and behavioral strategies of South Asian hominins during the Pleistocene.
		Early Acheulian assemblages are generally 'characterized by such core tools as handaxes, choppers, polyhedrons, and spheroids, a low number of cleavers and flake tools, the predominant use of the stone-hammer technique, and the absence of the Levallois technique' (Misra, 1987: 117).
		The Acheulian deposits (10 to 35 cm thick) were found to be in a compact gravel context, where the artifacts were produced primarily on limestone obtained in pebble/cobble form from the stream bed and as angular blocks from the plateau (Misra, 1987; Paddayya, 1982).
	www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk /issue8/chauhan.html (9937 words)

	Acheulian - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Excavation of an Acheulian workshop at Isampur, Karnataka (India).
		The Berekhat Ram figurine: a late Acheulian carving from the Middle East.
		Contemporaneity of Clactonian and Acheulian flint industries at Barnham, Suffolk.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-x-a1cheulia.html (193 words)

	Acheulian Goddess 5"-Sacred Source
		Until the past few decades, the famous Willendorf Goddess, carved of bone 30,000 years ago, was held to be the earliest human-crafted work of art and veneration.
		It is remarkable to note the similarities between the Willendorf and the far older Acheulian.
		Using flint tools, the maker of the Acheulian Goddess intentionally adapted an existing small stone, which already had breast-like Mother Goddess features, by adding incised grooves delineating the head and arms.
	www.sacredsource.com /prodinfo.asp?number=AC&variation=&aitem=1&mitem=4 (237 words)

	Archaeology Insitute, Tel-Aviv University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A complex Late Acheulian - Early Mousterian quarry landscape was discovered during a reconnaissance investigation of prehistoric communities in the central Dishon Valley, Northern Israel (Figure 1).
		Late Acheulian sites found at the Yiron and Bara'm plateaus, in very close proximity to the Dishon valley and to Mt. Pua, were studied by Ohel (1986; 1990).
		Acheulian lithic assemblages from Europe and Africa which include both handaxes and Levallois technology were recently reported (Rolland 1995; Tuffreau 1995; Monnier 2000) and a technological and conceptual link between handaxe manufacture and the Levallois technology was suggested (DeBono and Goren-Inbar 2001; Tuffreau 1997; Roe 2000).
	www.tau.ac.il /humanities/archaeology/projects/mt_pua.html (2111 words)

	The Prehistoric Society - Membership
		The Acheulian seems to be rather in fashion at the moment - a thought that I suppose might have occurred, at a rather earlier date and with less pleasure, to the makers of the later Oldowan industries.
		This latest addition to the recent literature of the Acheulian relates to an area that is of great geographical interest to students of the Lower Palaeolithic: the Indian Sub-Continent.
		There are clear general similarities between the Indian Acheulian and that of East and southern Africa, and Pappu is happy to accept an African genesis for the Acheulian of Peninsular India.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /prehistoric/reviews/02_10_acheulian.html (974 words)

	Antiquity, Project Gallery: Marshall, Gamble & Roe
		The Acheulian handaxe is the icon of the Lower Palaeolithic.
		Therefore, our primary objective in the two-year Acheulian biface project was to compile a digitised archive of as many Lower Palaeolithic artefacts as we could, as a disciplinary resource for teaching and research.
		The British Acheulian is dominated by flint (PLATE 1), a raw material that is rarely encountered in Africa where sedimentary and volcanic rocks predominate (PLATE 2).
	antiquity.ac.uk /ProjGall/marshall/marshall.html (1253 words)

	The Tan-Tan Venus
		The Tan-Tan figurine was discovered during an archaeological survey by Lutz Fiedler, state archaeologist of Hessen, Germany, in a river terrace deposit on the north bank of the River Draa a few kilometers south of the Moroccan town of Tan-Tan.
		The antiquity of the Middle Paleolithic of the general region is on the order of 50 000 and 120 000 years, and Middle Acheulian of similar composition occurs between 300 000 and 500 000 years.
		The Acheulian of north-western Africa is of great significance to the study of the same industry in south-western Europe because of the likelihood that Europe was initially settled via the Strait of Gibraltar rather than via eastern Europe (Bednarik 1999 a).
	donsmaps.com /tantanvenus.html (1156 words)

	Pharyngula::Acheulian Beavis
		Because of the smaller specific gravity of the charred botanical items and the proximity of the occupations to water, the botanical finds under 20 mm cannot serve as a spatial indicator for the hearths.
		The producers of the Acheulian material culture have frequently been assumed to be Homo erectus or Homo ergaster; at GBY they may just as well have been archaic Homo sapiens.
		The in situ evidence emanating from the Acheulian horizons at GBY suggests that the hominin inhabitants hunted, processed meat, extracted marrow, quarried and transported different kinds of rock, produced stone tools, gathered plant foods, and produced fire.
	pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/acheulian_beavis (305 words)

	Teaching South Asia
		The Acheulian found over much of the rest of India, is characterised by bifacially flaked artefacts—handaxes and cleavers—along with denticulates, scrapers, spheroids, and picks amongst other tools.
		Recent excavations at Attirampakkam in Tamil Nadu, have revealed Acheulian artefacts in a 4-meter thick deposit of laminated clay, indicative of a possible palaeo-swamp.
		Acheulian artefacts were made principally on hard and durable quartzites.
	www.mssu.edu /projectsouthasia/tsa/VIN1/Pappu.htm (2751 words)

	Archaeology and Early History: Early Prehistoric Peoples
		The Acheulian Culture had its own distinctive tradition of tool-making which was very different from the earlier Clactonian Culture.
		These Acheulian tribespeople made distinctive hand-axes by shaping a large nodule of flint to the required shape.
		Acheulian hand-axes have been found throughout the Dartford area, suggesting that these early tribespeople hunted over a wide area, and that their activities were not solely restricted to riverside sites.
	www.dartfordarchive.org.uk /early_history/people.shtml (784 words)

	Acheulean - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Acheulean (also spelt Acheulian, pronounced /ætʃuːlɪən/ or /ætʃuːleɪən/) is the name given to an archaeological industry of stone tool manufacture associated with prehistoric hominins during the Lower Palaeolithic era across Africa and much of Asia and Europe.
		The geographic distribution of Acheulian tools and thus the people that made them is often interpreted as being the result of palaeoclimatic and ecological factors, such as glaciation and the desertification of the Sahara Desert
		Acheulean stone tools have been found across the continent of Africa, save for the dense rainforest around the River Congo which is not thought to have been colonised by humans until later.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acheulean (3581 words)

	Antiquity, Project Gallery: Biglari, Heydari & Shidrang
		The evidence for the Acheulian industry in Iran consists of a few examples of bifaces as isolated finds or in association with chopping tool industries from the Zagros region.
		The Ganj Par evidence suggests that migrating Acheulian groups probably made their way into the northern Alborz foothills from the north-west along the ancient Caspian shores.
		However, the possibility of a southern arrival from the Zagros range and the Central Plateau of Iran can not be excluded as the narrow Sefid Rud valley provides a major route from the north-western part of the Iranian plateau to the western Caspian lowland.
	antiquity.ac.uk /projgall/biglari/index.html (1024 words)

	Acheulian - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Acheulian" at HighBeam.
		Acheulian culture in peninsular India: an ecological perspective.(Book Review)
		The Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel: the wood assemblage.(Book Review)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-x-acheulia.html (193 words)

	National Museums of Kenya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The site which is Acheulian is known to have a time range of about 0.7 to about 1.0 million year.
		It consists of a living site of hand-axe man. A rise in the Lake level drove the men of that period from their lake-side home and buried all the tools and weapons which they left behind in their hurried withdrawal.
		The Acheulian stage of the great hand-axe culture to which this site belongs is found over a very widespread area from England, France, and Southwest Europe generally to Cape Town.
	www.museums.or.ke /backgrounds/kariandu.html (277 words)

	Early Human Evolution: Early Human Culture
		They were rock cores or very large flakes that were systematically worked by percussion flaking to an elongated oval shape with one pointed end and sharp edges on the sides.
		For instance, the surfaces of late Acheulian hand axes often had many relatively small flake scars, suggesting that these tools were not completely made with heavy hammerstones.
		The Acheulian tradition of tool making spread from Africa into Southwest Asia by 1.4 million years ago and reached southern Europe by at least 600,000 years ago.
	anthro.palomar.edu /homo/homo_3.htm (2191 words)

	British Archaeology, no 4, May 1995: Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Whether the Clactonian humans developed into, or were replaced by, the Acheulian humans, no-one was ever quite sure; but the relationship between the two has dominated study of the period for decades.
		It suggests that the Clactonian and Acheulian stone-tool assemblages were in fact contemporary.
		Here, a gravel beach at the edge of an ancient river channel was used as a source of flint, and in one area it was used to make flakes from cores, while in a second area two or three bifaces were manufactured.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba4/ba4feat.html (2866 words)

	Lithic
		It has been proposed by Bordes that a Merdional Acheulian "irregular, badly made handaxes of variable, unstandardized forms" is an associated trait, (Villa 1983: 173).
		Contrast that with the Northern Acheulian of the Somme basin, in which handaxes have regular, standardized shapes.
		The Near Eastern Acheulian appears to have been oriented to the use of flint--at the site of Latamne in northern Syria, flint dominated the assemblage,(Clark 1966: 202).
	home.maine.rr.com /kences/lithic.htm (574 words)

	Acheulian Goddess
		This figurine was unearthed at the campsite of a nomadic tribe of people who lived even before the Neanderthals.
		If you have an Acheulian Goddess-related web page, please send the URL to Milo.
		Get a beautiful certificate declaring that you are a witch, priestess, priest, high priestess, high priest, or shaman of asdf.
	www.teenwitch.com /DEITY/ANCIENT/ACHEUL.HTM (339 words)

	EUROPEAN ACHEULIAN HANDAXE
		This tool was made from a quartzite river cobble and was found where a primitive settlement of these early humans once lived on the terraces of Haute-Garonne in Southwest France.
		This axe could be held two different ways to either chop a small controlled area with the point or a broad area with the flaked side.
		Their very emergence in Africa nearly two million years ago allowed the earliest humans to butcher animals for their meat - the needed nourishment that allowed humans to survive and flourish to one day populate and rule the earth.
	www.paleodirect.com /pb009.htm (728 words)

	Stone Age Hand-axes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Large Acheulian handaxe from area of Thames, England.
		Large ovate Early Acheulian handaxe from Broom in Devon, England.
		Large Acheulian handaxe from bank of the river Thet near the village of Bridgham in Norfolk, England.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/w/x/wxk116/axe (1276 words)

	Acheulian Culture in Peninsular India - DK Printworld
		The Indian sub-continent, particularly the Peninsular India, is recognised as one of the richest areas of Acheulian occupation in the Old World.
		The book examines the cultural material of the Acheulian phase in its ecological setting to throw light on the distribution pattern, nature of habitats, Quaternary deposits, mammalian and hominid remains, land use and subsistence, site formation process, genesis and chronology of the Acheulian cultural system.
		Incorporating his own field observations over the last three decades and more as well as integrating and synthesising the available data and evidence on Acheulian culture, Dr. R.S. Pappu presents a comprehensive understanding of the Acheulian system and, in general, behavioural patterns of early hunting and food gathering communities.
	www.dkprintworld.com /TitleDetails.asp?id=21 (206 words)

	SAHARAN ACHEULIAN FLAKE TOOLS
		In Africa, the Acheulian Tradition is well-defined and most diverse when compared to other regions where it eventually spread to.
		Different from the bifacial tools from the earlier Oldowan Period, Acheulian tools are fashioned from large flakes as opposed to using a whole cobblestone as the core.
		Based on the varieties of utilitarian handaxe designs, and not only obvious wear from use but actual well-thought flaking designs to best fit ones hand, there's really little doubt that these stone tools were relied upon on a daily basis for primitive man's existence.
	www.paleodirect.com /ach-055.htm (600 words)

	Centre for the Archaeology of Human Origins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Acheulian represents the first truly global scale occupation of the old world by hominids.
		By applying his methods as well as a number of novel techniques made possible by the use of digital photography, the project aims to develop a better understanding of the Acheulian world.
		The aim of the project is to investigate the Acheulian world at the continental scale, and in particular to document changes in artefact form and raw material use when set against a simple latitudinal model of ecological productivity.
	www.arch.soton.ac.uk /Prospectus/CAHO/europeresearch.html (637 words)

	Acheulian Goddess ancient
		Summary: The Acheulian Goddess is an ancient goddess figure.
		Get a beautiful certificate declaring that you are a priestess, priest, high priestess, high priest, witch, or shaman of Acheulian Goddess.
		This is a real religious certificate meeting government standards for conducting marriages and other ceremonies.
	www.teenwitch.com /divine/ancient/acheulian.html (353 words)

	Evolution of Modern Humans: Archaic Homo sapiens Culture
		Then, a heavy percussion blow at one end of the core removed a large flake that was convex on one side and relatively flat on the other--i.e., a
		This technique was first used in the late Acheulian tradition by early archaic Homo sapiens 250,000 years ago.
		Small flake scars on many of the Mousterian hand axes suggest that the craftsmen were using hammers of bone, antler, or similar relatively soft materials for better control in the final stages of shaping.
	anthro.palomar.edu /homo2/mod_homo_3.htm (2752 words)

	Goddess of Palestine
		The "Acheulian Goddess", as she has come to be called, was named for the geologic layer in which she was found, estimated to be between 230,000 and 800,000 years old.
		Carved with flint out of scoria stone, she is tiny enough to hold in the palm of the hand and resembles the much younger Venus of Willendorf, who is only 30,000 years old.
		The Acheulian goddess belongs to the Arab and Jews alike, because she precedes their differentiation from one another.
	www.awakenedwoman.com /goddess_of_palestine.htm (1503 words)

	CV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		C.A. Tryon P.I. The Acheulian to Middle Stone Age transition of the southern Kapthurin Formation, Kenya.
		C.A. Tryon, P.I. The Acheulian to Middle Stone Age transition of the southern Kapthurin Formation, Baringo, Kenya.
		Resolving the Acheulian to Middle Stone Age transition through tephrostratigraphy in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya.
	homepage.mac.com /extension23/CV.htm (1426 words)

	Near Eastern - North African Acheulian Figurine Symbolizing Traditon
		From this tradition—which corresponds to the Near Eastern and North African Later Acheulian ‘Ovate-Cordiform’ tool tradition—w e now have at least two verified anthropomorphic figurines.
		This tradition appears to have replaced the Middle Acheulian tradition that emphasized the symbolic pairing of globular lanceolates and picks.
		That the figurines were found in association with handaxes suggests that perhaps the Near Eastern/North African Symbol Tradition involved a symbolic pairing of an anthropomorphic figurine, gendered female, and a handaxe, now gendered male; conversely the association lends support to the idea that some handaxes played a symbolic religious role in the Later Acheulian.
	www.originsnet.org /nenatoolsfems/index.htm (238 words)

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