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Topic: Acid (chemistry)

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Acidic

Weak acid

Strong acid

Hydrochloric acid

Lactic acid

Sulfuric acid

Butyric acid

Phosphoric acid

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	Amino Acids
		The precise amino acid content, and the sequence of those amino acids, of a specific protein, is determined by the sequence of the bases in the gene that encodes that protein.
		The chemical properties of the amino acids of proteins determine the biological activity of the protein.
		As we learn about amino acids, it is important to keep in mind that one of the more important reasons to understand amino acid structure and properties is to be able to understand protein structure and properties.
	www.biology.arizona.edu /biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/aa.html (479 words)

	Acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The strength of an acid may be understood by this defintion by the stability of hydronium and the solvated conjugate base upon dissociation.
		Acids are named according to the ending of their anion.
		Nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid are all strong acids, whereas nitrous acid, sulfurous acid and hypochlorous acid are all weak.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acid (1373 words)

	Phosphoric acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Orthophosphoric acid is a non-toxic, inorganic, rather weak triprotic acid which, when pure, is a solid at room temperature and pressure.
		While phosphoric acid has the potential to release three hydrogen ions, in aqueous solution the third requires a high pH because PO is almost as strong a base as hydroxide ion.
		Phosphoric acid is used as a flux by hobbyists (such as model railroaders) as an aid to soldering.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phosphoric_acid (1643 words)

	Acids
		For example, hydrochloric acid reacts with water to form hydrogen ions which are transferred to a water molecule to form a hydronium ion.
		An acid which ionizes almost completely in solution is said to be a strong acid, wheras one which has a small degree of ionization is a weak acid.
		Of the common acids, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid are strong acids.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/chemical/acid.html (169 words)

	Phosphoric acid Summary
		Orthophosphoric acid is a non-toxic, inorganic, rather weak triprotic acid which, when pure, is a solid at room temperature and pressure.
		While phosphoric acid has the potential to release three hydrogen ions, in aqueous solution the third requires a high pH because PO is almost as strong a base as hydroxide ion.
		Phosphoric acid is used as a flux by hobbyists (such as model railroaders) as an aid to soldering.
	www.bookrags.com /Phosphoric_acid (2040 words)

	Chemistry At Iowa State University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Principles of chemistry and properties of matter explained in terms of modern chemical theory with emphasis on topics of general interest to the engineer.
		Students taking a two-semester physical chemistry sequence are advised to take 324 first: in the spring semester, a molecular-based section of this course, stressing statistical thermodynamics, is offered for which knowledge of 324 is useful.
		Raman spectroscopy, sensors, spectroelectrochemistry, capillary electrophoresis, analytical plasma chemometrics and bioanalytical chemistry.
	www.chem.iastate.edu /courses.html (1732 words)

	AllRefer.com - formic acid (Organic Chemistry) - Encyclopedia
		Like other acids, it reacts with most alcohols to form esters and decomposes when heated; like other aldehydes, it is easily oxidized.
		Formic acid occurs in the bodies of red ants and in the stingers of bees.
		Formic acid is used industrially in textile dyeing, in leather tanning, and in coagulating latex rubber.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/formicac.html (245 words)

	Polymer Chemistry Glossary
		Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which can be considered a special case of condensation polymers.
		Twenty main amino acids are responsible for most of the incredible variation in proteins, and these have been given one letter symbols (G, Q, V, etc.) by biochemists.
		In this reaction, the ester linkage is broken, releasing an alcohol and an acid.
	www.kcpc.usyd.edu.au /discovery/glossary-all.html (6465 words)

	Acids and Bases
		Acids were originally substances that tasted sour and reacted with bases; bases were alkaline salts such as CaO (lime), NaOH, and KOH, while amphoteric substances were substances which could react with either acids or bases.
		The chemistry of acids and bases is the chemistry of reactions in which protons are transferred.
		According to his Arrhenius theory, an acid is any compound or ion which yields hydrogen ions in water solution and a base is any compound or ion which yields hydroxyl ions in water solution.
	www.chemistry.co.nz /acids_and_bases.htm (860 words)

	Acids and Bases
		Thus, during the course of the reaction in Figure 1.8, the acid (hydrogen chloride) is converted to its conjugate base (chloride ion), while the base (methanol) is converted to its conjugate acid (methyloxonium ion).
		Thus, for a strong acid such as hydrogen chloride (or hydrochloric acid), the conjugate base (chloride anion) is weak, while for a weak acid such as water, the conjugate base (hydroxide anion) is strong.
		As the elementv to which the acidic hydrogen is bonded becomes larger, the acid strength increases, and as the electronegativity of the element bonded to the acidic hydrogen increases, acid strength increases.
	www.uwec.edu /lewisd/Chem321-0015/Acid-Base/Acid.htm (2612 words)

	Forms of Pollution
		Acid mine drainage impacts stream and river ecosystems through acidity, ferric ion (Fe) precipitation, oxygen depletion, and release of heavy metals associated with coal and metal mining, such as aluminum (Al inc (Zn), and manganese (Mn When mineral deposits that contain sulfides are mined, they have the potential to produce acid mine drainage.
		When evaluating the extent of acid mine drainage, it is important to know the amount of hydrogen ions remaining in solution after the natural buffering of the stream is completed.
		The carbonic acid is relatively harmless because it is a weak acid and can be dissociated as water and carbon dioxide, as described in the bicarbonate buffering system under alkalinity.
	www.cotf.edu /ete/modules/waterq/wqchemistry.html (884 words)

	Acids and Bases
		Acids taste sour, are corrosive to metals, change litmus (a dye extracted from lichens) red, and become less acidic when mixed with bases.
		While Boyle and others tried to explain why acids and bases behave the way they do, the first reasonable definition of acids and bases would not be proposed until 200 years later.
		Under the Brønsted-Lowry definition, both acids and bases are related to the concentration of hydrogen ions present. Acids increase the concentration of hydrogen ions, while bases decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions (by accepting them). The acidity or basicity of something therefore can be measured by its hydrogen ion concentration.
	www.visionlearning.com /library/module_viewer.php?mid=58 (960 words)

	Acid Base Reactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A convention in acid-base chemistry is to treat the molar concentration of water as a constant.
		The strength of an acid is determined by the extent to which it donates its proton in the presence of a common base such as water.
		Weak acids dissociate only slightly such that if HA in equation [5.14] is a weak acid, the reaction proceeds only partially to the right and [HA] is still a significant species in solution.
	www.ce.udel.edu /~cawalker/AcidBase.html (3800 words)

	Chemistry
		The chemistry of compounds in which a metal is bonded in an organic compound.
		Chemistry is the study of the atomic building blocks of nature, how they combine and their combinations which form the solids, liquids, and gases that make up most forms of matter.
		Chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the properties, structure, and composition of substances and their reactions with one another.
	www.101science.com /Chemistry.htm (1861 words)

	The educational encyclopedia, inorganic chemistry, acids and bases
		Acid and base pH tutorial acids are generally a class of substances that taste sour, such as vinegar, which is a dilute solution of acetic acid.
		Acids and bases acids taste sour, are corrosive to metals, change litmus red, and become less acidic when mixed with bases, bases feel slippery, change litmus blue, and become less basic when mixed with acids
		Amino acids amino acids, alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, lycine, istidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, sparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, tyrosine
	www.educypedia.be /education/chemistryacids.htm (608 words)

	The Basic Chemistry of Gas Recombination in Lead-Acid Batteries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It was clear that the chemistries were very similar, but the key stumbling block was the amount of electrolyte necessary in the lead-acid system to realize acceptable discharge capacities and still have sufficient void volume within the cell to facilitate oxygen recombination.
		Acid has been generated in the pores of the positive plate and electrogenerated oxygen has diffused to the negative plate through a partially saturated separator and thin electrolyte films on both plates.
		The chemistry is such that the cells can be operated in a starved condition (relative to VRLA systems) and under normal operating conditions, there is no venting of gases because the cells have a thin, oxygen-permeable separator with a high void volume and an overbuilt active cadmium-negative electrode with a thin electrolyte film.
	www.tms.org /pubs/journals/JOM/0101/Nelson-0101.html (5296 words)

	Media Portfolio
		Th isoelectric point is the pH at which the amino acid is evenly balanced between the two forms, as dipolar zwitterion with a net charge of zero.
		A peptide is any polymer of amino acids linked by amide bonds between the amino group of each amino acid and the carboxyl group of the neighboring amino acid.
		Once the C-terminal amino acid is fixed to the polymer, the chain is built on the amino group of this amino acid.
	wps.prenhall.com /wps/media/objects/340/348272/wade_ch24.html (1321 words)

	Protein & Nucleic Acid Chemistry Laboratory - Washington University
		Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Laboratory - Washington University
		The Protein Chemistry Laboratory at Washington University was established in 1982 and the Nucleic Acid Chemistry Laboratory was established soon after in 1984.
		The staff of the Protein Chemistry Laboratory at Washington University has over fifteen years of experience in the mass spectrometry of proteins.
	molecool.wustl.edu /pnacl/pnacl.home.html (203 words)

	Chemistry Professor - Organic, Inorganic, High School, College, Chemistry Tutor - ChemistryProfessor.com
		Foundations of Chemistry and College Chemistry are in development and are slated to be available in the spring of 2004.
		The Chemistry Professor has developed a section to address a straight-forward method of balancing these oxidation-reduction reactions of organic chemistry, and it is presented at the end of this unit.
		These structures are used to describe the reaction of amino acids with acids and bases and the manner in which these zwitterions may behave as a physiological buffer.
	www.chemistryprofessor.com (11707 words)

	Acid Rain
		This acid dissociates in water to yield hydrogen ions and nitrate ions (NO in a reaction analagous to the dissociation of carbonic acid shown in Equation 2, again lowering the pH of the solution.
		Although sulfuric acid may be produced naturally in small quantities from biological decay and volcanic activity (Figure 1), it is produced almost entirely by human activity, especially the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels in power plants.
		Regions exposed to direct downpour of acid rain are highly susceptible to erosion, but regions that are more sheltered from water flow (such as under eaves and overhangs of limestone buildings) are much better preserved.
	www.chemistry.wustl.edu /~edudev/LabTutorials/Water/FreshWater/acidrain.html (1903 words)

	Press Release: The 1984 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
		This method has created completely new possibilities in the field of peptide and protein chemistry, which is Merrifield's own area of research, as well as in the field of nucleic acid chemistry, where other researchers have applied Merrifield's ideas.
		There are about 20 amino acids which are commonly used in the biosynthesis of proteins and the number of possible variations is virtually unlimited.
		In order for this reaction to take place in a controlled manner, the carboxylic group on amino acid 1 and the amino group in amino acid 2, groups which are not to be involved in the reaction, must be protected.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1984/press.html (1026 words)

	SparkNotes: Titrations: Acid-Base Titrations
		In acid-base chemistry, we often use titration to determine the pH of a certain solution.
		We use this instrumentation to calculate the amount of unknown acid in the receiving flask by measuring the amount of base, or titrant, it takes to neutralize the acid.
		An indicator is an acid or base whose conjugate acid or conjugate base has a color different from that of the original compound.
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/acidsbases/titrations/section1.html (711 words)

	Intute sciences - Chemical Sciences: Inorganic Industrial Chemistry: The Acid Industry
		In the eighteenth century sulfuric acid was in use in pharmacy for manufacture of Na and for the removal of metals and metal oxide films by metal workers.
		Concentrated sulfuric acid has a very strong affinity for water and reacts to rapidly dehydrate and attack both flesh and clothing, so it must be handled with care.
		There is a large heat of reaction for the reaction between concentrated sulfuric acid and water which is sufficient to boil a small amount of water added to concentrated sulfuric acid, ejecting acid from the container.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /newsite/reference/plambeck/chem1/p01262.htm (829 words)

	Review of Acid-Base Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The overall (or net) charge on a peptide (or protein) depends on its amino acid content and, of course, the pH of the solution in which the peptide resides.
		Simply, the net charge exhibited by a peptide is the sum of the individual charges present on the amino terminus, the carboxy terminus and any ionizable side chains that are present.
		Examples of type I groups found in proteins include carboxyl groups (the side chains of aspartate and glutamate, as well as the C-terminus), the sulfhydryl group in the side chain of cysteine and the phenolic side chain of tyrosine.
	webhost.bridgew.edu /fgorga/proteins/review_acidbase.htm (343 words)

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