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Topic: Acid mine drainage

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Coal mining

Mining

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Hard rock mining

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Sulfides

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Bioleaching

	Mount Morgan Environment
		Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is often a side effect of gold mining.
		A 1995 study of the Dee River indicate the effects of acid mine drainage are noticeable for 50km downstream of the mine.
		However, as soon as there is any reasonable rainfall the acid mine drainage once again emanates from the tailings along the river (and from some of the weirs near the mine) and the biological life in the river is again dramatically reduced.
	www.mountmorgan.com /environment.html (1949 words)

	Acid Mine Drainage
		Acid mine drainage from this old mine was not significant enough to negatively affect the creek.
		AMD from the mine flowed into the headwaters of two nearby creeks, which were habitat for threatened salmon and steelhead.
		Acid mine drainage (AMD) is produced by the chemical reaction of sulfide ore and associated minerals with air and water.
	www.waterencyclopedia.com /A-Bi/Acid-Mine-Drainage.html (1685 words)

	Forms of Pollution
		Acid mine drainage impacts stream and river ecosystems through acidity, ferric ion (Fe) precipitation, oxygen depletion, and release of heavy metals associated with coal and metal mining, such as aluminum (Al inc (Zn), and manganese (Mn When mineral deposits that contain sulfides are mined, they have the potential to produce acid mine drainage.
		When evaluating the extent of acid mine drainage, it is important to know the amount of hydrogen ions remaining in solution after the natural buffering of the stream is completed.
		The carbonic acid is relatively harmless because it is a weak acid and can be dissociated as water and carbon dioxide, as described in the bicarbonate buffering system under alkalinity.
	www.cotf.edu /ete/modules/waterq/wqchemistry.html (884 words)

	Acid mine drainage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Acid mine drainage (AMD), also called acid rock water or acid rock drainage (ARD), refers to the outflow of acidic water from (usually) abandoned metal mines or coal mines.
		Acid rock drainage occurs naturally within most environments as part of the rock weathering process but is exacerbated by large-scale earth disturbances characteristic of mining and other large construction activities, usually within rocks containing an abundance of sulfide minerals.
		However, a significant portion of mine drainage in both the bituminous and anthracite regions of Pennsylvania is alkaline, because limestone in the overburden neutralizes acid before the drainage emanates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acid_mine_drainage (1542 words)

	The Science of Acid Mine Drainage and Passive Treatment
		Drainage flowing from or caused by surface mining, deep mining or coal refuse piles that is typically highly acidic with elevated levels of dissolved metals.
		AMD is formed by a series of complex geo-chemical and microbial reactions that occur when water comes in contact with pyrite (iron disulfide minerals) in coal, refuse or the overburden of a mine operation.
		The mechanism of iron removal from mine drainages by artificial wetlands at circumneutral pH.
	www.dep.state.pa.us /dep/deputate/minres/bamr/amd/science_of_amd.htm (2531 words)

	Acid Mine Drainage Factsheet (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Acid mine drainage and metal leaching are a particular concern because they can continue indefinitely, causing environmental damage long after the mine operation has ended.
		2/ Acid mine drainage still occurs from hard-rock mines in Europe that were worked by ancient Romans prior to A.D. Due to the severity of water quality impacts from acid mine drainage, many hardrock mines across the west require water treatment in perpetuity.
		In Alaska, the Red Dog mine in northwest Arctic near Kivalina, and the Greens Creek mine on Admiralty Island near Juneau, are both mines that are already generating acid from pit walls, tailings, waste dumps, roads and pads.
	www.reformakmines.org /Acid.htm (695 words)

	RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
		Acid mine drainage (AMD) has been a detrimental by-product of coal mining for many years.
		At present, acid mine drainage continues to pose a potential problem in some areas, despite improved prediction and prevention techniques.
		Following is an index to information that provides an overview of the current status of some major acid mine drainage topics.
	www.osmre.gov /amdint.htm (106 words)

	FOCUSING ON THE PROBLEM OF MINING WASTES: AN INTRODUCTION TO ACID MINE DRAINAGE
		Mining waste, generated from active and inactive mining sites and from beneficiation activities, and its impact on human health and the environment are a continuing problem for government entities, private industry, and the general public.
		AMD is defined as drainage that occurs as a result of sulfide oxidation in rock exposed to air and water.
		As AMD flows away from the acid-generating source and moves into the receiving environment where the pH is buffered, discoloration of the streambed or the material that the AMD is passing over often is caused due to precipitation of solid metal hydroxides.
	technology.infomine.com /enviromine/publicat/amdintro.html (1745 words)

	AMD - What is Abandoned Mine Drainage or Acid Mine Drainage?
		Acid mine drainage, sometimes referred to as AMD, results when the mineral pyrite (FeS2) is exposed to air and water, resulting in the formation of sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide.
		AMD is the most common form of water pollution in Pennsylvania and in other states where vast amounts of mining took place in the past.
		There are proposals to use AMD as the source of water for a pump storage electric generation facility and as coolant for a co-generation plant that would produce electricity from old coal refuse or bony piles.
	www.scrip.pa-conservation.org /aboutamd.htm (2497 words)

	Acid Mine Drainage, the Unseen Enemy
		Acid mine drainage can be found almost everywhere in the United States, and it does not require a special process to become toxic to the waterways.
		Acid mine drainage is an indirect problem due to the uncovering of pyrite which reacts and pollutes the environment with an acidity problem difficult to solve.
		Acid mine drainage occurs when mineral deposits that contain sulfides are uncovered during a mining process such as strip mining, cavern mining, or sedimentary mining.
	www.valdosta.edu /~tmanning/hon399/wally.htm (1471 words)

	Geotimes - December 2003 - Probing an Underground Acid-Mine Drainage Ecosystem
		Because the mine is a tourist attraction, electricity and outlets were available for both the transmitted and epifluorescent light microscopes.
		Hanging from the roof of the mine were drinking-straw-sized stalactite-like formations, often called “snottites.” One objective was to evaluate whether snottite formation may initiate from hanging fungal hyphae that could serve as focal points for dripping water.
		The rhizomorphs were present throughout the mine pool, and we saw them extend tens if not hundreds of feet beyond the study area into unexplored portions of the mine shaft.
	www.geotimes.org /dec03/feature_AMD.html (2007 words)

	WVRC Acid Mine Drainage
		Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is currently the main pollutant of surface water in the mid-Atlantic region.
		Mines built as early as the 1800’s were developed in a manner which utilized gravity drainage, to avoid excessive water accumulation in the mines.
		Mine drainage is formed when pyrite, an iron sulfide, is exposed and reacts with air and water to form sulfuric acid and dissolved iron.
	www.wvrivers.org /issues/acidminedrainage/acidminedrainage.html (303 words)

	Acid mine drainage/acid rock drainage
		Because mining leaves waste that consists largely of small pieces of broken waste rock and finely ground tailings, it dramatically increases the surface area that can be subjected to this process.
		This set of processes and the acidic effluents that result are grouped into what is known as "acid mine drainage" or "acid rock drainage." The latter term originates from the fact that this phenomenon is not necessarily confined to mining activities but can occur wherever sulphide-bearing rock is exposed to air and water.
		The East Sullivan Mine in Quebec is testing an organic cover made of 2 m of softwood and hardwood bark overplanted with grasses.
	www.ec.gc.ca /soer-ree/English/soer/1996Report/Doc/1-7-4-7-6-3-2-1.cfm (759 words)

	Acid Mine Drainage - Homepage, USGS-ERP
		Acid mine drainage in a watershed can be a consequence of mining coal or mineral deposits.
		The acidity of coal-mine drainage is caused primarily by the oxidation of the mineral pyrite (FeS2), which is found in coal, coal overburden, and mine waste piles.
		However, predicting and preventing acid mine drainage from occurring is preferable to having to perform remedial treatment once the problem has occurred.
	energy.er.usgs.gov /health_environment/acid_mine_drainage (304 words)

	UW-Madison Geology 410 - Acid Mine Drainage
		Acid (H+ ions) is one of more important pollutants that can result from mining, particularly sulfide ore mining for metals such as lead, copper, zinc, and molybdenum.
		US states with a history of mining of sulfide ores, such as Colorado, Arizona, Utah, and others, face significant threats to their streams and wildlife as a result of drainage produced by abandoned mines.
		Acid mine drainage results from the decomposition of pyrite, usually catalyzed by bacteria, to produce iron hydroxide and dissolved H+ and SO4 -2 (sulfuric acid).
	www.geology.wisc.edu /courses/g410/drainage.html (761 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, acid mine drainage is also the major source of non-point pollution in the West Virginia portion of the Ohio River.
		Acid mine drainage occurs primarily in the northern and central portion of the state where iron sulfides (pyrites) asso ciated with coal seams react when exposed to air and water in the mining process to form a toxic mix of acid, sulfates and metals that turns streams orange and kills fish and other aquatic life.
		Environmentalists are especially critical of the role that university researchers have played in promoting mining in AMD areas, contending that since research in this area is largely funded by the coal industry, researchers are hesitant to rock the boat by discouraging mining in AMD seams.
	webpages.marshall.edu /~bady/envi/CHAMD.TXT (1505 words)

	SSR 125 Acid mine drainage in Australia: Its extent and potential future liability
		The oxidation of sulphidic mine wastes and the consequent release of acid mine drainage and acid rock drainage, is one of the main strategic environmental issues facing the mining industry.
		The costs of remediating historic mine sites releasing acid mine drainage are $100 000 or more per hectare, and these costs would also apply to mine sites where acid drainage is discovered late in mine life or after mine closure.
		The management of potentially acid generating wastes is an important environmental issue; major costs may arise late in mine life or after mine closure if proper waste management strategies are not in place from the beginning of mine operations.
	www.environment.gov.au /ssd/publications/ssr/125.html (922 words)

	Banfield- Sulfide Weathering and Acid Mine Drainage Research
		Drainage waters which are collecting and flowing through the tunnels have a pH between 0-1, which is indeed as acidic as battery acid.
		Of special importance to understanding acid mine drainage and for the development of predictive models, remediation strategies, etc., is an assessment of the importance of known and new microbial species and the determination of their role in the generation of AMD.
		In addition, we are determining which microorganisms in acid mine drainage environments have the ability to utilize or transform arsenic and what the mechanisms are.
	www.seismo.berkeley.edu /~jill/amd/AMDresearch.html (2550 words)

	Acid mine drainage Summary
		Acid mine drainage is the highly acidic, sediment-laden discharge from exposed mines that is released into the ambient aquatic environment.
		In the United States, the research and treatment of acid mine drainage continues to be an active field of study in the Appalachians and in the metal-mining areas of the Rocky Mountains.
		Acid rock drainage occurs naturally within most environments as part of the rock weathering process but is exacerbated by large-scale earth disturbances characteristic of mining and other large construction activities, usually within rocks containing an abundance of sulfide minerals.
	www.bookrags.com /Acid_mine_drainage (3876 words)

	SSR 125 Acid mine drainage in Australia: Its extent and potential future liability
		The oxidation of sulphidic mine wastes and the consequent release of acid mine drainage and acid rock drainage, is one of the main strategic environmental issues facing the mining industry.
		The management of potentially acid generating wastes is an important environmental issue; major costs may arise late in mine life or after mine closure if proper waste management strategies are not in place from the beginning of mine operations.
		It is recommended that mine managers and mine site environmental officers review the mine waste characterisation studies already undertaken to ensure that all rock types at their site have been tested and that enough tests are carried out to give confidence in the appropriateness of the waste management strategy.
	www.deh.gov.au /ssd/publications/ssr/125.html (1368 words)

	Acid Mine Drainage
		Acid Drainage is one of the biggest environmental problems today, affecting entire eco-systems either by reducing natural inhabitants or by destroying whole areas that previously flourished with plants and animals.
		Acid leachate can come from inside the mine on the walls of the tunnels or from the 'tailings' left from when the ore was extracted.
		Acid Mine Drainage is a huge ongoing environmental problem today, affecting entire eco-systems either by reducing natural inhabitants or by killing whole areas that previously flourished with plants and animals.
	www.acidsulphatesolutions.com /acid_mine_drainage.htm (640 words)

	Acid Mine Drainage (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Formation of acid mine drainage at mine sites is a geochemical phenomenon which occurs through the weathering of exposed minerals that naturally occur in the earth and rock overlying coal seams.
		In recognition of the problems associated with acid mine drainage bond forfeiture sites, the Legislature in 1990 authorized the expenditure of up to twenty-five percent of the annual proceeds of the special reclamation fund to be expended for water quality improvement.
		This kind of piecemeal approach to the acid mine drainage issue is typical of past efforts to address the problem.
	www.wvculture.org /HISTORY/government/acidmine03.html (1477 words)

	RESEARCH IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE AND MINE LAND RECLAMATION
		Acid mine drainage (AMD) from an Upper Freeport abandoned deep mine near Masontown was eliminated by surface remining the deep mine workings and adding alkaline overburden material during backfilling and reclamation.
		Remining is the surface mining of previously-mined and abandoned surface and underground mines to obtain remaining coal reserves.
		Acid mine drainage (AMD) is often associated with coal and metal mining, and expensive chemical treatment of AMD may be required before discharging into receiving streams.
	www.caf.wvu.edu /faculty/skousen/research.htm (3928 words)

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