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Topic: Acrylonitrile

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	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Acrylonitrile
		Acrylonitrile is a colorless, liquid, man-made chemical with a sharp, onion- or garlic-like odor.
		A mixture of acrylonitrile and carbon tetrachloride was used as a pesticide in the past; however, all pesticide uses have stopped.
		Acrylonitrile may be found in the soil, water, or air near industrial sites where it is made, or at hazardous waste sites where it has been disposed of.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts125.html (933 words)

	Acrylonitrile (CASRN 107-13-1), IRIS, Environmental Protection Agency
		Acrylonitrile was also administered by inhalation at lower doses of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm, 4 hours/day, 5 days/week for 12 months to 30 Sprague- Dawley rats/sex/group by Maltoni et al.
		Carcinogenicity bioassays on rats of acrylonitrile administerd by inhalation and by ingestion.
		Carcinogenicity bioassays on rats of rats of acrylonitrile administered by inhalation and by ingestion.
	www.epa.gov /iris/subst/0206.htm (4948 words)

	ATSDR - MMG: Acrylonitrile
		Acrylonitrile is a clear, colorless or slightly yellow liquid that is highly volatile and toxic.
		Toxic effects are due primarily to the bioreactivity of acrylonitrile with cellular proteins and to its epoxide intermediate that is mutagenic and genotoxic.
		Acrylonitrile poisoning is not known to pose additional risk during the use of bronchial or cardiac sensitizing agents.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg125.html (5228 words)

	EPA - Air Toxics Website - Acrylonitrile
		Exposure to acrylonitrile is primarily occupational: it is used in the manufacture of acrylic acid and modacrylic fibers.
		Acrylonitrile is primarily used in the manufacture of acrylic and modacrylic fibers.
		Acrylonitrile occurs as a colorless liquid that is soluble in water.
	www.epa.gov /ttn/atw/hlthef/acryloni.html (1396 words)

	Acrylonitrile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Acrylonitrile is used principally as a precursor monomer in the manufacture of synthetic polymers, especially polyacrylonitrile, acrylic fibers, nylon, and synthetic rubber.
		Acrylonitrile and derivatives such as 2-chloro-acrylonitrile are dienophiles in Diels-Alder reactions.
		Acrylonitrile is an experimental carcinogen possible carcinogenic also to humans (IARC group 2B).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acrylonitrile (273 words)

	DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-127, Current Intelligence Bulletin 18; Acrylonitrile \| CDC/NIOSH
		Acrylonitrile is an explosive flammable liquid having a normal boiling point of 77°C and a vapor pressure of 80 mm (20°C).
		Approximately one and one-half billion pounds per year of acrylonitrile are manufactured in the United States by the reaction of propylene with ammonia and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst.
		In the ingestion study, acrylonitrile is being incorporated into the drinking water of laboratory rats at concentrations of 0, 35, 100, or 300 ppm (corresponding to doses of approximately 0, 4, 10, or 30 mg/kg body weight/day).
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/78127_18.html (1802 words)

	Acrylonitrile: Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen 9th Report on Carcinogens
		An epidemiological study of textile-plant workers potentially exposed to acrylonitrile and observed for 20 years or more showed an increased incidence of cancers of the lung; further follow-up of this cohort revealed a continued excess of lung cancer, although during the actual 5-year follow-up period there was no excess.
		Acrylonitrile is a colorless, volatile liquid that is soluble in water and most common organic solvents such as acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, and toluene.
		Acrylonitrile has also been used as a fumigant; however, most pesticide registrations of the chemical were canceled in 1978, and its use as a fumigant has been abandoned (ATSDR, 1990-R004).
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/2002/Acrylonitrile-Human-Carcinogen.htm (1597 words)

	ACRYLONITRILE - (Organic Method #37) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is the amount of acrylonitrile spiked on a charcoal tube which allows recovery of an amount equivalent to the detection limit of the analytical procedure.
		The recovery of acrylonitrile from the charcoal tubes during storage must be 75% or greater.
		When the mass of acrylonitrile found (Section 3.7.3) for the 100-mg portion of charcoal is 36 µg or more and for the 50-mg portion of charcoal is 14 µg or more, the DE is constant (89%) and the mass should be divided by 0.89 to make the DE correction.
	www.osha.gov /dts/sltc/methods/organic/org037/org037.html (3609 words)

	Eco-USA: Acrylonitrile
		Overall, most acrylonitrile is removed from the body within 24 hours, but approximately 25% of what is taken in becomes attached to materials inside cells of the body.
		The effects of acrylonitrile on your health depend on how much you take into your body and whether you are exposed for a short or long period of time.
		Humans who are repeatedly exposed to acrylonitrile in the workplace for many years may have a higher-than-average chance of developing lung cancer, although this is not clearly established.
	www.eco-usa.net /toxics/acrylo.shtml (950 words)

	Acrylonitrile (EHC 28, 1983)
		Extrapolation of acrylonitrile blood levels after ip or iv administration in rats to zero time indicated that the apparent volume of distribution was unity, and that concentrations of free acrylonitrile in the rest of the body were unlikely to be greater than that in the blood (Nerudova et al., 1980a).
		C acrylonitrile in erythrocytes was found to be covalently bound to cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, whereas 90% of the radioactivity from potassium cyanide in erythrocytes was found in the haem fraction of haemoglobin (Farooqui & Ahmed, 1982).
		Levels of acrylonitrile metabolites in blood and their relationship to atmospheric acrylonitrile concentrations or to the dose administered are usually considered together, in studies on the relationship between the dose or concentration of acrylonitrile and the elimination of metabolites in urine.
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc28.htm (14994 words)

	About Acrylonitrile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Acrylonitrile is a building block chemical used to make acrylic fiber for clothing, blankets, carpeting and other fabrics; rugged plastics for computer and TV housings; and nitrile rubber for oil-resistant hoses at gasoline stations and under your car's hood.
		Each year, more than 10 billion pounds of acrylonitrile is produced worldwide at more than 50 manufacturing sites, including six in the U.S. The chemical process for making AN involves mixing and heating propylene, ammonia, air and a catalyst, in a large reactor vessel.
		In 1997-98, four major health studies of acrylonitrile (AN) workers were completed, all of which support the conclusion that AN does not increase cancer risk or risk from any other cause of death.
	www.angroup.org /about.html (249 words)

	Acrylonitrile (HSG 1, 1986)
		SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 2.1 Exposure to Acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile is emitted in significant amounts from factories, both in the air and in waste waters, and people living nearby may be exposed to the chemical.
		Acrylonitrile exposure of animals causes damage to the embryo and malformation of the fetus only at levels approaching those that are toxic for the mothers.
		Acrylonitrile should be stored in the dark, and separated from food, oxidants, acids and bases, silver nitrate, copper, copper alloys, ammonia, and amines, in tightly dosed, fire-proofed, well-labelled, steel containers, which should be connected to earth.
	www.inchem.org /documents/hsg/hsg/hsg001.htm (3031 words)

	Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is a copolymer made by polymerizing styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of polybutadiene.
		The proportions can vary from 15% to 35% acrylonitrile, 5% to 30% butadiene and 40% to 60% styrene.
		The result is a long chain of polybutadiene criss-crossed with shorter chains of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene (219 words)

	Structural Characterization of Acrylonitrile Catalysts
		Acrylonitrile is not a household word, but products made from it are ubiquitous in our homes.
		Worldwide, approximately 10 billion pounds of acrylonitrile are made each year through the reaction of ammonia and propylene.
		The usefulness of x-ray diffraction for structure elucidation for these phases is also limited, because the scattering from O is almost negligible in the presence of heavy elements such as M o, Nb and T e.
	www.ncnr.nist.gov /AnnualReport/FY2003_html/RH18 (1037 words)

	acrolein, acrylamide, and acrylonitrile
		Acrylonitrile appears to be mutagenic in vitro in the presence and absence of metabolic activation, but, at most, weakly mutagenic in vivo.
		Acrylonitrile appears to form DNA adducts in the liver, but results have been inconsistent in the brain where the primary tumors of concern are observed.
		Acrylonitrile – Dr. Gargas has conducted research in the past on acrylonitrile and is currently addressing comments on a manuscript submitted to Risk Analysis (on behalf of BP Chemical).
	www.tera.org /peer/nov98final.htm (13628 words)

	[No title]
		Acrylonitrile (also called AN and vinyl cyanide) is a colorless, flammable liquid.
		Effects of acrylonitrile on human health and the environment depend on how much acrylonitrile is present and the length and frequency of exposure.
		Acrylonitrile can contribute to the formation of photochemical smog when it reacts with other volatile substances in air.
	www.epa.gov /opptintr/chemfact/acry-fs.txt (675 words)

	Search Results for acrylonitrile - Encyclopædia Britannica
		ABS is a graft copolymer made by dissolving styrene-butadiene copolymer in a mixture of acrylonitrile and styrene monomers, then polymerizing the monomers with free-radical initiators in an emulsion...
		Styrene and acrylonitrile, in a ratio of approximately 70 to 30, are copolymerized under emulsion, bulk, or solution conditions using free-radical initiators.
		a colourless, dense, toxic, volatile, flammable liquid belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds, used principally in combination with vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, or methyl methacrylate...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=acrylonitrile&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (323 words)

	Acrylonitrile [factsheet]
		Astrocytomas in the brain and spinal cord and tumors of the Zymbal gland (in the ear canal) have been most frequently reported, as well as tumors of the stomach, tongue, small intestine, and mammary gland (in females).
		* Acrylonitrile occurs as a colorless liquid that is soluble in water.
		* Acrylonitrile is primarily used in the manufacture of acrylic and modacrylic fibers.
	www.lakes-environmental.com /toxic/ACRYLONITRILE.HTML (1103 words)

	Occupational Health and Safety Act - R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 835 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		(4) The time-weighted average exposure of a worker to airborne acrylonitrile shall be calculated in accordance with the Schedule and the result of the calculation of the exposure may be certified by an inspector. R.R.O. 1990, Reg.
		(5) Where the physician advises the employer that a worker, because of a condition resulting from exposure to acrylonitrile, is fit with limitations or is unfit for work in acrylonitrile exposure, the physician shall forthwith communicate that advice to the Provincial Physician, Ministry of Labour. R.R.O. 1990, Reg.
		1. The average concentrations of acrylonitrile to which a worker is exposed shall be determined from analysis of air samples taken as being representative of the exposure of the worker to acrylonitrile during work operations as set out in the Code mentioned in section 11.
	www.e-laws.gov.on.ca /DBLaws/Regs/English/900835_e.htm (1745 words)

	ACRYLONITRILE (VINYL CYANIDE)
		Over 90 percent of world ACRYLONITRILE capacity is based on the Sohio process for ammoxidation of chemical-grade propylene.
		Acrylonitrile is usually used for producing Acrylic Fibers, ABS/SAN Synthetic resin.
		Acrylonitrile is the colorless, odorless and poisonous liquid, and combines Propylene with ammonia.
	www.chemicalland21.com /arokorhi/petrochemical/ACRYLONITRILE.htm (523 words)

	: Let's Take a PEEK at the PEAC software (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Acrylonitrile has a boiling point of 171°F and a melting point of -116°F. Its molecular weight is 53, and has a relative vapor density is 1.9 (compared to air), so it will seek low areas.
		Acrylonitrile will be released from a container as a liquid, but it has a vapor pressure of 83 mm Hg at room temperature and will readily evaporate into the air.
		For our scenario using Acrylonitrile as the spilled chemical we’ll set the location to be on the outskirts of Raleigh, NC and the time as 4:00 AM on May 15th.
	www.imakenews.com /aristatek/e_article000150674.cfm?x=b4qpwVc,b2jjkn3J,w (2254 words)

	Acrylonitrile. - 1910.1045
		An employer relying upon exemption under paragraph (a)(2)(ii) shall maintain records of the objective data supporting that exemption, and of the basis of the employer's reliance on the data, as provided in paragraph (q) of this section.
		The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of acrylonitrile in excess of two (2) parts acrylonitrile per million parts of air (2 ppm) as an eight (8)-hour time-weighted average.
		The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of acrylonitrile in excess of ten (10) ppm as averaged over any fifteen (15)-minute period during the work day.
	www.osha.gov /pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10065&p_text_version=FALSE (3620 words)

	Spectrum Laboratories : Chemical Fact Sheet - Cas # 107131
		styrene copolymer and acrylonitrile styrene copolymers; nitrile rubber; cyanoethylation of cotton;
		Some acrylonitrile would leach into the ground where its fate is unknown.
		acrylonitrile primarily in the workplace via inhalation and possibly dermal contact.
	www.speclab.com /compound/c107131.htm (802 words)

	Frp Encyclopedia
		Tensile Strength— Measures how much of a load a material can take before it fractures or breaks when it is in the process of being stretched.
		derived from the reaction of acrylonitrile, styrene, and butadiene gas.
		These materials are polymerized together in a variety of ratios to produce ABS resins.
	www.kemlite.com /frp_encyclopedia.cfm (2564 words)

	SPI: About the Industry: Definitions of Resins
		Chemically, this family of thermoplastics are called terpolymers, because they are made of three different monomers: acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene, to create a single material that draws on the best properties of all three.
		ABS was introduced to the market in 1948, primarily as a result of activities that had taken place during the war years in the development of synthetic rubbers.
		This plastic was developed in 1926 and was promptly put to work in liquid form as enamels, paints, lacquers, and similar coatings for automotibles, refrigerators, stoves and similar products--still the largest use for alkyds.
	www.plasticsindustry.org /industry/defs.htm (4802 words)

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