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	ASH Australia tobacco Australia smoking Australia health
		Smoking is Australia's no.1 preventable health problem - each year killing more than 15,000 people (including over 100 babies and children) and costing the nation $21 billion in health and social costs.
		ASH Australia (Action on Smoking and Health) aims to reduce smoking rates to 10% or less by 2010.
		Our Tobacco Action Calendar is also a useful guide to when and how you could make your voice heard.
	www.ashaust.org.au (144 words)

	healthfinder.gov — Action on Smoking and Health - ASH
		Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) was organized to use the power of the law to protect the rights of nonsmokers.
		ASH also conducts educational and awareness campaigns regarding the problem of smoking and the rights of nonsmokers.
		Special reports prepared by ASH have included coverage of the economics of employees' smoking, the addiction to nicotine, and a comprehensive compilation of State and local legislation relating to the rights of nonsmokers.
	www.healthfinder.gov /orgs/HR0100.htm (149 words)

	Smoking factfile \| Health \| Telegraph
		Smoking causes at least 80 per cent of all deaths from lung cancer, approximately 80 per cent of all deaths from bronchitis and emphysema and around 17 per cent of all deaths from heart disease.
		Smoking during pregnancy leads to an increased risk of: spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), bleeding during pregnancy, premature birth, low weight of babies at birth (which is associated with greater risks of ill-health and failure to thrive), Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (cot death).
		Smoking leads to an earlier menopause: on average female smokers go through the menopause up to 2 years earlier than non-smokers and are at a greater risk of developing osteoporosis.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /health/main.jhtml?xml=/health/factfiles/hsmokefact.xml (894 words)

	Airspace ACTION on SMOKING and HEALTH
		Health authorities around the world are unanimous: there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke.
		While serving tables, the server is directly exposed to smoke from burning cigarettes idling in ashtrays (or the hands of smokers) as well as exhaled smoke from smokers' lungs.
		Designated smoking rooms are clearly unsafe and expose you to the poisons in secondhand smoke which are then absorbed by your body.
	airspace.globalink.org /DSRunsafe.html (608 words)

	Action on smoking health and addictive foundation
		Smoking also results in a yellowing of the teeth and is a cause of halitosis (bad breath).
		Smoking appears to lower a person’s normal weight and the weight gained on stopping reflects a return to the body’s natural weight set point.
		Smoking initiation and cessation in relation to body fat distribution based on data from a study of Swedish women.
	www.saf.or.th /ENG/ARTICLE/AR5.HTM (1308 words)

	BBC - Health - Conditions - Smoking
		Smoking also contributes to virtually all the non-malignant but common heart, circulatory and lung disorders, including fatal heart attacks, strokes and emphysema.
		Smoking rates in women increased so much during the post-war years (1950 to 2000) that lung cancer rates in women rose sharply.
		All content within BBC Health is provided for general information only, and should not be treated as a substitute for the medical advice of your own doctor or any other health care professional.
	www.bbc.co.uk /health/conditions/cancer/prevention_smoking.shtml (480 words)

	BUPA health information - Stop smoking - What cigarettes do to your health
		Smoking is a risk factor for a number of forms of cancer, causing one-third of all cancer deaths.
		The good news is that five years after quitting smoking, the risk is cut by nearly 50 per cent and after 10 years of stopping the risk falls to the same level as someone who's never smoked at all.
		Smoking causes more than an instant feeling of pleasure, it is associated with a number of health risks for both you and those around you.
	www.bupa.co.uk /health_information/asp/healthy_living/lifestyle/smoking/what/health.asp (1153 words)

	Home > Health Effects > Smoking and Gender
		Cigarette smoking can also affect male-fertility; spermatozoa from smokers are found to be decreased in density and motility compared with that of non-smokers.
		Babies born to women who smoke are on average 200 grams (8 ozs) lighter than babies born to comparable non-smoking mothers.
		Smoking in pregnancy also have implications for the long term physical growth and intellectual development of the child, such as reduced height, lower attainments in reading and mathematics up to age 16 and even the highest qualification achieved by the age of 23.
	www.smokefree.hk /cosh/ccs/detail.xml?lang=en&fldrid=197 (711 words)

	June Russell's Health Facts: Smoking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The children of a parent or parents who smoke may be at risk from the genetic damage done to the parent before conception (because of their previous smoking), the direct effects to them in the womb, and the passive smoke they are exposed to after they are born.
		Smoking is associated with a decline in physical function that makes a smoker act several years older than he/she really is. Tobacco smoking reduces the effectiveness of medications, such as pain relievers, antidepressants, tranquilizers, sedatives, ulcer medication and insulin.
		In her book, “The Scientific Case against Smoking,” Ruth Winter writes that the use of tobacco is one of the primary, but frequently unrecognized contributors to drug interactions, and there can be errors in reading the diagnostic tests of the smokers because of the differences of the normal blood levels of several elements.
	www.jrussellshealth.com /smoking.html (2767 words)

	Introduction to Action on Smoking and Health, ASH
		Introduction to Action on Smoking and Health, ASH
		A.S.H. is the nation's oldest and largest antismoking organization, and the only one which regularly takes hard-hitting legal and other actions to fight smoking and to protect the rights of nonsmokers.
		A.S.H. provides nonsmokers with legal forms and valuable information to help them protect their rights, and to learn more about the problems and costs of smoking to nonsmokers.
	ash.org (1463 words)

	New Zealand study: Ban smoking in cars - Boston.com
		Smoking in bars, restaurants and on public transport was banned in New Zealand in December, 2004.
		Lobby group Action on Smoking and Health said it hoped parents would respond to the stop smoking in cars message from the survey.
		If parents did not get the message to protect children from smoke, ASH would support the researchers' call for a law to ban smoking when kids are in cars, Freeman added.
	www.boston.com /yourlife/health/other/articles/2006/10/26/new_zealand_study_ban_smoking_in_cars?mode=PF (456 words)

	Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: World Health Organization
		The World Health Organization [WHO] is trying desperately to persuade the U.N. member nations to adopt the world's first anti-tobacco treaty.
		ASH, a charitable tax-exempt organization, is trying to generate support for the treaty, and to ensure that it is not weakened by pro-tobacco pressures.
		ASH is a 36-year-old national legal-action antismoking and nonsmokers' rights organization which is entirely
	nosmoking.ws (213 words)

	BUPA health information - Stop smoking - Willpower
		In general terms, if 100 people choose to stop smoking and rely on willpower alone, then only three of them will still be cigarette free one year later.
		It can help to know that stopping smoking will improve your health and is recommended by healthcare professionals, but this knowledge will only have small effect on improving your likelihood of being smoke free.
		However, you are less likely to stay smoke free than if you choose to combine your willpower with other treatments (such as nicotine patches, gum or inhaler).
	www.bupa.co.uk /health_information/asp/healthy_living/lifestyle/smoking/giving_up/willpower.asp (514 words)

	BBC - Health - Womens health - Smoking
		Many of the diseases caused by smoking, such as heart disease and lung cancer, are seen as 'male' diseases.
		Smoking is the single largest cause of preventable cancer deaths in the UK.
		In a lifetime of smoking (40 years, if you're lucky enough to live that long) means sending £73,000 up in smoke.
	www.bbc.co.uk /health/womens_health/issues_smoking.shtml (484 words)

	Action on smoking health and addictive foundation
		The purpose of having such a smoking policy is to deal with the issue of smoking in a professional and effective manner.
		If a smoking policy is backed up by support for smokers wishing to quit, then there may be substantial health gains to employees who take advantage of the opportunity to quit.
		Smoking is driven primarily by addiction to nicotine and many smokers would like to quit.
	www.saf.or.th /ENG/ARTICLE/AR16.htm (1163 words)

	Welcome to ASH - Action on Smoking and Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Women who smoke and take the contraceptive pill have 10 times the risk of a heart attack, stroke or other cardiovascular disease compared with those who take the pill but are non-smokers.
		Smoking leads to an earlier menopause: on average women smokers go through the menopause up to 2 years earlier than non-smokers and are at a greater risk of developing osteoporosis.
		Passive smoking also harms babies and children, with an increased risk of lower respiratory tract infection, increased severity of asthma symptoms, more frequent occurrence of chronic coughs, phlegm and wheezing, and increased risk of cot death and chronic middle ear effusion (glue ear).
	www.ash.org.nz /index.php?pa_id=122 (801 words)

	Action on Smoking and Health Foundation (Thailand)
		Whilst many continue to take up smoking in their late teens and early twenties it is uncommon for people to take up smoking after 24 years of age.
		This trend is reflected in the age of initiation of all smokers of which 60% began smoking between the ages of fifteen and nineteen.
		That is, smoking is more common amongst youth from low socio-economic groups where incidences of violence, poverty and low education are all more common than amongst their non-smoking peers.
	www.thailandlife.com /smoking.html (1248 words)

	FORCES International - The criminal complaint to the FBI against Action on Smoking and Health (ASH)
		Banzhaf is saying "quit smoking, or this is what can happen to you." The fear for my personal safety that this engenders is greatly amplified by the knowledge that those who are directly responsible for communicating that threat are honored at the White House by the President of the United States.
		In the narrower matter of this complaint as filed with the FBI by Norman E. Kjono, the enterprise is generally defined as Action On Smoking And Health (ASH), its entire Board of Directors, its staff, and its Executive Director, John Banzhaf, Esq.
		Absent action by the FBI and/or the Justice Department, the purposes of ASH, its Executive Director John Banzhaf, and other members of the anti-tobacco enterprise will have been accomplished by late 1998: they will have successfully influenced the deliberations of legislative bodies to their benefit without interference from law enforcement bodies and agencies.
	www.forces.org /ash/fbicomp.htm (4348 words)

	WHO European Ministerial Conference for a Tobacco-free Europe [02/19/02]
		She termed smoking a communicated disease and emphasized the key role of the governments of the European Region in the FCTC and coming INB4.
		She claimed that the enormous health impact of tobacco is a sufficient reason for the governments of Europe to agree a common strategy to support and lead the WHO FCTC.
		Health Minister of Tajikistan, chairing one of sessions, explicitly voiced proposal that the industry representatives should participate in such meetings and have an opportunity to express and substantiate their attitudes, etc.
	nosmoking.ws /news/newsinb4europe.htm (2680 words)

	Developments Related to Smoking and Health
		Concludes that cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer in men and a suspected cause in women.
		Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) is formed to serve as a legal action arm for the smoking prevention community.
		Arizona becomes the first state to restrict smoking in a number of public places and the first to do so explicitly because environmental tobacco (secondhand) smoke (ETS) exposure is a public hazard.
	www.smokefreedom.net /articles/development.htm (2347 words)

	Smoking Statistics: Illness and death - Factsheet no.2 - ASH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Smoking has more than 50 ways of making life a misery through illness and more than 20 ways of killing you.
		However, many medical conditions associated with smoking, while they may not be fatal, may cause years of debilitating illness or other problems.
		Most die from one of the three main diseases associated with cigarette smoking: lung cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease (bronchitis and emphysema) and coronary heart disease.
	www.ash.org.uk /html/factsheets/html/fact02.html (342 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Passive smoking threat underlined
		But the vast majority of research shows passive smoking is damaging to health, and SCOTH concluded that the evidence published since 1998 reinforced its earlier conclusions.
		Ministers are preparing to publish their long-awaited Public Health White Paper next month, which is expected to include measures to limit smoking in public places but stop short of a total ban, covering all restaurants and pubs.
		Deborah Arnott, director of Action on Smoking and Health, said: "This report shows that Britain's leading medical experts have concluded that secondhand smoke is a serious risk to public health.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/3752744.stm (804 words)

	Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: World Health Organization
		The World Health Organization [WHO] is trying desperately to persuade the U.N. member nations to adopt the world's first anti-tobacco treaty.
		ASH, a charitable tax-exempt organization, is trying to generate support for the treaty, and to ensure that it is not weakened by pro-tobacco pressures.
		ASH is a 36-year-old national legal-action antismoking and nonsmokers' rights organization which is entirely
	nosmoking.ws /index.html (213 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Quit smoking drug available in UK
		The drug mimics the effect of nicotine on the body and is thought to work by both reducing the urge to smoke and relieving withdrawal symptoms.
		However, individuals should only be prescribed the treatment as part of the support they receive through NHS stop smoking services and because it is a new drug patients should be encouraged to report any adverse effects, the advice states.
		Lion Shahab from Cancer Research UK's health behaviour unit, said: "Varenicline is a promising new drug specifically designed to help smokers quit and it is a welcome addition to the existing range of treatments available.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/health/6207176.stm (703 words)

	The Smokers Club, Inc. - DC Smoking Ban Update
		Smoking would still be allowed in outdoor spaces maintained by bars and restaurants, in individual hotel rooms, in retail tobacco stores, in cigar bars that generate at least 10 percent of annual revenue from on-site tobacco sales, and in facilities that research the effects of smoking.
		I write to urge you and your colleagues to preserve hospitality freedom of choice on smoking in the District of Columbia and to oppose legislation to forcibly impose a total and mandatory smoking ban at all hospitality and nightlife establishments in the nation's capital.
		Smoking bans are disastrous for the hospitality industry, particularly stand alone bars and bar/restaurants, and that fact is consistently covered up and obfuscated by ban supporters who wave reams of studies in the air....
	www.smokersclubinc.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2206 (3839 words)

	Public Petition by Action on Smoking and Health (Ash) for An Emergency Temporary Standard (Ets) Regulating ...
		The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has likewise issued a report concluding the ETS causes lung cancer deaths in nonsmokers, and that smoking in workplaces must either be banned or restricted to separately-ventilated areas; C.
		After several years of dismissing ASH's law suits arguing that OSHA was unreasonably delaying in dealing with ETS in the workplace, the U.S. Court of Appeals has denied OSHA's motion to dismiss ASH's current suit, and ordered the agency to report to it.
		ASH Petition to OSHA for regulation of environmental tobacco smoke as a potential occupational carcinogen, July 31, 1992..........
	tobaccodocuments.org /lor/87604333-4369.html (1121 words)

	Water-Pipe Smoking Poses Health Threat to Teens
		ASH is a nonprofit educational organization that fights for the rights of nonsmokers through legal action.
		The American Cancer Society is the nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to preventing cancer, saving lives and diminishing suffering from cancer through research, education, advocacy, and service.
		The AAP is committed to the health and well-being of infants, adolescents, and young adults.
	kidshealth.org /PageManager.jsp?dn=KidsHealth&lic=1&article_set=43695&cat_id=&mrs=yes&ps=105 (182 words)

	Submission Medical Action Group Smoking or Health
		GMASH is supported by the German Action Group Smoking or Health (GASH) (Arbeitskreis Rauchen und Gesundheit e.V.), an organisation of non-health professionals.
		Thus GMASH is a member of the steering committee of the German Coalition Against Smoking (Bonn) and a representative of this coalition at the European Network for Smoking Prevention (Brussels).
		Because of the great urgency of halting and reversing the rise in the tobacco death toll, the commitments of the signatory countries framed in the Convention should be as concrete as possible and respond to the immediate needs of tobacco control.
	www.who-nichtrauchertag.de /html/submissionmedical.html (1813 words)

	Smoking
		Covered are the health risks of cigarette smoking, statistics, Government action, smoking and young people, smoking and adults, smoking and pregnant women, tobacco advertising, public education programmes, tobacco smuggling, clean air and no- smoking environments, and performance targets.
		Interventions targeted at reducing smoking amongst vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, including children, adolescents and pregnant women, are given special consideration and gaps in the available evidence base are also identified in the review, which considers the evidence from a number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the subject, published since 1996.
		Discussed is a history of tobacco smoking in Britain, physical and pharmacological effects of nicotine, psychological effects, and smoking and nicotine use as an addiction.
	omni.ac.uk /browse/mesh/D012907.html (5110 words)

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