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Topic: Action theory

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	Collective action - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Theories of collective action emphasize how group behavior can, in some sense, be linked to social institutions.
		The economic theory of collective action is concerned with the provision of public goods (and other collective consumption) through the collaboration of two or more individuals, and the impact of externalities on group behavior.
		Note, however, that the theory is not necessarily a challenge to the invisible hand principle of Adam Smith.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Collective_action (720 words)

	Action theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Increasingly, considerations of action theory were taken up by scholars in the social sciences.
		With the advent of psychology and later neuroscience, many conjectures of action theory are now subject to empirical testing.
		While action theorists generally employ the language of causality when arguing about factors and processes preceding human behaviour, the issue of full causal determination has been central to controversies about the meaning of free will.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Action_theory (343 words)

	Introduction to Action Theory for Public Administration
		Classical definitions of responsibility are subject to criticisms implied by aspects of the Action paradigm discussed previously: the active-social conception of the self, the normative preference for consensual and disaggregated decisions, and the critique of action conceived exclusively in rational-instrumental terms.
		Administrative action is explainable in terms of the relationship between situations or contexts as perceived by administrators and their predispositions both to initiate projects and to respond to claims and demands originating in their environments.
		In chapter 9, "Action Theory and Administrative Practice" (proposition 18), the implications of the Action paradigm for the improvement of administrative practice are explored by demonstrating how the paradigm satisfies the criteria of paradigm adequacy outlined in chapter 2.
	www.chatpress.com /action_Intro.html (3516 words)

	An Action Approach to Career Counseling. ERIC Digest.
		Action theory's perspective is based on a constructionist epistemology which highlights the importance of the way we organize our knowledge in our daily lives.
		Action refers to short-term behavior of this kind, but other constructs are needed for sequences of interrelated actions over the long term.
		Young et al.'s method for studying the career conversations of parents and adolescents involved the action of the conversation, the conscious cognitions as the participants steer and direct the conversation, and the social meaning attributed to the conversation by the participants.
	www.ericdigests.org /1997-4/action.htm (1235 words)

	Action Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Action theory is a sociological perspective that focuses on the individual as a subject and views social action as something purposively shaped by individuals within a context to which they have given meaning.
		Joas elaborates some implications of his model for theories of social movements and social change and for the status of action theory in sociology in the face of competition from theories advanced by Luhmann and Habermas.
		The problem of action is of crucial importance in both sociology and philosophy, and this book--already widely debated in Germany--will add fresh impetus to the lively discussions current in the English-speaking world.
	www.sociologyindex.com /action.htm (540 words)

	Happiness and the Public World: Beyond Political Liberalism
		Fundamental to liberal political theory is what I call liberalism’s "private view of happiness." This view is, I hold, more or less pervasively affirmed, explicitly or implicitly, throughout the liberal tradition, so that its absence would provide good reason to doubt whether the theory in question is a part of that tradition.
		Human action is virtuous insofar as it conforms to the telos of the universe.
		Human action is discussed in terms of the relations of human individuals to other human individuals and to subhuman aggregates or societies of occasions.
	www.religion-online.org /showarticle.asp?title=2467 (8020 words)

	Action Theory Page
		This webpage is devoted to contemporary action theory, including the free will debate, practical reasoning, moral responsibility, the nature of intention and intentionality (and folk psychology more broadly), mental causation, moral psychology, and the assorted standard topics of interest philosophers of action work on (e.g., intentional action, reasons for action, etc.).
		As one may notice, action theory is one of those unique areas in philosophy with a boundary that is difficult to fix.
		The concerns of action theorists overlap with those doing work in other areas of the philosophy of mind and metaphysics, as well as moral philosophy, the philosophy of religion, logic, epistemology, legal philosophy, and, with the recent growing interest in social action theory, social and political philosophy.
	www.angelfire.com /ab3/freewill/ActionTheory.html (3592 words)

	Foundations of Action Design
		We begin with the theory of action approach developed by Chris Argyris and Donald Schön (bibliography).
		This leads to distinguishing espoused theories, or theories of action that we believe we follow, from the theories-in-use that would be inferred from our actual behavior.
		Action science is a form of inquiry into how we design action and how we might create better organizations.
	www.actiondesign.com /resources/theory/index.htm (1033 words)

	>-- The Garden of Forking Paths --<: Action Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Driving like thought, again, assuming a componential theory of action individuation, is an action-type that is broad--i.e., such that all of its tokens are complex actions.
		These elements are (i) the extent to which the action stems from the agent’s action plans, which rationalize the action for the agent and for others; (ii) the extent to which the agent is aware of (i), and (iii) the degree to which the action is experienced as willed.
		The action is accord with the agent’s action plans, and (it seems) the agent is aware that this is the case.
	gfp.typepad.com /the_garden_of_forking_pat/action_theory/index.html (3547 words)

	Donald Davidson [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		However, Davidson's philosophical positions in action theory and philosophy of mind are intrinsically tied into his work on the semantics of natural languages.
		But neural states (being theoretical states of physical theory) are governed by conditions of attribution that in turn are regulated by the constitutive rules of the physical theory.
		One theory of causal explanation arises out of Hume's position that wherever there is a causal relation between two distinct events a and b there must be a law relating two types of events A and B that the events in question instantiate.
	www.iep.utm.edu /d/davidson.htm (4461 words)

	Hacker's Action Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Action theory distinguishes three different levels of task completion, categorizing task completion mechanisms as skill-based, rule-based and knowledge-based.
		Action theory is actually applied to design of decision support systems to aid manufacturing scheduling systems [10].
		In his paper Higgins uses dynamic structure of action theory with feedback and task categorization to resolve insufficiencies in representation of cognitive work analysis.
	www.cs.umd.edu /class/fall2002/cmsc838s/tichi/printer/hackers.html (1408 words)

	Theory of Reasoned Action
		Thus, I believe it is useful to add the idea of subjective norms, because sometimes they can influence our behavior, but in general attitudes are a more important influence.
		Reasoned Action complicates our understanding of persuasion (a drawback), because it inserts another variable into the process: messages > attitudes > behavioral intent > behavior (and note that the Elaboration Likelihood Model would insert cognitive responses between messages and attitudes).
		However, Reasoned Action explains some of the reasons why an attitude (or behavioral intent) will not result in the expect behavior.
	www.cios.org /encyclopedia/persuasion/Gtheory_3evaluation.htm (202 words)

	Implementing Business Intelligence Systems: An Organizational Learning Approach
		The action theory consists of both explicit knowledge that everyone sees and knows about and tacit knowledge that describes why people actually do what they do in the organization (i.e., it is the organization's collective "moxie").
		Figure 4 illustrates that the action theory is "encoded" in a schema of three levels of knowledge that comprise the organization's institutional memory.
		All of these are the repository for explicit and implicit rules that comprise the organization's action theory and, depending on the level of change that a BI project entails, need to be considered.
	www.dmreview.com /master.cfm?NavID=55&EdID=7610 (2121 words)

	Action
		That movement is merely the causal upshot of her guiding action, just as the onset of illumination in the light bulb is the mere effect of her action when she turned on the light.
		In “Actions, Reasons, and, Causes,” Davidson first pointed out that the thesis that there are no reason-to-action laws is crucially ambiguous between a stronger and a weaker reading, and he observes that it is the stronger version that is required for the non-causalist conclusion.
		The theory of action should be able to explain the differences between Smith's reasons and the import they have for her in the two contrasting cases.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/action (8866 words)

	The Theory of Reasoned Action
		In basic terms, the Theory of Reasoned Action says that a persons behavior is determined by their attitude towards the outcome of that behavior and by the opinions of the person's social environment.
		The greatest limitation of the theory stems from the assumption that behavior is under volitional control.
		The new theory addresses the issue of behaviors that occur without a person's volitional control.This theory is the same as the Theory of Reasoned Action except for the addition of the Perceived Behavioral Control component.
	www.ciadvertising.org /student_account/fall_01/adv382j/brent/yes.html (1113 words)

	CHARM-The Role of Theory in HCI
		Actions: The smallest units of cognitive and sensory-motor processes that are oriented towards conscious goals.
		The lowest level of action regulation occurs at the skill-based level, where actions are executed as a result of a trigger not conscious to the user.
		The theories and models of human behavior that come from social psychology promote researchers to investigate not only users by themselves, but how they operate within their natural, social environments.
	www.otal.umd.edu /hci-rm/theory.html (4018 words)

	Hacker's Action Theory
		Action theory is a theory initially developed by German scientists in the field of applied psychology (Winfried Hacker, 1994[5]; Freese and Zapf, 1994[7]; Frese and Sabini 1985 [8]).
		Action theory distinguishes three levels of task completion, categorizing task completion mechanisms as skill-based, rule-based and knowledge-based.
		Hacker also asserts that action theory is just a step towards filling cognition-action gap and the gap between theoretical and applied approaches [5].
	www.cs.umd.edu /class/fall2002/cmsc838s/tichi/hackers.html (1510 words)

	Philosophical Dictionary: A proposition-Adorno
		Both Peirce and Reichenbach developed detailed theories about the invention of such hypotheses in what is sometimes called "the logic of discovery." The success of this enterprise may founder on the underdetermination of incompatible hypotheses.
		Act-utilitarianism supposes that each particular action should be evaluated solely by reference to the merit of its own consequences, while rule-utilitarianism considers the consequent value of widespread performance of similar actions.
		Understanding the relation between choice or volition and the performance of an action, for example, has been taken to be crucial for the ascription of moral responsibility to those who act.
	www.philosophypages.com /dy/a.htm (1728 words)

	Biblio-action (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Føllesdal, D. The status of rationality assumptions in interpretation and in the explanation of action.
		Mele, A. Goal-Directed Action: Teleological Explanations, Causal Theories, and Deviance.
		Action recognition in the premotor cortex, Brain, 119, 593-609.
	actiontheory.free.fr /Biblio-action.htm (2603 words)

	Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1988, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was added to the existing model of reasoned action to address the inadequacies that Ajzen and Fishbein had identified through their research using the TRA.
		As the Theory of Reasoned Action began to take hold in social science, Ajzen and other researcher realized that this theory was not adequate and had several limitations (Godin and Kok, 1996).
		The Theory of Planned Behavior is applied to the study of how financial contribution or commission to sales agents affect their attitudes towards a certain behavior.
	hsc.usf.edu /~kmbrown/TRA_TPB.htm (3144 words)

	Basic Action Theory - Lassen (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Abstract: Action semantics is a semantic description framework with very good pragmatic properties but until now a rather weak theory for reasoning about programs.
		A strong action theory would have a great practical potential, as it would facilitate reasoning about the large class of programming languages that can be described in action semantics.
		we developed an action theory for a small control fragment (the basic facet) of action notation.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /lassen95basic.html (715 words)

	Walter de Gruyter - Action Theory and Communication Research
		The action theoretical approach has already proved its value as a framework for communication research, most especially in the study of media audiences and media use.
		The social action approach privileges the perspective of the acting individual but offers guidelines for connecting the subjective orientation with networks of social interaction and for treating 'behaviour' as a social process.
		Some are reports of empirical inquiries, others reflections on theory but each one sheds some light on the significance of media use in everyday experience and contributes to an understanding of communication in society.
	www.degruyter.de /rs/bookSingle.cfm?id=IS-3110180812-1&l=E&ad=he (278 words)

	Amazon.ca: Ideas for Action: Relevant Theory for Radical Change: Books: Cynthia Kaufman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Instead, she encourages inquiry and further investigation, offering readers the information to orient a critical understanding of the social world and a glimpse of the excitement and rewards of serious intellectual engagement with political ideas.
		Cynthia Kaufman's IDEAS FOR ACTION is a sophisticated but highly readable analyis of key political issues and ideas.
		Ideas for Action is probably the best book I've read this decade; it's a precious instrument of serious activists.
	www.amazon.ca /Ideas-Action-Relevant-Theory-Radical/dp/0896086933 (738 words)

	Action theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It uses material from the Wiktionary page "Action".
		Science A statement or set of statements that purports to explain observed phenomena in a related, integrated manner.
		Hi everyone, you might want to check netwars, it is an online book available at new york university press, and deals with such things as piracy, democratisation, community building and the like on the web....
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Action_theory.html (1123 words)

	Theory and Practice -- printer-friendly version
		People who work with Action Design sometimes ask, “What do you call this stuff?” These are people who know us, who find the work useful and important, and who want to tell others about it.
		Argyris and Schön published Organizational Learning in 1978, the year before we began working with them and more than a decade before the idea of learning organizations became popular.
		Argyris (see a biography of Argyris) has focused on the reasoning processes individuals use to design and implement action, highlighting differences between productive and defensive reasoning.
	www.actiondesign.com /resources/theory/print_theory.htm (1020 words)

	Protection motivation theory
		Social cognition theory was developed by Bandura (1977, 1986) and suggests that expectancies, incentives and social cognitions govern behaviour.
		Brubaker and Wickersham (1990) examined the role of the theory's different components in predicting testicular self-examination and reported that attitude towards the behaviour, subjective norm and behavioural control (measured as self-efficacy) correlated with the intention to perform the behaviour.
		The health action process approach (HAPA) was developed by Schwarzer in 1992.
	www.garysturt.free-online.co.uk /healat2.htm (1518 words)

	A Dynamic Logic Based Action Theory for Planning
		We present a logic for action theory based on a modal language, where modalities represent actions.
		The action theory can also deal with non-minimal change and nondeterministic and concurrent actions.
		We show how a high level action theory of this type can be transformed in order to be used as a planning formalism.
	www.informatik.uni-ulm.de /ki/Misc/SemAbstr/cschwind.html (123 words)

	Action Theory
		Action theory is a theory of social investigation.
		The social investigator cannot and should not be indifferent to what he/she studies.
		People are always both subjects and objects of research, and thus investigation should involve principled stands on the problems studied, and principled intentions of changing them.
	www.sociologyprofessor.com /socialtheories/action-theory.php (81 words)

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