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Topic: Acute toxicity

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LD50

Lethal dose

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	Toxicity Class - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It addresses the acute toxicity of agents such as soil fumigants, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides, nematicides, or rodenticides.
		Assignment to a Toxicity Class is based typically on results of acute toxicity studies such as the determination of LD50 values in animal experiments, notably rodents, via oral, or sometimes inhaled, or external application.
		The Toxicity Class generally does not address issues of other potential harm of the agent, such as bioaccumulation, issues of carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, or mutagenic effects, or the impact on reproduction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Toxicity_Class (491 words)

	The MSDS HyperGlossary: Acute toxicity
		Evaluation of acute toxicity data should include the relationship, if any, between the exposure of animals to the test substance and the incidence and severity of all abnormalities, including behavioral and clinical abnormalities, the reversibility of observed abnormalities, gross lesions, body weight changes, effects on mortality, and any other toxic effects.
		Acute toxicity helps workers understand the health consequences from a single exposure to a chemical.
		Acute toxicity differs from chronic toxicity, which describes the adverse health effects from repeated (lower level) exposures to a substance over a longer period (months to years).
	www.ilpi.com /msds/ref/acutetoxicity.html (480 words)

	Re-examination of acute toxicity of fluoride
		In this paper, on the basis of toxic doses estimated in outbreaks of fluoride poisoning, the potential for acute poisoning by fluoride ingested during mouth rinsing is assessed.
		Tables 8, 9 and 10 show the relationship between the toxic doses estimated in cases of acute fluoride poisoning in the USA and the dose of fluoride ingested at the time of fluoride mouth rinsing in subjects with body weights of 15 kg (younger children), 30 kg (children), and 60 kg (adults).
		Table 10 shows the toxic doses in adults of 60 kg, and the amount of fluoride per kilogram of body weight is a quarter of that in children of 15 kg and half of that in children of 30 kg.
	www.fluoride-journal.com /97-30-2/302-89.htm (3997 words)

	799.9120 TSCA acute dermal toxicity.
		An evaluation of acute toxicity data should include the relationship, if any, between the exposure of animals to the test substance and the incidence and severity of all abnormalities, including behavioral and clinical abnormalities, the reversibility of observed abnormalities, gross lesions, body weight changes, effects on mortality, and any other toxic effects.
		Acute dermal toxicity is the adverse effects occurring within a short time of dermal application of a single dose of a substance or multiple doses given within a 24-hour period.
		With highly toxic substances, the surface area covered may be less, but as much of the area as possible should be covered with as thin and uniform a film as practical.
	www.setonresourcecenter.com /cfr/40CFR/P799_039.HTM (2524 words)

	NPWRC :: Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Rainbow Trout
		The toxicity of LAS to aquatic organisms generally increases with increasing mean alkyl chain length (Kimerle and Swisher 1977; Macek and Sleight 1977; Lewis 1991), which may account for the wide range in acute toxicity values reported for aquatic organisms (Kimerle 1995).
		The disparity in toxicity values between the two studies may be partly due to temperature effects on the rate of toxic activity of SDS in fish.
		In the early phases of the hazard evaluation process, acute toxicity data for representative species are compared to estimated environmental concentrations to determine the margin of safety.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/fish/fchem/discuss.htm (2098 words)

	SchoolIPM - Technical Information - Pesticides - Toxicitiy of Pesticides
		Toxicity is usually divided into two types, acute or chronic, based on the number of exposures to a poison and the time it takes for toxic symptoms to develop.
		Acute toxicity is due to short-term exposure and happens within a relatively short period of time, whereas chronic exposure is due to repeated or long-term exposure and happens over a longer period.
		The commonly used term to describe acute toxicity is LD LD means Lethal Dose (deadly amount) and the subscript 50 means that the dose was acutely lethal to 50 percent of the animals to whom the chemical was administered under controlled laboratory conditions.
	schoolipm.ifas.ufl.edu /techp14.htm (2603 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 22, Ch. 302, Drug Toxicity
		Initial acute toxicity studies are conducted to determine the lethal dose (LD or LD --the dose required to kill 50% or 90%, respectively, of the laboratory animals), toxic symptoms, and the time symptoms appear.
		Chronic toxicity studies, conducted in at least two species (including one nonrodent), usually last the lifetime of the animal (up to 2 yr in a rodent or longer in a nonrodent), but duration may depend on the intended duration of drug administration to humans.
		In vitro toxicity tests are not substitutes for animal studies and provide only supportive information in the regulatory process; pharmaceutical companies use them to focus on specific chemicals for additional in vivo studies and for pharmacologic development.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section22/chapter302/302a.jsp (1565 words)

	Toxicity of Pesticides
		The acute toxicity of a pesticide is used as the basis for the warning statements on the label.
		Acute toxicity may be measured as acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, and acute inhalation toxicity.
		The effects of both acute toxicity and chronic toxicity are dose-related; the greater the dose, the greater the effect.
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /facts-slides-self/core-tutorial/module04/index.html (3749 words)

	Exposure, Toxicity, and Risk of Home Pesticide Use
		Acute toxicity refers to exposure to a single dose of a toxin which produces symptoms within a short period of time after the exposure.
		Acute toxicity of various pesticides and other chemicals commonly found around the home can be compared by use of the LD50 ratings of each when found in a concentrated form.
		Acute toxicity from pesticides may be expressed as flu-like symptoms or a nervous system disorder while symptoms of chronic toxicity may be expressed in other forms.
	www.ext.vt.edu /departments/envirohort/articles/misc/homepest.html (773 words)

	Heavy Metal Toxicity - Page 2 Of 6: Online Reference For Health Concerns
		Additionally, acute toxicity is usually from a sudden or unexpected exposure to a high level of the heavy metal (e.g., from careless handling, inadequate safety precautions, or an accidental spill or release of toxic material often in a laboratory, industrial, or transportation setting).
		Acute exposure to lead is also more likely to occur in the workplace, particularly in manufacturing processes that include the use of lead (e.g., where batteries are manufactured or lead is recycled).
		Acute exposure to cadmium generally occurs in the workplace, particularly in the manufacturing processes of batteries and color pigments used in paint and plastics, as well as in electroplating and galvanizing processes.
	www.lef.org /protocols/prtcl-156a.shtml (2607 words)

	Idamycin - Toxicity
		To ascertain the activity of the IDAMYCIN metabolite, idarubicinol, studies were conducted to determine its acute toxicity in the mouse, cardiotoxicity in the rat, and the potential to induce mutagenic effects.
		Acute toxicology studies revealed average LD50 values of 4.3 mg/kg in the mouse and 2.8 mg/kg in the rat.
		These acute studies show that the hematolymphopoietic system and gastrointestinal tract are the primary targets, suggesting that IDAMYCIN has a preferential effect on actively proliferating tissues.
	www.meds.com /leukemia/idamycin/monograph/pt3.html (523 words)

	Toxicity and Fate of Azo Dyes, Danish Environmental Protection Agency
		The acute toxicity of azo dyes, as defined by the EU criteria for classification of dangerous substances, is rather low.
		Information about acute oral toxicity, including skin and eye irritation, is in form of material safety data sheets available for many commercial azo dyes.
		Although the primary acute hazard associated with exposure to aromatic amines is carcinogenesis, methemoglobinemia is attributed to the same mechanism of metabolic activation.
	www.mst.dk /udgiv/publications/1999/87-7909-548-8/html/kap05_eng.htm (9045 words)

	Acute Oral Toxicity - OECD Fixed Dose Method
		The more traditional test for acute oral toxicity is the oral LD 50, which uses more animals than the FDM, and one test protocol for this is found in OECD Test Guideline 401.
		Where no evidence of toxicity is seen at the initial dose, or where severe toxicity or mortality are observed, an additional dose level would be added to the study.
		However, mortality and evident toxicity data would be available, and both should be disclosed on the MSDS under "effects of acute exposure".
	www.hc-sc.gc.ca /ewh-semt/occup-travail/whmis-simdut/faq/acute_oral_toxicity-toxicite_aigue_orale_e.html (1086 words)

	RAIS: Thallium (7440-28-0)
		Animal studies in various species have shown that the acute toxicity of various soluble and insoluble, organic and inorganic thallium salts (malonate, acetate, sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, and oxide) are independent of the anion, the valence (thallous or thallic), and animal species (rat, mouse, guinea pig, rabbits, and hamster) (Stokinger, 1981; Aoyama, 1989).
		Without specific tests for toxicity, the subjects were evaluated for a correlation between thallium exposure (as measured by urine and hair concentrations) and the prevalence of certain symptoms.
		However, based on the arguments that no specific pattern of congenital malformations was found and that several cases had been reported in the literature of thallium intoxication during pregnancy in which no congenital abnormalities were observed, the investigators concluded that a causal relationship between thallium exposure and congenital malformations is unlikely to exist.
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/thallium_f_V1.shtml (4689 words)

	Protocol for Obtaining a Preliminary Characterization of Intralaboratory Precision of Acute Toxicity Tests Performed on ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Because aquatic toxicity test are playing an ever larger role in DPR surface water monitoring studies conducted, it is important to characterize the precision of the aquatic toxicity test measurement endpoint actually used to detect ambient toxicity.
		The acute toxicity tests conducted for this study will be in the form of duplicate toxicity tests performed on split samples taken at the Karnak pumping station in the Sacramento River watershed (study #154) and Orestimba Creek in the San Joaquin River watershed (study # 155).
		Two aspects of the toxicity test results are of interest: 1) the agreement between the determination of toxicity in split samples (i.e.
	www.cdpr.ca.gov /docs/empm/pubs/protocol/156prot.htm (1877 words)

	Toxicity
		Toxicity of mercury(2+) compounds was less uniform than of mercury(1+) compounds; and solubility of the compounds had no effect on the toxicity.
		Acute poisoning due to mercury vapors affects the lung primarily, in the form of acute interstitial pnuemonitis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis.
		Acute poisoning is major threat in home and on farm, but, because mercury is a cumulative poison, subacute and chronic intoxications are recognized, particularly in industry.
	www.nomercury.org /atsdr.htm (8995 words)

	Fluoride Toxicity Issues
		This range for toxicity was provided by Harold C. Hodge, the same man who was responsible for erroneously reporting that it would take a daily fluoride intake of "20-80 mg" before skeletal fluorosis would occur in the average individual.
		Acute fluoride poisoning produces a clinical syndrome characterized by: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and paresthesias.
		It is concluded that the "probably toxic dose" or PTD of fluoride--the dose which should trigger therapeutic intervention and hospitalization--is 5 mg/kg of body weight.
	www.fluoridation.com /poison.htm (3321 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Digitalis : Article by Kenneth T Kwon, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		With acute intoxication, plasma concentrations extrapolated to time zero is lower in toddlers than in infants and older children because of their increased volume of distribution and clearance.
		Acute toxicity is rarely subtle, and chronic toxicity may be difficult to diagnose.
		In pediatric patients, hyperkalemia is usually a complication of acute toxicity rather than a cause; however, preexisting hyperkalemia increases the risk of morbidity and mortality.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic590.htm (3651 words)

	Acute Toxicity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Acute toxicity or acute effects tests are rapid (2 to 4 days) procedures used to measure the concentration that will affect the test organisms, that is, make them sick.
		When we start a toxicity test program, we may not know which group will be most sensitive to the new compound.
		When acute toxicity data does not provide enough information for us to decide if the compound is safe or not, we conduct chronic toxicity tests.
	www.pgbeautyscience.com /en_UK/safety/acutetoxicity_en.html (319 words)

	Acute Bleomycin Toxicity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Acute (normal one month prior) interstial process, linear pattern, also could consider reticular nodular pattern more pronounced in the lower lobes.
		Bleomycin is the chemotherapeutic agent most commonly associated with pulmonary toxicity.
		Doses in excess of 400 mg are associated with an increased risk for pulmonary toxicity.
	brighamrad.harvard.edu /Cases/mcr/hcache/239/full.html (137 words)

	Minimum Dose of Fluoride Producing Acute Toxicity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Parents or caregivers may not notice the symptoms associated with mild fluoride toxicity or may attribute them to colic or gastroenteritis, particularly if they did not see the child ingest fluoride.
		Acute fluoride toxicity from ingesting home-use dental products in children, birth to 6 years of age.
		At least seven events of acute fluoride poisoning that are related to the fluoridation of drinking water have formally been reported in the USA...
	www.fluoridealert.org /health/accidents/acute.html (938 words)

	E729-96(2002) Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and ...
		Tests using the static technique provide the most easily obtained measure of acute toxicity, but conditions often change substantially during static tests; therefore, static tests should not last longer than 96 h, and test organisms should not be fed during such tests.
		A major consideration was that the common uses of the results of acute toxicity tests do not require or justify stricter requirements than those set forth herein.
		1.6 Results of acute toxicity tests should usually be reported in terms of an LC50 (median lethal concentration) or EC50 (median effective concentration) at the end of the test, but it is desirable to provide information concerning the dependence of adverse effects on both time and concentration.
	www.astm.org /DATABASE.CART/REDLINE_PAGES/E729.htm (851 words)

	Acute Toxicity
		Acute Toxicity : The ability of a substance to cause severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose.
		Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and...
		..."Acute toxicity test" means a toxicity test with the death of test...
	www.mongabay.com /reference/environment/Acute_Toxicity.html (294 words)

	Tabex Toxicity
		The acute LD toxicity, the subchronic (30 days) and the chronic (80-180 days) toxicity were determined.
		The acute toxicity was determined on line H albino mice (intravenously, subcutaneously and orally); rats (intraperitoneally, subcutaneously and orally); dogs (subcutaneously and orally).
		During the observation the following toxic symptoms were found: accelerated respiration, clonic and toxic convulsions, motility disturbances in the hind legs, lower muscle tonus.
	www.bpg.bg /tabex/toxicity.phtml (690 words)

	RAIS: Arsenic (7440-38-2)
		The toxicity of inorganic arsenic (As) depends on its valence state (-3, +3, or +5), and also on the physical and chemical properties of the compound in which it occurs.
		The relative toxicity of the trivalent and pentavalent forms may also be affected by factors such as the water solubility of the compound.
		Squibb, K.S.; Fowler, B.A. The toxicity of arsenic and its compounds.
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/arsenic.shtml (7393 words)

	Introduction - Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		With the exception of the Holmesimysis costata Acute Test (Table 19), the methods included in this manual are referenced in Table IA, 40 CFR Part 136 regulations and, therefore, constitute approved methods for acute toxicity tests.
		Data can also be used to predict potential acute and chronic toxicity in the receiving water, based on the LC50 and appropriate dilution, application, and persistence factors.
		Data from acute toxicity tests performed as part of permit requirements are evaluated during compliance evaluation inspections and performance audit inspections.
	www.epa.gov /waterscience/WET/disk2/intro2.htm (499 words)

	NPWRC :: Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Rainbow Trout
		Acute toxicity of firefighting chemical formulations to four life stages of fathead minnow.
		Acute toxicity of three fire-retardant, and two fire-suppressant foam formulations to the early life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
		Utility of toxicity tests with embryos and fry of fish in evaluating hazards associated with the chronic toxicity of chemicals to fishes.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/fish/fchem/refer.htm (783 words)

	Acute Toxicity of Fire-Control Chemicals, Nitrogenous Chemicals, and Surfactants to Rainbow Trout
		Estimated total ammonia and NH3 concentrations at the 96-h LC50s of the fire retardants indicated that ammonia was the primary toxic component in these formulations.
		Based on estimated anionic surfactant concentrations at the 96-h LC50s of the foams and reference surfactants, LAS was intermediate in toxicity and SDS was less toxic to rainbow trout when compared with the foams.
		Acute toxicity of fire-control chemicals, nitrogenous chemicals, and surfactants to rainbow trout.
	gcmd.nasa.gov /records/GCMD_usgs_npwrc_acutetoxicity.html (338 words)

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