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	Ad libitum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ad libitum is Latin for "at one's pleasure", often shortened to Ad lib.
		Ad libitum is also used in psychology and biology to refer to the "free-feeding" weight of an animal, as opposed, for example, to the weight after a restricted diet.
		For example, "The rat's ad libitum weight was about 320 grams." The term is used in laboratory studies which have shown that free-fed animals are often less healthy and have shorter lifespans than animals with restricted diets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ad_libitum (197 words)

	Ad lib - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ad lib (and ad-lib) are terms derived from the Latin ad libitum, meaning "at liberty".
		Ad lib is the adjective or adverb; ad-lib is the verb or noun form.
		In music, the term ad lib is used in a similar way to mean an improvised passage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ad_lib (212 words)

	Ad lib -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ad lib (and ad-lib) are terms derived from the (Any dialect of the language of ancient Rome) Latin (Click link for more info and facts about ad libitum) ad libitum, meaning "at liberty".
		Most commonly, in (The literary genre of works intended for the theater) drama, the quick-witted invention of (The lines spoken by characters in drama or fiction) dialogue to cover a performer's memory lapse would be an example of an ad-lib.
		In (An artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner) music, the term ad lib is used in a similar way to mean an improvised passage.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ad/ad_lib.htm (264 words)

	Witold Lutoslawski's Mi-Parti A Musical Essay in Sound Textures
		Ad libitum sections are used to create flexible and mobile climaxes, and at times add to the atmosphere of the slowly modifying sound textures.
		Each of the two main climaxes of the piece feature ad libitum sections which are an inevitable result of the shortening of the phrases and the quickening of the pace.
		In the opening of the second main section, each entrance of the ad libitum sections (as performed by the polyphony of instrument groups as discussed earlier) is initially marked by 1, 2 or 3 steady (though not metered) beats "after which the players are not supposed to play precisely together' (score pg 17).
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/harley/nancy.html (3240 words)

	Ad Libitum by Alessandro Capozzo
		Ad Libitum is perhaps the most literal translation of the exhibition's title.
		Ad Libitum consists of three modules, which contain small circular 'cells' which move along a horizontal line.
		Ad Libitum is primarily an automated system, it also invited interaction.
	www.bbc.co.uk /radio3/cutandsplice/ad_libitum.shtml (278 words)

	NTP: Abstract for TR-503: Chloral Hydrate
		A dietary control component was incorporated in response to concerns within the regulatory community relating to increased background neoplasm incidences in rodent strains used for toxicity testing and to the proposed use of dietary restriction to control background neoplasm incidence in rodent cancer studies.
		The heart weight of ad libitum-fed male mice administered 100 mg/kg and the kidney weights of 50 and 100 mg/kg ad libitum-fed mice were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls at 2 years.
		The incidences of hepatocellular carcinoma and of hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined) occurred with positive trends in dietary-controlled male mice at 2 years, and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in 100 mg/kg dietary-controlled mice was significantly increased.
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=070B281C-F52B-BFE3-3DB705CBE8D93129 (913 words)

	Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology \| Full text \| Leptin receptor in the chicken ovary: potential involvement in ...
		The "Label" line tolerates ad libitum feeding of breeders and does not have reproductive problems under ad libitum feeding whereas the «Experimental» line can be fed ad libitum on a low energy diet during the growing period but presents more reproductive problems than the Label genotype but less than the standard genotype fed ad libitum.
		The erratic pattern of oviposition in standard broiler breeder hens fed ad libitum has been previously demonstrated to be related to abnormal maturation of steroidogenesis, particularly in the two largest yellow follicles [35].
		In this study we have shown that ad libitum feeding of broiler breeder hens dramatically up-regulated expression of the leptin receptor in the granulosa cells of yellow follicles and changed the evolution of expression of this receptor with follicle development.
	www.rbej.com /content/2/1/72 (5087 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Effects of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, DHPG, and injection stress ...
		In previous studies, striatal Fos-immunostaining was greater in food-restricted relative to ad libitum fed rats injected i.c.v.
		Therefore, in a small sample of ad libitum fed and food-restricted subjects, brains were processed for Fos-immunostaining and revealed stronger DHPG-induced staining in CPu (t(7) = 3.6, p <.01) and NAc core (t(7) = 2.8 p <.025) but not NAc shell (t(7) = 1.1) of food-restricted, relative to ad libitum fed, subjects (see Figure 3).
		Adding to the results of Choe and Wang who demonstrated DHPG-induced activation of ERK1/2 and CREB in dorsal striatum [12], the present study has demonstrated DHPG-induced activation of ERK/12 and CREB in both CPu and NAc following lateral ventricular infusion.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2202/5/50 (4028 words)

	UNL Beef Cattle Reports
		Treatment 1 was an ad libitum control in which steers were offered ad libitum access to feed throughout the trial.
		The final diet (Table 1) was formulated to meet the metabolizable protein requirement of the ad libitum control group at the midpoint of the initial 70 days in the feeding period.
		In an effort to account for differences in gut fill, interim weights of steers consuming feed ad libitum were shrunk 4 percent to be used in performance calculations.
	ianrpubs.unl.edu /Beef/report/mp71-19.htm (1756 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Efficacy of Restricted/ad Libitum Feeding Strategy for Group-Fed Gilts During Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Gilts were pen-fed to achieve 50%, 68%, and 88% of calculated ad libitum intake (treatment, trt).
		At 221 d of age, gilts were moved to the breeding barn, repenned within trt, given ad libitum access to a common diet, and checked for estrus daily using mature boars.
		Subjecting gilts to dietary energy restriction from 122 d of age until three wk before the start of mating, followed by ad libitum feed during breeding period, reduced total feed consumed and had no measurable impact on reproductive performance through 46 d after end of breeding.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=141415 (301 words)

	Research and Reviews: Beef and Sheep, Special Circular 170-99, Effects of Feeding Regimen and Days Fed on Performance ...
		Steers were then offered feed ad libitum for the final 118 lb of gain for steers fed 168 days and 228 lb of gain for steers fed 203 days.
		Steers offered feed ad libitum were $15.05 more profitable than prescription-intake steers at 168 days fed, and prescription-intake steers were $1.65 more profitable than steers offered feed ad libitum at 203 days fed. Using a prescription-intake feeding strategy reduced carcass weights, but eliminated yield grade and overweight carcass discounts.
		In our study, steers offered feed ad libitum that were fed an additional 35 days (AL-203) gained 107 lb more and sold for $73.24 more than steers fed for 168 days (value of this gain was $0.67/lb).
	ohioline.osu.edu /sc170/sc170_8.html (2621 words)

	VH1.com : Ad Libitum : Biography
		Ad Libitum, a Brazilian quintet featuring soprano, treble, tenor and bass recorders, as well as piano, guitar, flute and percussion.
		Ad Libitum was initially conceived by Universidade Estadual do Ceare graduates Angelita Ribeiro, who plays recorder and guitar, Cecilia do Valle, who plays piano, and Rainer Beckmann, a German-born graduate of the Hogeschool voor De Kunsten Conservatory in Utrecht, Netherlands, who plays recorder.
		Ad Libitum is rounded out by Cristiane Ramalho, a former student of Ribeiro, and Jaderson Teixeira, a former student of do Valle who plays recorder and percussion.
	www.vh1.com /artists/az/ad_libitum/bio.jhtml (205 words)

	Research and Reviews: Beef, Special Circular 162-99, Effects of Crude Protein Level in Diets of Feedlot Steers Fed to ...
		Performance between steers fed equal pounds or percent per day crude protein as ad libitum steers was not different when gain was 2.5 or 3.0 pounds per day.
		Treatments consisted of ad libitum consumption of a 12% crude protein (CP) diet fed throughout the experiment (AL12%); prescription intake of a 12% CP diet fed throughout the experiment (PI12%); or prescription intake of a high crude protein diet (PIHCP) that provided equal pounds per day CP intake as the AL12% diet.
		Therefore, providing the same pounds per day CP intake to ad libitum intake and prescription intake may not be necessary when predicted gain is 2.5 lbs./day.
	ohioline.osu.edu /sc162/sc162_5.html (1939 words)

	Untitled Document
		Calves fed ad libitum drank 89% more milk than calves fed conventionally during the preweaning period, but the ad libitum-fed calves ate only 16% as much calf starter and 17% as much hay.
		There were no treatment differences in weight gains over the weaning or postweaning periods, and at the end of the experiment on d 63, the calves fed ad libitum maintained an advantage in mean (± SEM) body weight (89.07 ± 2.47 kg vs 81.07 ± 2.47 kg for the conventionally fed calves).
		We conclude that ad libitum nipple feeding of milk to dairy calves can allow for increased milk intake and weight gain with no detrimental effects on intake of solid food after weaning.
	www.adsa.org /jds/abs/2002/d02B3054.htm (286 words)

	Wertz et al., June 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Heifers were fed a common finishing diet ad libitum subsequent to the growing period.
		Trial 2 crossbred heifers (n = 222) were allotted to dry corn gluten feed (DCGF)-corn ad libitum or restricted to 80% of ad libitum for 42, 84, or 126 d; or ad libitum corn silage or DCGF-corn silage at 80% of ad libitum for 84 d.
		Multiple periods of intake restriction interrupted by ad libitum intake do not result in a more desirable feed efficiency when compared with continuously restricted heifers.
	www.asas.org /jas/abs/2001/a0161598.htm (567 words)

	Russian Gothic Page - Ad Libitum
		The Ad Libitum project was created by Sergey Vasilenko in Saint Petersburg.
		These texts might seem abstract, or in some way naive, but it's the absence of everyday rationalism and sincerety that appeals to the "new old" music of AD LIBITUM.
		The release of this CD was a complete surprise to me that I got during the recent Moscow tour of AD LIBITUM.
	music.gothic.ru /russian/adlibit_e.htm (657 words)

	Langston University Goat Research Extension (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Interactions between dietary protein and energy levels with ad libitum feed intake in effects on cashmere fiber growth have not yet been extensively investigated.
		Thus, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects and interactions of ad libitum consumption of diets differing in crude protein and metabolizable energy concentrations on growth and cashmere fiber production by young/growing US Spanish wether goats.
		With growing Spanish wethers in the fall season and ad libitum consumption of diets approximately 40, 60, and 80% concentrate, corresponding to 2.00, 2.35, and 2.70 Mcal/kg of metabolizable energy, respectively, cashmere fiber diameter was greater for 15 versus 10% dietary crude protein regardless of metabolizable energy level.
	www.luresext.edu /GOATS/library/ivey2000-1.html (225 words)

	Ad libitum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		More generally, the phrase adlibitum can be used to indicate an improvisation.
		Ad libitum is also used in psychology and biology to refer to the "free-feeding" weight of an animal, as opposed, for example, to the weight after arestricted diet.
		For example, "The rat's ad libitum weight was about 320 grams." The term is used in laboratory studieswhich have shown that free-fed animals are often less healthy and have shorter lifespans than animals with restricted diets.
	www.therfcc.org /ad-libitum-78540.html (148 words)

	The effect of wine or beer versus a carbonated soft drink, served at a meal, on ad libitum energy intake
		Ad libitum energy intakes (EI) of the meal were measured at three different occasions in a cross-over design with red wine, lager beer or a carbonated soft drink.
		In the first study the beverages were supplied ad libitum and in a second study the intake of the beverages was fixed: beer and soft drink at 9 ml
		RESULTS: In the ad libitum beverage study total EI was higher with wine than with the soft drink and beer (P<0.05).
	www.nature.com /ijo/journal/v26/n10/abs/0802069a.html (349 words)

	Simulacrum ad libitum by Ian Knopke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Simulacrum, in this context, is a copy for which there is no exact original, and refers to an inexact use of computer based samplers in this piece.
		The ad libitum refers to a compositional technique found in the scores of Witold Lutoslawski, in which instruments play repetitive patterns of different lengths against one another; this piece incorporates a computer version of that technique.
		It also refers to the idea of the individual versus the group, personal "liberty" in the face of conformity, the need to break out and "do your own thing" sometimes., which we all seem to feel on occasion.
	www.music.mcgill.ca /~knopke/compositions/simulacrum.html (142 words)

	Conceptus and maternal responses to increased feed intake during early gestation in pigs -- Musser et al. 82 (11): 3154 ...
		kg/d (n = 6) or ad libitum (7.0 ± 0.11 kg/d; n = 4) from
		and amniotic fluids of conceptuses from sows fed ad libitum.
		0.05), but litters of ad libitum sows did not show this effect.
	jas.fass.org /cgi/content/abstract/82/11/3154 (425 words)

	Age-related changes in the urinary excretion of aldehydes in ad libitum fed and food-restricted rats. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Age-related changes in the urinary excretion of aldehydes in ad libitum fed and food-restricted rats.
		Age-related changes in the urinary excretion of aldehydes arising from lipid peroxidation have been investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 27 months, fed ad libitum or subjected to two different regimens of calorie restriction (namely every-other-day ad libitum feeding--EOD--and 40% calorie restriction--40%DR).
		For only some age groups, results were compared with those obtained in ad libitum fed male Fisher 344 and Lewis rats.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_11250122.html (204 words)

	Abstract - Effect of Somatotropin on Thyroid Hormones and Cytokines in Lactating Dairy Cows During Ad Libitum and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Six cows were fed for ad libitum intake and six cows were feed restricted to induce negative energy balance during two treatment periods of 6 d.
		Between treatment periods was a 15-d recovery period, during which all cows were fed ad libitum.
		Cows that were fed ad libitum remained in positive energy balance during control and bST treatments, whereas cows that were fed for restricted intake were in negative energy balance during control and bST treatment periods.
	www.aipl.arsusda.gov /publish/jds/2001/abs84_2430.html (356 words)

	Some Considerations for the Development of Diets for Mature Rodents Used in Long-Term Investigations -- McDonald 127 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Survival curves of ad libitum-fed (Groups 1, 3) and calorie-restricted (Groups 2, 4) male F344 rats (from Yu et al.
		American Institute of Nutrition Report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc committee on standards for nutritional studies.
		Reiser S., Hallfrisch J. Insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue weight of rats fed starch or sucrose diets ad libitum or in meals.
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/127/5/847S (2938 words)

	CEBA DE CERDOS CON PIENSO Y MIEL FINAL DE CAÑA DE AZÚCAR AD LIBITUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This indicator was higher with the highest content of this nutrient (708 vs 754 g with and without FM, respectively) and statistically similar to those consuming concentrates with a lower CP percentage.
		Concentrate feed conversions with FM ad libitum were 3.09 vs 2.92 and 3.25 vs 3.04 kg for the lowest and highest CP concentration in the feed, respectively.
		The possible contradictions of these results with those in previous studies are discussed and concentrates with more than 18% CP are not recommended, however FM with ad lilbitum concentrates feeding systems may be supplied since concentrates efficiency is favoured.
	www.sian.info.ve /porcinos/publicaciones/qtoencuent/carlos.htm (350 words)

	Food restriction alters pregnancy-associated changes in IGF and IGFBP in the guinea pig -- Sohlström et al. 274 ...
		The guinea pigs were divided into two groups, one fed ad libitum (n = 34) and one subjected to food restriction (n = 41).
		Figure 5 shows the IGFBPs of pooled plasma in ad libitum and food-restricted animals as assessed by Western ligand blotting.
		In the ad libitum-fed animals, the concentration of albumin and glucose in maternal plasma decreased during pregnancy, whereas
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/3/E410 (4284 words)

	Hermesmeyer et al., March 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		ABSTRACT A 5 × 5 Latin square design was used to determine the effects of restricted and ad libitum intake of diets containing wheat middlings on the site and extent of digestion compared to ad libitum intake of a corn-based diet and ad libitum intake of chopped alfalfa hay.
		Although RWM steers were fed to consume 75% of ad libitum intake, RWM steers consumed 15.5% less DM than WM.
		The use of wheat middlings in finishing diets at ad libitum intake resulted in higher average ruminal pH.
	www.asas.org /jas/abs/2002/a0230812.htm (424 words)

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