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Topic: Adaptive immune system

	Immune system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Immune System (also known as the Immunlological System) is made up of all the mechanisms through which a multicellular organism defends itself from internal invaders such as bacteria, virus or parasites.
		The innate system is comprised of all the mechanisms that defend an organism in non-specific form, against an invader, responding in the same fashion, regardless of what it is. It constitutes older defense strategies, some of these being found in primitive multicellular forms, in plant and fungi.
		Suppression of the immune system is often used to control autoimmune disorders or inflammation when this causes excessive tissue damage, and to prevent transplant rejection after an organ transplant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Immune_system (2743 words)

	Immune System - MSN Encarta
		Immune System, group of cells, molecules, and organs that act together to defend the body against foreign invaders that may cause disease, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
		Adaptive immune responses are actually reactions of the immune system to structures on the surface of the invading organism called antigens.
		The ability of the immune system to mount a response to disease is dependent on many complex interactions between the components of the immune system and the antigens on the invading pathogens, or disease-causing agents.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575681/Immune_System.html (589 words)

	Immune system - Gurupedia
		Adaptive immunity in which the response to pathogens changes during the lifetime of an individual, appeared somewhat abruptly in evolutionary time with the appearance of cartilaginous (jawed) fish.
		The adaptive immune system, also called the acquired immune system, explains the interesting fact that when most mammals survive an initial infection by a pathogen, they are generally immune to further illness caused by that same pathogen.
		Although the dichotomy of the innate and adaptive immune systems has served to simplify and facilitate the reductionist approach to immunology, a number of fairly recent discoveries have helped to explain old mysteries of the immune system as well as blur the division between innate and adaptive immune systems.
	www.gurupedia.com /i/im/immune_system.htm (1664 words)

	Immune system - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In multicellular organisms, the immune system is an organ system that acts as a defense against foreign pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites), some poisons, as well as suppressing cancer.
		Adaptive immunity, in which the response to pathogens changes during the lifetime of an individual, seem to have appeared somewhat abruptly in evolutionary time with the appearance of chondrichthyes (cartilaginous or jawed fish).
		The adaptive immune system is based on dedicated immune cells termed leukocytes (white blood cells) that are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus and/or lymph nodes.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Immune_system (2077 words)

	Immune system - WikiHealth
		It may be broken down into the adaptive immune system (only found in vertebrates), composed of four lymphoid organs (thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and submucosal lymphoid nodules) and the group motile cells that are involved in the body's defense against foreign bodies.
		In multicellular organisms, the immune system is an organ system that acts as a defense against foreign pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites), some poisons, as well as cancer.
		The adaptive immune system is based on immune cells called leukocytes (or white blood cells) that are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
	www.wikihealth.com /Immune_system (1910 words)

	Immune System - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Because a primary immune response occurs during the illness, the immune system will mount a disease-preventing secondary response every time it is subsequently exposed to the disease.
		Disorders of the immune system can range from the less serious, such as mild allergy, to the life threatening, such as more serious allergy, transplant rejection, immune deficiencies, and autoimmune diseases.
		Inherited immune deficiencies usually reflect the failure of a gene important to the generation or function of immune system components.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761575681__1/Immune_System.html (2871 words)

	The Immune System
		The immune system is a complex network of organs containing cells that recognize foreign substances in the body and destroy them.
		Immunologic memory is the ability of the adaptive immune system to mount a stronger and more effective immune response against an antigen after its first encounter with that antigen, leaving the organism better able to resist it in the future.
		However, adaptive immunity is also responsible for allergic reactions and for the rejection of transplanted tissue, which it may mistake for a harmful foreign invader.
	www.aber.ac.uk /~dcswww/ISYS/immune_system.html (2025 words)

	ipedia.com: Immune system Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The adaptive immune system is based on immune cells called leukocytes (or white blood cells) that are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
		AIDS ("Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome") is an infectious disease, transmitted by HIV, which causes degeneration of the body's immune system.
		On the other hand, an "overactive" immune system is a feature of a large number of different autoimmune disorders, such as lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes (sometimes called "juvenile onset diabetes"), multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
	www.ipedia.com /immune_system.html (1830 words)

	The Immune System: Vocabulary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		immune system- the network of cells, molecules, and organs that act together to defend the body against foreign invaders usch as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
		Antigens- structures on the surfaces of invading organisms that trigger immune system reactions.
		In the adaptive immune system, macrophages attach to antigens and deliver them to be destroyed by other parts of the system.
	library.thinkquest.org /26360/immunevocab.html (364 words)

	Immune System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		There are several variations of immune systems throughout species, and sometimes more than one immune system within the same organism (for example, the human brain has its own immune system that is separate from the "normal" one).
		This immune system consists of an innate immunity which began in early eukaryotes such as the amoeba and generally consists of a set of mostly hard-wired responses to pathogens and does not change during the lifetime of the organism.
		The adaptive immune system, which is much better understood than the innate immune system, is based on immune cells called leukocytes (or white blood cells) that are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.
	www.painbustersclinic.com.au /body/immune-system.htm (1342 words)

	Disease Reference - Immune System Information
		This immune system consists of an innate immunity which began in early eukaryotes such as the amoeba and generally consists of a set of mostly hard-wired responses to pathogens and does not change of the lifetime of the organism.
		Organisms that posess an adaptive immunity also posess an innate immunity and many of the mechanisms between the systems are common, so it not always possible to draw a hard and fast boundary between the individual components involved in each, despite the clear difference in operation.
		By contrast AIDS, the "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome" is an infectious disease, transmitted by the HIV virus, which causes degeneration of the body's immune system.
	www.disease-reference.com /Immune-System.htm (1161 words)

	Immune System...MedicalGeo.com
		The immune system is the collection of organs and tissues involved in the adaptive defense of a body against foreign biological material.
		It may be broken down into the adaptive immune system, composed of four lymphoid organs (thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and submucosal lymphoid nodules) and the group motile cells that are involved in the body's defense against foreign bodies.
		The term may also be used to refer to the totality of a body's defense systems, encompassing both the adaptive immune system and other passive defenses, such as the skin.
	www.medicalgeo.com /immunesystem.html (1387 words)

	Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc.: Directing the Immune System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The immune system can be thought of as both an innate immune system and adaptive immune system working together to protect the body against bacteria, viruses and other disease-causing agents, and also to detect, control and fight abnormal cells, such as cancer cells.
		The adaptive immune response is a highly specific, long-lasting response to a particular pathogen or an antigen associated with a pathogen.
		Adaptive immune responses are induced by initial recognition of an antigen in the presence of appropriate signals from the innate immune system.
	www.coleypharma.com /coley/control (788 words)

	Evolutionary origin of the immune system: Annotated bibliography
		The adaptive immune response is restricted to jawed vertebrates (i.e., all vertebrates except lampreys and hagfish), and therefore evolved 450-500 million years ago in the common ancestor of cartilagenous fish (sharks and rays) and other "fish" (bony fish, including tetrapods).
		The Afterword to the book, "Evolution of the Immune System: Past, Present, and Future", is written by Janeway, and summarizes the state of knowledge as of 2001 on the evolution of the innate immune system and evolution of the adaptive immune response.
		The coagulation system is integrally related to the innate immune response, and its activation and regulation are dependent on local and systemic immune responses.
	www2.ncseweb.org /kvd/exhibits/immune/immune_evo_annotated_bib.html (12680 words)

	Artificial Immune System
		These stems cells also differentiate into cells in the blood that are not involved in immune function, such as erythrocytes (red blood cells) and megakaryocytes (for blood clotting).
		By the time a baby is born, the immune system is a sophisticated collection of tissues that includes the blood, lymphatic system, thymus, spleen, skin, and mucosa.
		The innate immune response is activated by chemical properties of the antigen.
	ltu164.ltu.edu /~svallabhaneni/ais.htm (779 words)

	The Immune System of Dogs
		The immune system is the surveillance and defense system of the body.
		The immune system is an incredible defense mechanism which protects the body from many kinds of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, toxins, and parasites.
		The adaptive portion of the immune system is much more specific, reacts to unique molecules called antigens, and uses antibodies and cell-mediated immunity to rid the body of foreign substances.
	www.peteducation.com /article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1614&articleid=957 (3030 words)

	Lymphocytes and the Cellular Basis of Adaptive Immunity
		The term "clonal" in clonal selection theory derives from the postulate that the adaptive immune system is composed of millions of different families, or clones, of lymphocytes, each consisting of T or B cells descended from a common ancestor.
		As discussed in Chapter 25, cells of the innate immune system recognize molecules on the surface of pathogens that are not found in the host.
		The adaptive immune system has a far more difficult recognition task: it must be able to respond specifically to an almost unlimited number of foreign macromolecules, while avoiding responding to the large number of molecules made by the host organism itself.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.4422 (4112 words)

	AEGiS-SC: An Innate Defense System: Scientists begin to pay attention to the 'other' immune system, long thought to be ...
		Compared to the smart weapons of the adaptive system, the innate immune system is a rabble of primitive, knuckle-dragging grunts --indiscriminate foot-soldiers that kill by eating their enemies or squirting them with poison.
		They are designed to program the adaptive immune system to attack microbes like the polio virus or influenza, as if it had already vanquished the invader in an earlier battle.
		The body's first line of defense, the cells of the innate immune system, are primitive foot soldiers that kill by eating invaders or squirting them with poison.
	www.aegis.com /news/sc/2000/SC001002.html (2016 words)

	The Immune System - the target of genetic research.
		This study of the immune system is not exhaustive, and is presented primarily to give the layman a general idea of how this part of the human anatomy works.
		Whether or not the immune system is strong and healthy is at the base of all allergies and illnesses.
		The blood and lymph systems are intertwined throughout the body and they are responsible for transporting the agents of the immune system.
	www.liferesearchuniversal.com /immune.html (1495 words)

	Evolving Immunity
		Immune systems are generally characterized by their ability to distinguish between self and non-self cells, tissues, or molecules, and to eliminate the non-self (for review see Janeway 2001).
		The innate immune system is the more ancient of the two systems, with roots deep in the deuterostome branch of the bilaterians, roughly one billion years ago.
		Their innate immune systems possess all three complement activation pathways (classical, alternative, lectin), and their complement can serve as anaphylatoxins, mediate opsonization, and activate the lytic pathway (Smith 1998).
	www.talkdesign.org /faqs/Evolving_Immunity.html (13609 words)

	immunology - vertebrate immunity III
		The cells of the innate system respond to general stimuli and the same cell is capable of defending against a variety of microorganisms.
		In other words the immune system shifts or "adapts" to the challenges it receives, specifically reinforcing some sections of the defense barrier as appropriate to the particular microorganism that is the current threat.
		Th cell regulation of innate system cells is less exact as the innate system is capable of acting independently of the adaptive system.
	www.keratin.com /am/am011.shtml (2258 words)

	The Human Immune system
		There are similarities between the immune system of humans and those of the most primitive of vertebrates, going back five hundred million years on the evolutionary ladder.
		The immune system has a series of dual natures, the most important of which is self/non-self recognition.
		Parts of the immune system are antigen-specific (they recognize and act against particular antigens), systemic (not confined to the initial infection site, but work throughout the body), and have memory (recognize and mount an even stronger attack to the same antigen the next time).
	human-anatomy.org (560 words)

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