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	Adaptive Optics
		Adaptive optics got its start in the 1970s, when the U.S. military was looking for ways to obtain clear photographs of Soviet satellites.
		The military studied adaptive optics as a way to compensate for atmospheric distortions when focusing a ground based laser weapon on an incoming missile.
		Using deformable mirrors or other adaptive optics devices, we expect we would be able to enlarge the field of view keeping high image resolution where trade-off relationship between high resolution and wide field of view always gives some difficulties to system designers.
	vismi.kaist.ac.kr /2004/Research/Adaptive_Optics.htm (378 words)

	an introduction to active & adaptive optics
		Active Optics is used to overcome the first limitation and Adaptive Optics the latter, giving ultimately images near the diffraction limit of the primary mirror.
		Because of the high bandwidth and the small field to which correction can generally be applied, adaptive optics uses a small deformable mirror with a diameter of 8 to 20 cm located behind the focus of the telescope at or near an image of the pupil.
		Adaptive optics with a multicolour laser probe is another concept investigated to solve the tilt determination problem of laser beacon based AO.
	www.eso.org /projects/aot/introduction.html (0 words)

	adaptive optics
		The measured distortions are then removed with a phase corrector – typically a very thin mirror in the light path of the telescope that can be rapidly deformed by actuators to the equivalent shape of the wavefront, which must be subtracted to produce a sharp image.
		Unlike active optics, adaptive optics provides real-time response and allows the image quality of ground-based instruments to rival that of telescopes operating in space.
		Adaptive optics was pioneered at the Center for Astronomical Adaptive Optics and will be used extensively, in conjunction with another new technique known as nulling interferometry, in the search for extrasolar planets and circumstellar dust disks.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/adapopt.html (315 words)

	Adaptive Optics Affords Better View of Space
		Adaptive optics (AO) refers to optical systems that are able to compensate for optical effects, such as the twinkling of stars caused by air turbulence between the ground and space.
		Adaptive optics is then used to deform a mirror, to compensate for the turbulence, and enables scientists to get a sharper view of objects.
		Adaptive optics and guidestar technology at the laboratory were initially developed for defense and military applications, but the research also benefits the astronomy community, since AFRL scientists share research information with those in the astronomy field.
	www.photonics.com /content/news/2006/July/17/83521.aspx (914 words)

	Title of the Research Project (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Active optics systems are generally constructed using a large flexible primary mirror with mechanical devices to provide constant adjustment of its “optical figure” in accordance with a wavefront measurement (Hubin and Noethe 1993).
		Adaptive Optics, also known as “AO,” is a technique that compensates for the distortions produced by the atmosphere.
		In order to use an adaptive optics system to observe a faint object, a sufficiently bright guide star must be located within a small angle of the desired object.
	www.fuka.com /~kent/THAadaptiveoptics.htm (1953 words)

	Adaptive Optics
		Adaptive optics is a technique which measures the wavefront phase errors generated by the variations of the index of refraction in the atmosphere and corrects the resulting image in `real time' to achieve an angular resolution close to the diffraction limit of the telescope.
		For unresolved sources, adaptive optics attempts to put as many photons in as small an image area as possible, thus enhancing the image against the sky background, improving the resolution of spectroscopy, and allowing better interferometric imaging with telescope array.
		Adaptive optics uses essentially the same principles, but it trys to correct for the rapidly change seeing effects due to the atmosphere.
	www.pha.jhu.edu /~jlotz/aoptics/node4.html (1101 words)

	Adaptive Optics
		Whilst adaptive optics compensates for atmospheric distortions, the deformation of the large primary mirrors is corrected by active optics, as discussed on the next page.
		Adaptive Optics: What is it?@CfAO has a set of pages that describe what adaptive optics is, why we need it, how it works, its limitations and links to other AO resources.
		Adaptive Optics: Past, Present and Future is a set of slides on adaptive optics focusing on astronomical applications but also discussing others.
	outreach.atnf.csiro.au /education/senior/astrophysics/adaptive_optics.html (841 words)

	University of California - Cultural Resources - Adaptive Optics: UC Sees More Clearly - The University of California ...
		Adaptive optics refers to optical systems which adapt to compensate for optical effects introduced by the medium between the object and its image leading to appreciably sharper images.
		Adaptive optics technology can remove the blurring effect of the Earth's atmosphere that has long plagued astronomers, allowing ground-based telescopes to achieve a clarity of vision previously attainable only by space-based instruments.
		An adaptive optics system uses a point source of light as a reference beacon to measure the effects of the atmosphere.
	www.universityofcalifornia.edu /cultural/adaptiveoptics.html (659 words)

	Palomar Observatory: Adaptive Optics at Palomar Observatory
		Adaptive optics is a technique that allows ground-based telescopes to remove the blurring affects caused by Earth's atmosphere.
		On the left is a blurred image without adaptive optics corrections and on the right the corrections reveal a binary star.
		The adaptive optics system uses a star as a calibration source and then deforms a small mirror to correct for distortions caused by the atmosphere.
	www.astro.caltech.edu /palomar/AO (469 words)

	Adaptive Optics facility dedicated
		Scientists in the Laboratory for Adaptive Optics at UCSC are developing extraordinarily precise optical systems that will enable astronomers to capture images of planets far beyond our solar system and build the next generation of giant telescopes.
		Adaptive optics sharpens the vision of ground-based telescopes by removing the blurring effects of turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere.
		Max is also the director of the Center for Adaptive Optics (CfAO), headquartered at UCSC and established in 1999 by the National Science Foundation.
	currents.ucsc.edu /04-05/05-23/optics.asp (1316 words)

	Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing to improve LASIK procedures performed by ophthalmologists - OpticsReport
		Originally developed to perfect images taken from telescopes, adaptive optics will change the standard for perfect human vision from 20/20 to 20/10, by providing more data for cornea sculpting than currently is available.
		Early versions of externally worn adaptive optics are in development at the University of Arizona, and are expected to be commercially available by 2004.
		The other option for using adaptive optics in human eyesight is to factor much-improved prescriptions into a surgical procedure that permanently alters the shape of the cornea.
	www.opticsreport.com /content/article.php?article_id=1005 (1272 words)

	How adaptive optics works \| David Williams' Lab (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The essential components of an adaptive optics system are a wavefront sensor for measuring aberrations, a device for correcting them, and feedback.
		In astronomical adaptive optics, light from a guide star is used to measure the aberrations of the atmosphere.
		Below is an illustration of the basic principle of adaptive optics and a photo of the deformable mirror.
	www.cvs.rochester.edu /williamslab/r_adaptiveopt.html (449 words)

	New Adaptive Optics Center aims to improve telescopes, human eyesight
		But the effect can be removed by adaptive optics techniques, permitting astronomers to observe everything from the weather on Neptune to exploding stars at the most distant reaches of the universe.
		A telescope fitted with adaptive optics measures the distortion using a bright star for reference, then a high-speed computer commands a deformable mirror to bend to adjust for the distortion.
		The Chicago Adaptive Optics System Laboratory, led by Edward Kibblewhite, Professor in Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Chicago, is a pioneer in the development of adaptive optics technology.
	www-news.uchicago.edu /releases/99/990729.adaptiveoptics.shtml (996 words)

	Mount Wilson Observatory
		Adaptive optics measures the atmospheric distortions in the incoming light from a star or other object and sends electronic signals to a deformable mirror that can change its shape rapidly to correct for the distortions.
		For the adaptive optics systems on the telescopes at Mount Wilson Observatory, this is done by using two mirrors working in concert: a tip-tilt mirror to provide a coarse correction to the incoming beam of light, and a deformable mirror.
		The adaptive optics system currently in use at Mount Wilson uses a star near the telescope’s target as the source of the distorted wavefront.
	www.mtwilson.edu /ao (1001 words)

	Adaptive Optics at Adaptive Optics
		Adaptive optics are designed to measure such errors continually and correct them automatically.
		The ALFA closed loop adaptive optics system was built by AOA for the Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy and installed on their 3.5 meter telescope in Calar Alto Spain in 1997.
		ALFA was the first commercially contracted adaptive optics system for a large astronomical telescope and is now in regular use by astronomers.
	www.aoainc.com /technologies/adaptiveandmicrooptics/aos.html (475 words)

	Adaptive optics (Site not responding. Last check: )
		`Active optics' and `Adaptive optics' are techniques for improving image quality, by correcting some of the distortions imposed on the wavefront during its passage through the atmosphere and the telescope.
		Adaptive optics techniques improve seeing by ironing out some of the wrinkles imposed on the wavefront as it passes through turbulent layers in the atmosphere.
		The quality of a site for adaptive optics is determined not only by the median seeing, but also by the height and thickness of the turbulent layers which cause it (often a few thin layers dominate).
	www.ing.iac.es /~crb/wht/aointro.html (482 words)

	Astronomy & Astrophysics - Instrumentation & Adaptive Optics
		Adaptive optics (AO) compensate for the variability of images due to irregularities in the medium through which the light passes.
		Without adaptive optics, images taken at ground-based telescopes are typically smeared by half an arcsecond or more, reducing both the resolution of the images and the sensitivity of the telescope since the light is spread over a larger area.
		The Center for Adaptive Optics (CFAO) is a National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center headquartered on the UCSC campus in a new building adjacent to the astronomy department.
	www.astro.ucsc.edu /research/instrument.html (657 words)

	Euro50: Adaptive Optics
		In addition, the telescope is foreseen for later addition of an adaptive optics system for the visible but this is not included in the baseline.
		This observing mode comprises the simplest form of adaptive optics and is for the K-band.
		The adaptive optics control algorithms take the signal from the virtual wavefront sensor as input, and determine the output signals to the two deformable mirrors.
	www.astro.lu.se /~torben/euro50/ao.html (2334 words)

	* Adaptive Optics - (Astronomy): Definition
		Adaptive optics (AO) is a process in which distortions (like those from the Earth's atmosphere) are removed from a telescope's image in real time.
		The resolution achieved with adaptive optics that adjust the shape of its mirror a thousand times a second in order to compensate for the ever changing atmosphere.
		Adaptive optics removes the blurring of an astronomical image due to turbulence in earth's atmosphere.
	en.mimi.hu /astronomy/adaptive_optics.html (547 words)

	UCSC Press Release: New Center for Adaptive Optics at UCSC
		Adaptive optics is a method to actively compensate for changing distortions that cause blurring of images.
		"Adaptive optics is enormously complex, and to bring this technology to maturity and make AO systems practical tools for scientists will require a coherent national program that brings together scientists and engineers with diverse areas of expertise," Nelson said.
		In vision science, adaptive optics has made it possible to obtain images of the living human retina with unprecedented resolution, enabling researchers to see the individual receptors involved in vision, said David Williams, director of the Center for Visual Science at the University of Rochester.
	www.ucsc.edu /news_events/press_releases/archive/99-00/07-99/ctr_for_adaptive_optics.htm (1346 words)

	MEMS Adaptive Optics
		Adaptive optics remove the optical imperfections that result from peering through the atmosphere.
		More widespread adoption of adaptive optics, and wavefront correction is hampered, however, by the significant costs of traditional systems.
		Improving the image quality through use of affordable MEMS adaptive optics systems will allow surgeons to detect degenerative eye disease at much earlier stages where it is easier to treat, and before vision is affected.
	www.memx.com /mems-adaptive-optics.htm (398 words)

	NSO Solar Adaptive Optics Project
		This is adaptive optics (AO), a sophisticated blend of computers and optics.
		For more than a decade night astronomers have used AO to let a larger number of telescopes operate closer to their difraction limit, the theoretical best set by the size of a telescope and how light forms images.
		The current High-Order Adaptive Optics (AO) development project is a partnership between NSO and the New Jersey Institute of Technology, supported by the NSF's Major Research Instrumentation division.
	nsosp.nso.edu /ao (622 words)

	Adaptive Optics
		In this paper, we proposed an active vision system that can interact with the environment by changing optical system parameters such as spatial position, orientation and focus plane.
		As an optomechatronic system, the proposed system integrates a pair of wedge prism, a scanning mirror, a deformable mirror and off-the-shelf optics.
		The compact double wedge prisms can change the view direction, however the aberration induced by wedge prisms can be corrected by deformable mirror.
	vismi.kaist.ac.kr /2004/Research/Adaptive_Optics_Variable_View_Imaging.htm (225 words)

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