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Topic: Addis Ababa Accords

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	World Mayor: Arkebe Oqubay - Mayor of Addis Ababa 2005
		Addis Ababa was facing growing unemployment, shelter problems, poor governance, health and education challenges, urban finance uncertainties and a deteriorating environment.
		With a population of more than three million, Addis Ababa is a very cosmopolitan city with about 80 nationalities speaking their own languages and dialects, and Christian and Muslim communities living together in harmony and peace.
		Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia, and is also the seat of the African Union and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
	www.worldmayor.com /manifestos05/addis_ababa_05.html (2667 words)

	Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Addis Ababa was founded in 1887 by Menelik II, chief of Shoa, who ascended the throne of Ethiopia in 1889.
		Addis Ababa was the capital of Italian East Africa 1936–41.
		It was the scene of one of the worst massacres in modern history when for three days during February 1937, on the orders of General Rodolfo Graziani, the whole city was given over to mass murder and rape by the Italians.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Addis+Ababa,+Ethiopia (363 words)

	Addis Ababa Hotels
		Addis Ababa University was formerly known as Haile Selassie I University, after the former Emperor of Ethiopia.
		Addis Ababa University is a school of higher education in Ethiopia.
		Addis Ababa University was founded in 1950 at the request of Haile Selassie by a Canadian Jesuit, Dr Lucien Matte as a two-year college, and began operations the next year.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/1/addis-ababa-hotels.html (692 words)

	Tolerance, Equal Freedom, and Peace: Religion and Peacemaking: U.S. Institute of Peace
		According to one observer with first-hand experience of the rise of European fascism in the thirties, democratic institutions, with their permissive emphasis on tolerance, are easy prey for antidemocratic groups.
		According to the court, terms like "hatred," "abuse," and "hostility" were given no precise definition, and were thus susceptible to the most arbitrary interpretation.
		According to the human rights norms, as we have seen, tolerance presupposes the principle of nondiscrimination, but it is not the same thing.
	www.usip.org /religionpeace/rehr/equalfree.html (9084 words)

	ETHNIC PEACE ACCORDS AND ETHNIC CONFLICT RESOLUTION
		Accord was the result of three years of preliminary negotiations and several months of intensive negotiations, following the accession of the Nimieri Government.
		According to Touval, mediating powers in the Arab-Israeli conflict had strong national security interests in the outcome and were often biased toward one side or the other.
		The story of Camp David Accords illustrates that partial resolution of ethnic conflicts may sometimes be possible without military victory; it also illustrates that the task of framing a sustainable ethnic peace accord should not be undertaken lightly, nor with any certainty about the outcome.
	www.american.edu /jrich/Richardson.peace.html (6778 words)

	Sudan - SOUTHERN AND WESTERN SUDAN
		Under the provisions of the Addis Ababa accords, the central government and the SSLM agreed to a ceasefire, and Khartoum recognized the regional autonomy of the three southern provinces.
		Throughout the 1970s, the Nimeiri government observed the Addis Ababa accords fairly faithfully, and the south's relative political freedom contrasted sharply with the authoritarian rule in the rest of the country.
		The Addis Ababa accords eventually were undermined by the same factors that had fueled southern rebellion in the 1960s: fears that the north was determined to force arabization and Islamization upon the south.
	countrystudies.us /sudan/66.htm (1355 words)

	SouthSudan.Net
		Government operations against the civilian population in the countryside were reduced because South Sudan freedoms fighters were controlling the countryside and in the aftermath of the coup in 1969, the new regime face with so many strategic problems both at home and abroad, opted to seek peace with the South.
		According to reliable sources the US military Assistant to Sudan was more than $2.5b from 1978-1985.
		Remnant of SSLM rejected the Addis-Ababa Accord of 1972 and continued the war in the South from 1972-83.Hence, the SPLA is the Johnny comes lately into the armed struggle.
	www.southsudan.net /DrChand1.htm (17771 words)

	frontline: ambush in mogadishu: interviews: admiral johnathan howe
		I think that there some antagonism grew up as the UN started to carry out this Addis Ababa mandate which was also part of the 814 Resolution.
		My feeling is that [it was] probably the fact that the UN was actually starting to implement the Resolution 814 and the Addis Ababa accords, even though he'd signed them.
		In the long term, representative government wasn't really in his interests because he was occupying a lot of territory that he'd gotten through guns, and he didn't have the vote nor did his clan have the votes in a totally representative national assembly.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ambush/interviews/howe.html (7086 words)

	Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		ADDIS ABABA (ENA)July 29,2006:Mayor of the Addis Ababa City Caretaker Administration called on the public to join hands with the administration in a bid to improve the service provision in the city.
		According to Dr. Henok, the mother will be given Nevirapine when she goes into labour and the newborn baby should also take the medicine in syrup form within 6-72 hours of birth.
		According to the manager, the authority provided 21 hectares of land of the 36 hectares of industrial zone designated in Kaliti while 37 hectares was handed over of the 75 hectares of industrial zone designated in Mekanisa Lebu.
	www.addisababacity.gov.et /Archives.htm (2396 words)

	addis ababa flights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In Addis Ababa and north Gondar, in the Amhara region, some claimed that their ancestors were forced to convert from Judaism to Ethiopian Orthodoxy (Feles Mora...
		The Addis Ababa Agreement were a series of compromises in 1972, aimed at appeasing the...
		Addis Ababa responded to the ICCand#39;s takeover of Kismayo by dispatching a large force of 100 battlewagons led by TFG legislator Abdirizak Isak Bihi to cut off a...
	e-standing.com /addis-ababa-flights/archive_39_2006.php (2868 words)

	Sudan - HISTORY
		According to tradition, a missionary sent by Byzantine empress Theodora arrived in Nobatia and started preaching the gospel about 540.
		Major disagreements included the NIF's demand that it be given the post of commissioner of Khartoum, the inability to establish criteria for the selection of regional governors, and the NIF's opposition to the replacement of senior military officers and the chief of staff of the executive branch.
		In November 1988, another more explosive political issue emerged when Mirghani and the SPLM signed an agreement in Addis Ababa that included provisions for a cease-fire, the freezing of the sharia, the lifting of the state of emergency, and the abolition of all foreign political and military pacts.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/sudan/HISTORY.html (18023 words)

	CountryWatch - Interesting Facts Of The World
		The accords guaranteed autonomy for southern Sudan – defined as the three provinces of Equatoria, Bahr al Ghazal, and Upper Nile. A regional president would be appointed by the national president at the recommendation of an elected Southern Regional Assembly.
		In 1983, President Nimeiri unilaterally abrogated the Addis Ababa Accords, revoked the south’s autonomous status, imposed Islamic Sharia law across all of Sudan, declared Arabic the official language of the south, and transferred control of the southern Sudanese army to the national government.
		According to U.N. Undersecretary-General Jon Egeland, “rape is systematically used as a weapon of warfare” in Darfur.
	www.countrywatch.com /facts/facts_default.aspx?type=text&topic=SESDC (4643 words)

	TechMission: Sudanese Online Community - Sudan - Lost Boys - Movie - Refugees - News - Music - Diaspora - Southern ...
		According to the BBC in July[14], analysts estimate that at least 15,000 soldiers would be needed to put an end to the conflict.
		On 23 July 2004, the United States Senate and House of Representatives passed a joint resolution declaring the armed conflict in the Sudanese region of Darfur to be genocide and calling on the Bush administration to lead an international effort to put a stop to it.
		The first accord established a no-fly zone over rebel-controlled areas of Darfur—a measure designed to end the Sudanese military's bombing of rebel villages in the region.
	www.techmission.org /sudan/darfur-conflict.php (4875 words)

	1993 Human Rights Report: SOMALIA
		As UNOSOM II began the task of disarmament in Mogadishu, it met sudden, violent resistance from one of the signatories of the Addis Ababa accords.
		At the time of the Addis Ababa accords in March, an interim, three-tier judicial system was planned, with courts of appeal, regional courts, and district courts.
		In attempting to enforce the disarmament agreements reached in the Addis accords, UNOSOM Pakistani peacekeepers were attacked without warning, reportedly by the forces of the Somali National Alliance, which controls south Mogadishu.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/democracy/1993_hrp_report/93hrp_report_africa/Somalia.html (4037 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Addis Ababa Accords granted autonomy for the South with three provinces- Equatoria, Bar al Ghazal, and Upper Nile.
		The accord declared Arabic as Sudan 's official language and English as the south's principal language for administration and schooling.
		The Addis Ababa Accords were signed on March 27, 1972 and the Sudanese celebrated that day as National Unity Day.
	cmsu2.cmsu.edu /~lkl03000/bhistory.htm (1478 words)

	International Crisis Group - Conflict prevention and resolution
		Addis Ababa peace agreement was signed with Anya-Nya March 1972, allowing for Anya-Nya integration into national army and autonomy for south.
		However, systematic violation of agreement by government, combined with increasing Islamic shift in late 1970's and discovery of oil in southern Sudan eventually led to resumption of war.
		Nimieri abrogated Addis Ababa agreement June 1983, dissolving south’s constitutional guarantees and declaring Arabic official language.
	www.crisisgroup.org /home/index.cfm?action=conflict_search&l=1&t=1&c_country=101 (814 words)

	Sudan - GOVERNMENT
		Several sessions of mediated discussions culminated in peace negotiations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in February and March 1972.
		The Addis Ababa accords eventually were undermined by the same factors that had fueled southern rebellion in the 1960s: fears that the north was determined to force arabization and Islamization upon the south.
		In addition to these major political developments, the general economic stagnation of the south, which by the early 1980s was plagued with high inflation, lack of employment opportunities, and severe shortages of basic goods, tended to reinforce southern suspicions of Khartoum.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/sudan/GOVERNMENT.html (10424 words)

	[No title]
		The deterioration continued up to the Addis Ababa Accords 1972 that stopped the 17-year civil war.
		The Agreement realized English as a formal language in the education and government of the South whereas Arabic was recognized as an official language for education and government in the North.
		With the Addis Ababa Agreement, business school was opened in Juba and a school for industrial training was opened in Malakal.
	www.shro-cairo.org /quarterly/october03/plightacademia.doc (1207 words)

	Gale * eNewsletters * Histroy * August 2004 * Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		After eighteen years of fighting President Ja'Far Numayri and the Anya Nya signed an agreement at Addis Ababa in 1972 that conferred on the southern provinces a modest degree of autonomy which brought an end to the fighting but not the political turmoil between the northern and southern Sudan.
		Within ten years Numayri unilaterally abrogated the Addis Ababa Accords in a futile attempt to secure the support of the Islamists, Muslim fundamentalists in the Sudan, who sought to impose Islam and its laws (Shari'a) on non-Muslim African Sudanese.
		Burr estimates that over 1.3 million southern Sudanese perished in the conflict between 1983 and 1993 in a population, according to the 1983 national census, of some 5 million in the southern provinces of Equatoria, the Bahr al-Ghazal, and Upper Nile; the victims constitute one-fourth to one-third of the Sudan's total population.
	www.gale.com /enewsletters/history/2004_08/sudan.htm (4460 words)

	Mudulood PageA
		6/1993 Frustrated by the worsening situation in Mogadishu and the failure of faction leaders to adhere to the Addis Ababa accords, UNOSOM devotes energies to building local-level administration in districts throughout the country, and sponsors regional-level peace processes.
		Like past accords, it is not implemented, but it solidifies a growing alliance between two former adversaries, Ali Mahdi and Hussein Aideed.
		The Cairo accord is sponsored by Egypt, whereas the Sodere meeting was sponsored by Ethiopia.
	www.mudulood.com /PageMudafter1991.html (2231 words)

	SudanTribune article : Al-Bashir behavior already ditched the United Sudan
		What come in everybody mind is the question of what would differentiates this plan from 1972 Addis Ababa agreement which ended the civil war, the south was granted autonomy.
		In fact, the Accord of Addis Ababa Agreement came as a surprise; it was for the first time in the political history of the country, that Sudan was given recognition to itself as cultural diversity, multi-religious society and was politically recognized publicly.
		The resistance against the Arabization governments by mostly non-Muslim population of the southern Sudan began to contempt long before 1972 Addis Ababa Accords.
	www.sudantribune.com /spip.php?article17277 (2336 words)

	Darfur conflict - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the next four hours, four Antonov bombers and helicopter gunships, according to the government, (seven according to the rebels) were destroyed on the ground, 75 soldiers, pilots and technicians were killed and 32 were captured, including the commander of the air base, a Major General.
		The accord was orchestrated by the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert B. Zoellick, Salim Ahmed Salim (working on behalf of the African Union), AU representatives, and other foreign officials operating in Abuja, Nigeria.
		The accord calls for the disarmament of the Janjaweed militia, and for the rebel forces to disband and be incorporated into the army.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Darfur_conflict (5613 words)

	IslamOnline - Views Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		According to rebel spokesman Samson Kwaje, the accords require Sudan’s government to withdraw at least 91,000 troops from the rebel-controlled South, while the proposed government of southern Sudan will be allowed to create a separate army using its share of oil and tax revenues, as well as international aid.
		The critical issues raised by the terms of the accords and the historical legacy of the conflict, geopolitical contestation over resources, foreign intervention, and the complications posed by the still-unresolved Darfur conflict, will present formidable obstacles to the establishment of a long-lasting peace in Africa’s largest state.
		Sudan has been at war with itself since independence, with a period of peace between 1973 and 1982 due to the Addis Ababa Accords, which were signed by the Numairi government and Colonel Joseph Lagu, the leader of the Anya Nya rebels.
	www.islamonline.net /English/Views/2005/01/article06.shtml (2697 words)

	North-South Peace Deal
		The accords guaranteed autonomy for a southern region composed of the three provinces of Equatoria, Bahr al Ghazal and
		According to a report by Amnesty International, by the turn of the 21
		Of the peace accords, the most important political document is the Machakos Protocol.
	www.arabmediawatch.com /amw/CountryBackgrounds/Sudan/NorthSouthPeaceDeal/tabid/223/Default.aspx?SkinSrc=[G]Skins/_default/PrinterSkin (2285 words)

	History of Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In 1972, the Addis Ababa agreement led to a cessation of the north-south civil war and a degree of self-rule.
		This chronic state of insurgency against the central government was suspended in 1972 after the signing of the Addis Ababa Accords granting southern Sudan wide regional autonomy on internal matters.
		But a 1983 decree by President Nimeiri that declared his intention to transform Sudan into a Muslim Arab state, and divided the south into three regions and instituted Shari’a law, revived southern opposition and militant insurgency.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/sudan.html (2701 words)

	Foreign Minister Seyoum Presents Performance Report to House (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Foreign Minister Seyoum Mesfin told Parliament Tuesday that Ethiopia had succeeded in ensuring Addis Ababa to remain as a seat of the African Union (AU).
		He said that development partnership with the European Union and the US government had been cemented as increasing financial and technical assistance from the EU and the US was forth coming.
		Trilateral cooperation accords were also concluded with Yemen and Sudan.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/07/02-07-03/Foreign.htm (145 words)

	Darfur conflict (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The First Sudanese Civil War, between the Muslim government and the mostly non-Muslim population of the southern Sudan, started in 1955 and ended with the 1972 Addis Ababa Accords.
		According to the BBC in Julyhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3875277.stm, analysts estimate that at least 15,000 soldiers would be needed to put an end to the conflict.
		target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3568766.stm Peace" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3580696.stm Peace" target="_blank">talks, which had previously broken down in Addis Ababa on July 17, were resumed on August 23 in Abuja.
	darfur-conflict.iqnaut.net (3450 words)

	The Peninsula On-line: Qatar's leading English Daily
		Garang, along with thousands of others, was absorbed into the government army after Khartoum guaranteed autonomy for the southern region in the Addis Ababa accords of 1972.
		The peace accord, signed in Khartoum in January, provided for Garang’s appointment as Vice-President of Sudan, and right-hand man to his longtime enemy Bashir.
		Such an arrangement was widely seen as the most potent guarantee of the pledge to give the southern Sudanese an equal role in a genuine power-sharing government for the country.
	www.thepeninsulaqatar.com /features/featuredetail.asp?file=augustfeatures32005.xml (1246 words)

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