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	Gaafar Nimeiry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Later in 1971 he was elected President, and succeeded in ending the 17-year civil war between north and south Sudan the next year with the Addis Ababa Agreement.
		In violation of the Addis Ababa Agreement he dissolved the southern Sudanese government, thereby prompting a renewal of the civil war.
		1972: With the Addis Ababa Agreement, autonomy is granted to the non-Muslim southern region of Sudan, which brought peace and stability to the region which had witnessed civil war since 1955, before Sudan's independence.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry (820 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Sudan
		An 1896 agreement between Britain and Belgium saw the enclave turned over to the British after the death of King LÃ©opold II in 1910.
		The word federal in a general sense refers to the nature of an agreement between or among two or more states, nations, or other groups to merge into a union in which control of common affairs is held by a central authority created by and with the consent of the...
		In 1972, the Addis Ababa Agreement led to a cessation of the north-south civil war and a degree of self-rule.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Sudan (5471 words)

	Welcome to Sudanese Articles and Analysies Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Fourth, the implementation of the agreement was entrusted to one man, Dr. Ga’afar Ali Bakheit, a career administrator, whose colleagues had been historically anti-regionalism, because they thought the posts of governors in the south were their birthright.
		Addis Ababa Agreement, though short in the manner just described, it was however peace, which gave Nimeiri a new lease of life to continue the rule of Sudan.
		In as much as the Addis Ababa was, in his opinion, a temporary arrangement to neutralize the north opposition to his rule, there was no need for the south, after all he had regained the north.
	www.sudaneseonline.com /earticle2005/may24-93153.shtml (6415 words)

	New Page 1
		Addis Ababa, June 22 (ENA)--The trounced Eritrean army that returned to Tesseney town after the withdrawal of the heroic Ethiopian defense forces was pillaging the town, a deserter of the EPLF army said.
		Addis Ababa, June 16 (ENA)--The fact that the pugnacious government in Asmara is saying that the war is not over is not because the regime is capable to defending and launching offensives but to make the war an issue of a public agenda and to prolong its totalitarian rule, major general Samora Yenus said.
		Addis Ababa, June 6 (ENA)--The Eritrean troops that tried to provoke the Ethiopian defense forces, which were commanded to withdraw from Barentu to the direction of Humera by assaulting from the Teseney and Galogy areas, have been annihilated, the office of the government spokesperson said here on Monday.
	www.telecom.net.et /~ena/archivenglish/June00/june2000.htm (1306 words)

	Insight News
		This war was successfully resolved by the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement of 1972, which was meditated by Emperor Haille Selassie of Ethiopia, the All African Council of Churches and six African countries.
		The Addis Ababa Agreement failed to satisfy the aspirations of the peoples of the “Closed Districts” as the agreement neither put them in the center of power in parity with the North, nor did it allow them the right of self-determination.
		Numeiri’s abrogation of the Addis Ababa agreement and Southern frustration and dissatisfaction with it, coupled with the increased pace of Islamization and Arabization of the South, led to the outbreak of hostilities.
	www.insightnews.com /articles.asp?mode=display&articleID=1938 (1419 words)

	Addis Ababa Agreement: Somalia: Peace Agreements: Library and Links: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Addis Ababa Agreement concluded at the first session of the Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia, 27 March 1993
		Therefore, we, the undersigned Somali political leaders, meeting at Africa Hall in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between 15 and 27 March 1993, hereby reaffirm our commitment to the agreements signed during the Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation in January 1993.
		During the transitional period, which will last for a period of two years effective from the date of signature to the agreement, the emphasis will be upon the provision of essential services, complete disarmament, restoration of peace and domestic tranquility and on the attainment of reconciliation of the Somali people.
	www.usip.org /library/pa/somalia/somalia_03271993.html (1946 words)

	[No title]
		Originally the intention was to obtain the signatures of all the fifteen movements forming part of the Addis Ababa agreement on March 27, 1993.
		Ali Mahdi was not himself a signatory of the Addis agreement.
		At the Addis Ababa meeting he had appointed Mohammed Qanyare Afrah, a businessman from the allied Murosadde clan, as the chairman for the USC while Mahdi himself posed as the "president".
	www.etext.org /Politics/Somalia.News.Update/Volume.3/snu-03.009 (1181 words)

	Addis Ababa - Current News & Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		ADDIS ABABA, December 3 (ENN) - Inter-Africa Group announced on Thursday the timeframe and topics for the debate to be held among political parties and...
		ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia - Sudanese government troops launched a new assault in the strife-torn Darfur region that sparked fighting with rebels on the eve of...
		ADDIS ABABA, 8 December (IRIN) - With the threat of renewed regional conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the African Union's (AU's) Peace...
	news.daylightonline.com /2003/Addis_Ababa.html (5803 words)

	Somalia: Peace Agreements: Library and Links: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Addis Ababa Agreement concluded at the first session of the Conference on National Reconcilation in Somalia, 27 March 1993 (03-27-1993)
		Agreement on the establishment of an ad hoc committee, signed in Addis Ababa, on 15 January 1993 (01-15-1993)
		Agreement on implementing the cease-fire and modalities of disarmament (01-8-1993)
	www.usip.org /library/pa/somalia/pa_somalia.html (84 words)

	7
		Perhaps the greatest weakness of the Addis Ababa agreement was that it lacked a broad consensus in the north, for Nimeiri alone had signed it.
		In a flagrant breach of the Addis Ababa Agreement, the southern region was re-divided into three new regions, and the central government began sponsoring, organising and arming tribal militias in the south.
		Khartoum was aided in this process by the fall of the Mengistu regime in Addis Ababa and the subsequent expulsion of the SPLA from Ethiopia.
	members.fortunecity.com /sidahmed1/cwsudan.html (9901 words)

	Sudan - Sudanese Peace Agreement - Machakos - Worldpress.org
		Since the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement fell apart in 1983, fighting between the northern government and the rebels in the south has left more than 2 million people dead and another 4 million homeless.
		The agreement, which was brokered by the Horn of Africa’s Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), with the active involvement of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Norway, calls for a referendum in southern Sudan on self-determination within six years.
		And in Nairobi, the editors of The East African argued that the peace agreement must stand, with or without Egypt’s stamp or approval: “The peace agreement between SPLA and the Sudanese government must be supported and implemented,” the urged.
	www.worldpress.org /print_article.cfm?article_id=788&dont=yes (957 words)

	Nubia Part 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The agreement ended the 17-year conflict between the Anya Nya and the Sudanese army and ushered in autonomy for the southern region, which would no longer be divided into the three provinces of Al-Istiwa'iyah (Equatoria), Bahr Al-Ghazal, and A'ali An-Nil (Upper Nile).
		The signing of the Addis Ababa Agreement enabled economic development in The Sudan to proceed using funds that had previously been allocated for the civil war.
		Even before the official demise of the agreement, the civil war between the African Christians of the south and the Muslim Arabs of the north had resumed with even greater ferocity than before.
	www.crystalinks.com /nubia3.html (2433 words)

	Gurtong Discussion Board -> Garang An Enemy Of South Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Not only was I dissatisfied with the Addis Ababa Agreement on the Southern Sudan, I was not satisfied with the objectives and the aims of the Anya Nya as a movement.
		A: We were opposed to the terms of the Addis Agreement because its basic terms and the basis for the Agreement were first to absorb the Anya Nya into the National Army, second to integrate it after absorption and third to destroy it.
		In brief the concrete basis for the Addis Ababa Agreement was to disarm the Anya Nya forces that had proved formidable in the battlefield through peace.
	www.gurtong.com /forums/index.php?act=ST&f=5&t=1696&s=8674d70a63573c4a7abb38e9ad63c85c (12646 words)

	SIG - Sudan Country Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The conflict between the North and the South erupted in 1955 with a mutiny in the Southern town of Torit From 1955 until 1972 civil war was fought between the government in the North and the rapidly expanding Anyanya Forces seeking independence for the South.
		The war ended with an agreement signed in 1972 in Addis Ababa, which granted the South qualified autonomy, far less than parity within a federal structure demanded by the South.
		The Southern Regional government created by the Addis Ababa Agreement consisted of a Regional Assembly, which was empowered to elect and remove the President of the High Executive Council (HEC), subject to the confirmation of the President of the Republic.
	www.unsudanig.org /country/index.jsp (345 words)

	Daily Nation On the Web
		The aim was to have it endorsed as the legal map of the Sudan, with its new internal borders.
		The Addis Ababa Agreement had been based on the internal borders existing between North and South on Independence Day, January 1956.
		That was the end of the Addis Ababa Agreement and the final straw for the south: It was back to the armed struggle which is now in its 17th year.
	www.nationaudio.com /News/DailyNation/011199/Comment/Comment4.html (1359 words)

	Report by the independent expert on the conditions in Somalia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In this context, it is important to recall the political intention of 15 Somali leaders contained in the Addis Ababa Agreement of the First Session of the Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia, of 27 March 1993.
		The expert, furthermore, wholeheartedly concurs that there is a need, as expressed in the Addis Ababa Agreement, to establish an impartial national and regional police force in all regions of the country.
		With regard to the restoration of property, the parties to the Agreement affirmed that all private or public properties that had been illegally confiscated, robbed, stolen, seized, embezzled or taken by other fraudulent means must be returned to their rightful owners.
	www.unhchr.ch /Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/1a466097122271a98025672b005c92ae?Opendocument (1921 words)

	ETHNIC PEACE ACCORDS AND ETHNIC CONFLICT RESOLUTION
		The Indian government was unable to keep its side of the agreement, to disarm the LTTE and enforce compliance with the accord.
		Tripoli agreement was negotiated by Philippine goverment with Moro rebels in response to international pressure.
		Possibly excepting the Addis Ababa agreement, the negotiation process, content and followup of the peace accords fail to exhibit even the most elementary principles that conflict resolution specialists point to as prerequisites for success.
	www.american.edu /jrich/Richardson.peace.html (6778 words)

	Amnesty International Report 2002 - Africa - ETHIOPIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The mandate of the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE), created under the 2000 Algiers Agreement which ended the war with Eritrea, was extended to March 2002.
		On 10 April, police violently dispersed students at Addis Ababa University who were peacefully protesting on their campus against restrictions on their academic freedoms.
		Demonstrations held outside Addis Ababa in support of the students were violently disrupted by police and at least seven people were arrested and detained without charge for weeks.
	web.amnesty.org /web/ar2002.nsf/afr/ethiopia!Open (1483 words)

	Brookings Institution Press, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa, Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Conclusion At this point it is useful to examine the kinds of coercive and nonco- ercive incentives that were at the disposal of both domestic and inter- national actors in Sudan in the 1970s.At the outset, two important points should be mentioned.
		In the period before the Addis Ababa agreement of 1972, President Nimeiry, seeking a political solution to the conflict, made several ges- tures intended to promote southern confidence.
		Nimeiry's sabotage of the agreement polarized the society, undermin- ing the fragile norms of relations that had been slowly developing within the elite.
	brookings.nap.edu /books/0815775938/html/213.html (1739 words)

	[No title]
		The diplomatic jets continue to land at Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa: yesterday, the US Special Envoy to Somalia, Ambassador Robert Oakley, arrived in town for a meeting with President Meles.
		However, while UNOSOM has tried to implement the Addis Ababa Agreement, the fact that it has not been obliged to do so by any Security Council resolution has created an unfortunate ambivalence on the part of some who are managing affairs in Somalia on behalf of UNOSOM.
		It would therefore be helpful if the Security Council were to endorse the Addis Ababa Agreement as a basis for the peaceful resolution of the problems in Somalia.
	www.etext.org /Politics/Somalia.News.Update/Volume.2/snu-2.32 (963 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| John Garang
		When the Addis Ababa agreement of 1972 ended Sudan's first civil war, many rebels, Garang among them, were incorporated into the Sudanese armed forces.
		Garang realised that the peace agreement was doomed, even before Nimeiri abrogated it in 1983 and imposed sharia throughout the country.
		His agreement to negotiated humanitarian access for the UN's Operation Lifeline Sudan was a first for a rebel movement, and set an example many now follow.
	www.guardian.co.uk /sudan/story/0,14658,1541239,00.html (985 words)

	Addis Ababa News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		ADDIS ABABA, Jan 21, 2005 (The Reporter) -- Hopes for peace and the spectre of war are equally prevailing since Ethiopia presented its new five-point peace...
		ADDIS ABABA, Jan 14 (AFP) -- The inability of Ethiopia and Eritrea to agree on their disputed border is preventing 15 million Ethiopians from escaping crushing...
		ADDIS ABABA, 18 January (IRIN) - Increasing livestock deaths are threatening the livelihood of nomadic pastoralists in Ethiopia's drought-hit Afar region, the...
	news.daylightonline.com /2005/Addis_Ababa.html (8818 words)

	03.02.2004 Norway signed the Agreement with Addis Ababa University (Norway - the official site in Ethiopia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Mette Ravn, Ambassador of Norway, at the Addis Ababa University, 3 February 2004.
		By this agreement the Government of Norway will make available to Addis Ababa University a financial grant of approximately 7 million USD over a four years' period.
		The Norwegian Embassy is looking forward to a continued close co-operation with the Addis Ababa University in the years to come, and I wish the University and Gimlekollen the best of luck in the implementation of this very important and unique program.
	www.norway.org.et /etiopia/UniversityAgreement.htm (612 words)

	Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Addis Ababa Agreement was not abrogated first by Jafar Numeiri.
		The re-division of the South in contravention of the Addis Ababa Agreement
		The Anya-Nya II concluded the agreement with the SPLA in 1987 on
	www.sudaneseonline.com /cgi-bin/epressrelease2005/news.cgi?action=view&item=nov16-11475.shtml (2167 words)

	The Addis Ababa Agreement (from history of the Sudan) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		In 1971 the southern Sudanese rebels, who had theretofore consisted of several independent commands, were united under General Joseph Lagu, who combined under his authority both the fighting units of the Anya Nya and its political wing, the Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM).
		More results on "The Addis Ababa Agreement (from history of the Sudan)" when you join.
		The highest city in Africa, Addis Ababa is located at 8,000 feet (2,450 meters) above sea level.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-24324?tocId=24324 (781 words)

	OneWorld US Special Report
		A number of other guarantees in the Addis Ababa Accord were designed to ensure the rights, freedoms, and financial stability of the South.
		Under the Addis Ababa accord, the South was to have control over its natural resources to fund its own development.
		Assuming agreement can be reached among southerners--at least regarding the need for these two basic steps--such efforts deserve the support of the United States, the UN, and others.
	www.benton.org /OneWorldUS/sudan1.html (1729 words)

	The Sudan Human Rights Association (SHRA)
		The seventeen year conflict between the South and North was resolved in March 1972 after the Addis Ababa agreement between the Gaffer Mohammed Numeiri regime and the Southern Sudan Liberation Movement under the leadership of Joseph Lagu.
		Initiatives made during the current regime include the meetings in Addis Ababa in August 1989, Nairobi in December 1990, Abuja 1 and 2 meetings in 1992 and 1993, respectively and another Nairobi meeting in 1993.
		There was also one agreement made under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in May 1994 which adopted the Declaration as the basis for negotiations between the Sudan Government and SPLM/A. As a result of the Sudan Government’s refusal to sign the declarations of principle; the peace process stalled in September 1994.
	www.ned.org /grantees/shra/3-4-98/conflict.html (1368 words)

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