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Topic: Adequate stimulus

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	Chapter 4 - Receptor Properties: Receptor Potentials and Coding
		If a mechanical stimulus is applied to a mechanoreceptor, a generator potential is recorded such that the amplitude of the generator potential is a function of the amount of deformation of the receptor surface.
		Stimulus C is applied at another place on the receptor at the same time as A in the second set of records.
		Complementary to the principle of the adequate stimulus is a notion formulated by Johannes Müller.
	www.unmc.edu /Physiology/Mann/mann4.html (5208 words)

	Adequate stimulus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A sensory receptor's adequate stimulus is determined by the signal transduction mechanisms and ion channels incorporated in the sensory receptor's plasma membrane.
		Light - When the adequate stimulus of a sensory receptor is light, the sensory receptors contain pigment molecules whose shape is transformed by light.
		Sound - When the adequate stimulus of a sensory receptor is sound, the sensory receptors are hair cells (mechanoreceptors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Adequate_stimulus (214 words)

	Neuroscience Glossary
		Cutaneous primary afferent fibers that have cooling as an adequate stimulus and respond to cooling the skin with an increase in frequency of discharge.
		A rapid decline to zero of a response of a sensory neuron to a maintained stimulus.
		The magnitude of the sensation evoked by a stimulus is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus strength.
	www.unmc.edu /Physiology/Mann/glossary.html (7835 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Pavlov(1927) Lecture 7
		By repeated reinforcement this particular stimulus is strengthened in its new properties, while the stimulus nearest to it in intensity, position or quality is always contrasted by being left without reinforcement, with the result that it becomes readily and exactly differentiated from the established positive conditioned stimulus.
		A tactile stimulation of the skin is used as the conditioned stimulus for a long-trace reflex to acid, the interval between the end of the conditioned stimulus and the beginning of the unconditioned being one minute.
		In this case the conditioned alimentary stimulus was again a circle, while the stimulus to be differentiated from it was an ellipse cut from the same paper and of equal surface, with the semi-axes in the ratio of 8:9.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Pavlov/lecture7.htm (5295 words)

	[No title]
		Peripherally located neurons receive a stimulus and transmit the signal to the CNS along their own axons, eg, olfactory receptors.
		Adequate stimulus is the stimulus to which receptors are most sensitive.
		The receptive field is the body region in which a stimulus evokes a response.
	www.loyno.edu /~chood/histnotessense.html (5876 words)

	Sensory receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a sensory system, a sensory receptor is a structure that recognizes a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism.
		The stimulus modality to which a sensory receptor responds is determined by the sensory receptor's adequate stimulus.
		A sensory receptor's adequate stimulus is the stimulus modality for which it possesses the adequate sensory transduction apparatus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sensory_receptor (408 words)

	John Dewey: Knowledge and Speech Reaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		If the stimulus is not a thing sensibly present, neither is it merely some prior complete act or piece of behavior which causes contractions in the vocal organs.
		Stimulus is cause, and as cause it is also the object of judgment.
		If the stimulus is not simply a tendency to see, that is, an innervation of the optical apparatus, but is a seeing of "desk-light-burning," the non-behaviorist can adequately retort that seeing the light and the desk and their respective positions is already a.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Dewey/Dewey_1922b.html (3924 words)

	OVERVIEW
		State the attributes of a physical stimulus that can be quantified and correlated with sensation, and which combine in various ways to form the sensory experience.
		Stimulus Location - With respect to an external stimulus, we need to know not only the quality of the stimulus (what the stimulus is) but where the stimulus is located.
		The encoding of stimulus intensity is associated with this type of code: the greater the stimulus intensity the greater the discharge rate.
	www.neurophys.wisc.edu /~ychen/textbase/OV.HTML (1851 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Wundt (1897) Section 6
		When a peripheral stimulus causes a sensation, it must be connected with a central stimulus, and a physical must be connected with both a peripheral and a central stimulus.
		In the first case it is used in producing definite changes in the sensation by means of intentional variation of the stimulus; in the second it is used in inferring the identity or non-identity of physiological stimulations from the identity or non-identity of the sensations.
		This indicates that color-stimulation is a process that varies with the physical stimulus, not continuously, as the tonal stimulation, but in short stages, and in such a way that the stages in red and violet are longer than in green, where the mixture of colors fairly near each other, shows the effects of complementary action.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Wundt/Outlines/sec6.htm (10598 words)

	Response of Cutaneous A- and C-Fiber Nociceptors in the Monkey to Controlled-Force Stimuli -- Slugg et al. 83 (4): 2179 ...
		Each stimulus trial started with a 4-s prestimulus period during which time the probe approached the skin under position control, and skin contact was detected (vertical dash line).
		Effects of stimulus interaction on the response of A- and C-fiber nociceptors were determined by measuring the response to a test stimulus that was delivered at different times after a conditioning stimulus.
		Stimulus interaction for the population of A- and C-fiber nociceptors.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/4/2179 (7456 words)

	Visceral Pain Mechanisms
		First, the issue of the adequate stimulus contributes to the problem; moreover, such stimuli are certainly different for different organs (e.g., mechanical distention of the colon versus ischemia of the myocardia vs inflammation of the urinary bladder).
		Extrapolating from these investigations, for which adequate stimuli were identified for a small number of afferent fibers, an obvious conclusion is that adequate stimuli have not been identified for the majority of visceral afferents in the body.
		Colorectal distension as a noxious visceral stimulus: physiologic and pharmacologic characterization of pseudoaffective reflexes in the rat.
	www.painresearch.utah.edu /cancerpain/ch07.html (4633 words)

	Automatic detection and registration of failure condition in a cardiac pacer monitoring system - Patent 4088139
		The stimulus is applied to the heart by placement of an appropriate wire or electrode in an appropriate region of the heart.
		This is required because a stimulus which occurs in the presence of spontaneous activity may, under certain conditions, induce a persistent and dangerous ventricular fibrillation which prevents adequate blood circulation.
		In a simple variation of this procedure, the original stimulus amplitude is left unchanged and the second paired signal, separated in time from the first and later than the first, is sufficiently large to stimulate.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4088139.html (7428 words)

	Adequate stimulus (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		are expected to shift from their current state of being adequate to finance...
		The adequate stimulus is a property of a sensory receptor that determines the type of energy to which a sensory receptor responds to with the initiation of sensory transduction.
		Light - When the adequate stimulus of a sensory receptor is light, the sensory receptors contain pigment molecules whos shape is transformed by light.
	publicliterature.org.cob-web.org:8888 /en/wikipedia/a/ad/adequate_stimulus.html (191 words)

	STIMULUS CODING THROUGH INTERSPIKE INTERVAL STATISTICS OF NEURAL POPULATIONS
		Almost without exception, the most common interval in the population-interval distribution predicts the pitch that is heard (to within 1%), and the relative fraction of pitch-related intervals amongst all others qualitatively predicts the salience (strength) of that pitch.
		Secondly, this is a clear example of a population-based neural code in which perceptual qualities are determined by asynchronous, temporal micropatterns of activity distributed over entire ensembles (mass statistics, correlations), rather than local activations of particular subsets of neurons (switchboards, across neuron patterns).
		Stimulus coding by temporal correlation is potentially available in any sensory system that phase-locks to its adequate stimulus (auditory, mechanoception, vision, electroception).
	www-users.med.cornell.edu /~jdvicto/nips2000cariani.html (547 words)

	Evans et al 1972
		As the external stimulus reaches the periphery of vision, the saccadic component quickly returns the eye to a position where it may fixate on a new oncoming stimulus (4, 22, 27).
		With organic lesions, it is typically absent in the presence of an adequate stimulus whereas its presence is characteristic of hysterical blindness and perceptual dysfunction.
		Excellent segments of optokinetic nystagmus were obtained in the absence of an adequate stimulus, but when the possible recording artifact was eliminated they were not obtained as frequently as other studies have reported.
	www.psych.upenn.edu /history/orne/evansetal1972jnmd419431.html (5702 words)

	Toward a Science of Consciousness 3: Do Apparent Temporal Anomalies Require Nonclassical Explanation?
		(iii) For a skin stimulus to be felt as synchronous with a nonoverlapping brain stimulus, the skin stimulus must be delayed 250 msec relative to a cortical stimulus or delayed 0 msec relative to a thalamic stimulus.
		The vertical axis is the percent of occurrences that a stimulus was perceived to be later than the reference stimulus.
		The bottom pair of panels is for observer MT who had a slightly different stimulus; a visual flash was paired either with a skin stimulus or a cortical stimulus.
	cognet.mit.edu /posters/TUCSON3/Klein.html (4311 words)

	CHAP VII
		This is the adequate stimulus for exciting the hair cell.
		Thus, while the adequate stimulus for the different sense organs may differ, the adequate stimulus for the sensory cell appears to be the same, shearing displacement of the sensory hairs.
		The adequate stimulus is displacement of the otolithic membrane which is free to move in any direction determined by the direction of acceleration.
	www.neurophys.wisc.edu /~ychen/textbook/chap-7.html (1789 words)

	[No title]
		A response to that stimulus is achieved by an impulse along a motor neuron whose axon travels to an effector tissue in the region of the sensory ending.
		The simplest pathway between stimulus and response would be a monosynaptic reflex involving a single synapse between the sensory and motor neurons.
		When a stimulus is applied to one limb, the cat responds not only by withdrawing the stimulated limb, but also by positioning the other limbs so that it can move away from the stimulus.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/biology/whealy/notes_text/bl.text (1404 words)

	IUS Biology Faculty Edmonds Physiology Notes Sensory
		The result is a change in membrane potential as a receptor is subjected to a maintained stimulus.
		There is an initial burst of action potentials when the stimulus is applied followed by a reduced rate of firing.
		Adequate stimulus - The normal stimulus for a particular sensory receptor.
	homepages.ius.edu /KEDMONDS/sensory.htm (1288 words)

	ADEQUATE STIMULUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		An adequate stimulus is the type of stimulus to which a sensory receptor (or any neuron) is especially tuned.
		But each receptor is especially sensitive to (tuned to) a narrow range of stimuli, which is that receptor's adequate stimulus
		Each kind of receptor is built to react to its adequate stimulus.
	www.indiana.edu /~p1013447/dictionary/adeqstim.htm (143 words)

	SENSORY SYSTEMS
		The adequate stimulus will produce a change in the membrane potential of the sensory receptor to generate a generator or receptor potential.
		The discharge of a receptor cell is greatest when a stimulus is applied to the center of a receptive field and weakest at the perimeter.
		When a painful stimulus activates a nociceptor the c fibre blocks this inhibitory interneuron allowing the c fibre to activate the projection neuron and send the info to the brain.
	www.bioweb.uncc.edu /humanphys/sensory.htm (2933 words)

	PainOnline - Glossary
		Adequate stimulus refers to the manner in which a given component is most effectively stimulated.
		An example in Central Pain testing would be an increase in dysesthetic burning when a stimulus of plastic sheeting the size of a pencil eraser is increased to one which is a foot square.
		Evoked burning is a slow onset rise to unbearable levels which is induced by non-noxious stimulus (most commonly the touch of clothing, rubbing, or a change in temperature).
	www.painonline.org /glossary.htm (1750 words)

	[No title]
		Each type of receptor is most sensitive to a specific form of energy, which is called the adequate stimulus and is almost non responsive to the normal intensities of other forms of energy, e.g.
		Adaptation When a stimulus of constant strength is continuously applied to a receptor, the frequency of action potentials in the afferent nerve fibre leading from it gradually declines.
		Thus if a painful stimulus, is applied to the lateral side of the arm, it produces flexion and adduction but if applied to the medial aspect produces flexion and abduction of the limb.
	www.biotech.um.edu.mt /home_pages/chris/homepage/CNSNOTES.DOC (3666 words)

	Primary Data
		A primary stimulus may be thought of as the object which is naturally associated with a given response, or we might say that a primary stimulus is the object which calls out a congenital response, or which is responsible for the building up of a particular response in the organism.
		Whatever happens to be the adequate stimulus for a given response system, it is still possible to evoke that response system by stimulating with an adjunct or an accessory stimulus object.
		A direct stimulus to an implicit act would therefore be the person of whom one is thinking, or the event in which one is planning to participate.
	web.utk.edu /~wverplan/kantor/tenana.html (6475 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Transduction: A stimulus is detected by neural dendrites and/or non-neural receptors.
		From Stedman’s: a stimulus to which a particular receptor responds effectively and that gives rise to a characteristic sensation; e.g., light and sound waves that stimulate visual and auditory receptors respectively.
		The “range” is the range of stimulus intensity over which the AP rate changes, or, in between the dotted lines.
	www.muhealth.org /~md2004/draft3/1-30sensory.doc (1396 words)

	Sensing the Environment
		The adequate stimulus is a type of energy that the cell is most sensitive to and, therefore, the cell is classed in the category of its adequate stimulus.
		A stimulus causes a structural change in a protein on the receptor membrane.
		Usually the frequency of spikes is a function of the log of stimulus strength.
	www.sonoma.edu /users/h/hanesda/b324/chap07.html (3051 words)

	adequate - OneLook Dictionary Search
		ADEQUATE : Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary [home, info]
		Phrases that include adequate: adequate stimulus, adequate to, to an adequate degree, adequate protection, adequate consideration, more...
		Words similar to adequate: adequately, adequateness, decent, enough, passable, due, fair to middling, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=adequate (230 words)

	The martyrdom of man in sex
		Without needing to be told, he knows that whilst some women with whom he is acquainted, or only sees, would be adequate detonators of his sexual explosive material, numbers of others on the other hand, far from being able to serve even as adequate detonators, would act rather as dampers or neutralizers of it.
		Thus he arrives at the important but disconcerting conclusion that, given an inadequate stimulus, or reduced to one that has ceased to be effective (although originally selected as such), he, as a perfectly potent individual, may find himself relatively impotent.
		The refusal to recognize this gradual drift towards relative impotence in all men dependent for decades on the same sexual stimulus, is not restricted to the conventions of a Protestant civilization.
	www.anthonymludovici.com /martyr1.htm (2997 words)

	Malthus on Glut
		THOSE who reject mere population as an adequate stimulus to the increase of wealth, are generally disposed to make every thing depend upon accumulation.
		It is therefore obvious that without an expenditure which will encourage commerce, manufactures, and personal services, the possessors of land would have no sufficient stimulus to cultivate well; and a country such as our own, which had been rich and populous, would, with too parsimonious habits, infallibly become poor and comparatively unpeopled.
		But, in reality, no commodity for which it is possible to sell our goods at once, can be an adequate substitute for a circulating medium, and enable us in the same manner to provide for children, to purchase an estate, or to command labour and provisions a year or two hence.
	www.eco.utexas.edu /facstaff/Cleaver/368Malthusonglut.html (2193 words)

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