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	Adherbal: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Adherbal or ad herbal (died 230 bc) was commander (admiral) of the carthaginian fleet who battled for domination of the mediterranean sea for carthage...
		Adherbal was a Berber[For more, click on this link] king of Numidia Numidia quick summary:
		Numidia was an ancient african berber kingdom and later a roman province on the northern coast of africa between the province of africa (where tunisia...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/A/Ad/Adherbal.htm (312 words)

	Civil War in Numidia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Adherbal fled to Roma and asked the Senate for support against his cousin.
		The former consul Lucius Opimitus was sent to Numidia as leader of a commission of senators to divide the kingdom between Adherbal and Jugurtha.
		Adherbal along with the Italians and Romans living in the city resisted.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/civil_war_in_numidia.htm (317 words)

	Jugurtha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When Micipsa died in 118, he was succeeded jointly by his two sons Hiempsal and Adherbal.
		By 112 Jugurtha resumed his war with Adherbal.
		He incurred the wrath of Rome in the process, by killing some Italic businessmen who were aiding Adherbal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jugurtha (532 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 638 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For this purpose, he continually harassed the frontiers of the neighbouring kingdom by predatory incursions, in hopes of inducing Adherbal to repress these petty assaults by arms, and of thus obtaining an excuse for representing him as the aggressor.
		Adherbal was defeated in the first conflict, his camp taken, and he himself with difficulty made his escape to the strong fortress of Cirta.
		War was accordingly declared against him, and one of the consuls, L. Calpurnius Bestia, landed in Africa with a large army, and immediately proceeded to invade Numidia.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1746.html (691 words)

	The Jugurthine War by Gaius Crispus Sallust
		Adherbal, with a few horsemen, made his escape to Cirta, and had not there been a number of Roman citizens in the place, who stopped the Numidian pursuers from entering the wall, a single day would have seen the beginning and the end of the war between the two kings.
		Meantime Adherbal perceived that his fortunes were desperate, his enemy implacable, himself without hope of help, and that, from lack of the requisite means, the war could not be prolonged.
		Adherbal judged any course preferable to reliance on the word of Jugurtha, yet saw that, should he resist, his advisers had power to compel, and therefore made the surrender.
	www.uah.edu /student_life/organizations/SAL/texts/latin/classical/sallust/bellumiug1e.html (9919 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Adherbal should not be confused with the Carthaginian admiral Ad Herbal.
		He was survived by two natural sons, Adherbal and Heimpsal, and his adopted son, Jugurtha.
		In these days the Carthaginian admiral Adherbal was on the way to carry some caught traitors from Gadir to Africa.
	adherbal.iqexpand.com (355 words)

	JUGURTHA - LoveToKnow Article on JUGURTHA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By his will, Jugurtha was associated with Adherbal and Hiempsal in the government of Numidia.
		The senate decided that Numidia was to be divided, and gave the western, the richer and more populous half, to Jugurtha, while the sands and deserts of the eastern half were left to Adherbal.
		Adherbal and a number of Italian merchants resident in the town.
	6.1911encyclopedia.org /J/JU/JUGURTHA.htm (589 words)

	Jugurtha
		His son Micipsa[?] succeeded him in 148 B.C. Jugurtha, Masinissa's illegitimate grandson, was very popular among the Numidians -- so popular that Micipsa sent him away to Spain, but there Jugurtha made influential Roman contacts.
		When Micipsa died in 118, the kingdom of Numidia was ruled by Micipsa's two sons Hiempsal (whom Jugurtha had assassinated) and Adherbal[?], and Jugurtha.
		By 112 Jugurtha was no longer content with his half, so he went east to attack Adherbal.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ju/Jugurtha.html (252 words)

	Jugurtha
		Adherbal tried to sway the opinions of the roman people in a long speech proclaiming that his family had always been a staunch ally to Rome when they were in need of help.
		Jugurtha routed Adherbal and his troops Adherbal fled with some horses and horsemen and if it hadnít been for a large group of Italian civilians who kept Jugurtha out it would have been the end of Adherbal.
		Adherbal was able though to send a letter to the roman senate asking them to get him out of the city alive for Jugurtha had disobeyed the wishes of the senate and Adherbal had always been a friend to the roman senate.
	www.ga.k12.pa.us /academics/MS/8th/Rome/jugurtha.html (2491 words)

	Roman civiliation, Roman history
		Jugurtha was not satisfied with this inheritance and shortly thereafter one of Micipsa's sons was assassinated and the other, Adherbal, defeated in battle by Jugurtha's forces.
		Adherbal went to Rome and asked the Seante to secure his inheritance.
		In 112 he defeated and killed Adherbal and, for good measure, killed all the Italians (merchants, etc.) living in the area who had fought for Adherbal.
	abacus.bates.edu /~mimber/Rciv/1st.cen.htm (4472 words)

	Numidia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Micipsa had two natural sons Hiempsal and Adherbal and is reported to have added his illegitimate nephew Jugurtha to his palace household.
		Jugurtha was treated as the king's son and received a sound military training.
		The former consul Lucius Opimiuus was sent to Numidia as leader of a commission of senators to divide the kingdom between Adherbal and Jugurtha.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/new_page_79.htm (2132 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During the night the deep roaring of lions had been heard continuously among the hills, and so bold and numerous were they that they had come down in such proximity to the camp that the troops had been obliged to rise and light great fires to scare them from making an attack upon the horses.
		The fight raged hand to hand, bows twanged and arrows flew, the light javelins were hurled at close quarters with deadly effect, the shrill cries of the Numidians mingled with the deeper shouts of the Iberians and the yells of the natives.
		Adherbal, who was in command of the Numidians, placed himself at their head, Giscon led the Iberians, and Hamilcar headed the heavily armed troops, Malchus taking his place at his side.
	snowy.arsc.alaska.edu /gutenberg/etext04/yocar10.txt (20690 words)

	Sallust' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Micipsa bad two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal, and had brought up in his house, with the same care as his own children, a son of his brother Mastanabal, named Jugurtha, whom Masinissa, as being the son of a concubine, had left in a private station.
		The Numidians divided into two parties, the greater number following Adherbal, but the more warlike, Jugurtha; who, accordingly, armed as large a force as he could, brought several cities, partly by force and partly by their own consent, under his power, and prepared to make himself sovereign of the whole of Numidia.
		Adherbal, though he had sent anibassadors to Rome, to inform the senate of his brother's murder and his own circumstances, yet, relying on the number of his troops, prepared for an armed resistance.
	www.eureka.edu /emp/jrodrig/webpage/sallu2.htm (1735 words)

	History & Archaeology - Page II
		Adherbal´s army was routed in the first engament and he fled to the Roman Province of Africa.
		In the partition Adherbal received the fertile and populous part adjoining the Roman Province and Jugurtha was left with the western half bordering Mauretania.
		Adherbal´s army was ambushed easily near Cirta and he fled to the city.
	www.ancientsites.com /aw/Article/242253 (6240 words)

	The Gracchi Marius and Sulla - Epochs Of Ancient History by A. H. Beesley eBook by BookRags
		Adherbal, after much long-suffering and sending a complaint to Rome, was driven to do the same in self-defence.
		But he was defeated between Cirta and the sea, and would have been taken in Cirta had not the colony of Italians resident there beaten off the horsemen in pursuit.
		The town of Cirta stood on the promontory of a peninsula formed by a loop of the river Ampsaga, and was almost impregnable.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/10860/47.html (476 words)

	Africa and Rome
		Then he used his loyal army to defeat Adherbal in battle and seize the throne for himself.
		This was an illegal practice, but Jugurtha had thought ahead and sent some bribes to his friends in the Roman senate to help them turn a blind eye.
		Since it was a client kingdom, the senate found themselves unable to ignore the situation, but the bribes did help them to take their time going into action.
	www.usd.edu /~clehmann/pir/how_gain.htm (824 words)

	Jugurthine War
		A new delegation was sent to stop the attack but Jugurtha ignored it, and besieged Adherbal in his capital, Cirta.
		Unfortunately for Jugurtha, Adherbal was heavily reliant on Italian residents of the African nation as the main part of his defense and attacks causing harm to Romans and their allies would surely come to be noticed in Rome.
		In 112 BC Adherbal was eventually forced to surrender and he was savagely tortured to death.
	www.unrv.com /empire/war-with-jugurtha.php (1272 words)

	Marius and Sulla
		While the Senate and the populares were struggling, Roman armies were fighting continually on the frontiers, particularly in northern Italy and Macedonia.
		Jugurtha caused Hiempsas to be assassinated and drove Adherbal from the country.
		Adherbal fled to Rome to appeal for aid, for he had an alliance with Rome inherited from his ancestors.
	www.mccsc.edu /~blaw/Marius&Sulla.htm (1896 words)

	The Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 118 BC the king of Numidia, Micipsa, died, leaving the crown to his young sons Hiempsal and Adherbal jointly with a much older nephew, Jugurtha, who was an experienced soldier.
		Jugurtha arranged the assassination of Hiempsal, whilst Adherbal fled for his life and appealed to the senate.
		Though this was not enough for the ambitious Jugurtha who then marched on the territory of Adherbal and had him murdered, too.
	www.roman-empire.net /republic/laterepublic.html (10729 words)

	[No title]
		Adherbal, though he had sent embassadors to Rome, to inform the senate of his brother's murder and his own circumstances, yet, relying on the number of his troops, prepared for an armed resistance.
		When the matter, however, came to a contest, he was defeated, and fled from the field of battle into our province,[40] and from thence hastened to Rome.
		The troops were conducted through Italy to Rhegium, from thence to Sicily, and from Sicily into Africa; and Calpurnius's first step, after collecting provisions, was to invade Numidia with spirit, where he took many prisoners, and several towns, by force of arms.
	www.rasmusen.org /w/2003/03.11.29a.htm (851 words)

	Conspiracy of Catiline by Sallust :: Page 36 of 89 :: Roman Literature Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He receives commendation and advice from Scipio and is adopted by Micipsa, who resolves that Jugurtha, Adherbal, and Hiempsal, shall, at his death, divide his kingdom equally between them, IX.
		He is addressed by Micipsa on his death-bed, X. His proceedings, and those of Adherbal and Hiempsal, after the death of Micipsa, XI.
		He dreads the vengeance of the senate, and sends embassadors to Rome, who are confronted with those of Adherbal in the senate-house, XIII.
	www.roman-literature-online.com /sallust/conspiracy-of-catiline/page-36.html (1186 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Jugurtha ignored this and continued his attack on Adherbal.
		In Cirta, Adherbal's capitol, Jugurtha had his army attack Adherbal.
		Adherbal counted on the Italians who were with him to offer defense.
	www.ga.k12.pa.us /academics/ms/8th/romanhis/Forum/1999/acicco/Senate.html (155 words)

	Biographies: Jugurtha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When Adherbal was attacked by Jugurtha, he fled to Rome for help.
		Jugurtha took the western (and richer) half and Adherbal the eastern half.
		Putting trust in his influence at Rome, Jugurtha again attacked Adherbal in 112 BC, capturing his capital at Cirta, but he made the mistake of massacring a number of Italian businessmen.
	intranet.grundel.nl /thinkquest/bio_jugurtha.html (319 words)

	Jugurtha - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When Micipsa died in 118, the kingdom of Numidia was ruled by Micipsa's two sons Hiempsal and Adherbal.
		The Roman officials, alledgedly due to bribes but more likely because of a desire to quickly end conflict in their client kingdom of Numidia, settled the fight by dividing Numidia into two parts.
		He incurred the wrath of Rome, in the process, by killing some Italian businessmen who were aiding Adherbal.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/wiki/Jugurtha (551 words)

	Polybius: the First Punic War
		These reinforcements were ferried over the straits and thence proceeded on foot to the camp, where on their arrival the Roman consul, Publius Claudius Pulcher, called a meeting of the tribunes and told them that now was the time to attack Drepana with the whole fleet.
		general Adherbal who commanded there was, he said, unprepared for such a contingency, as he was ignorant of the arrival of the crews, and convinced that their fleet was unable to take the sea owing to the heavy loss of men in the siege.
		On the tribunes readily consenting, he at once embarked the former crews and the new arrivals, and chose for marines the best men in the whole army, who readily volunteered as the voyage was but a short one and the prospect of booty seemed certain.
	www.livius.org /ps-pz/punic_war/polybius_1_49.html (460 words)

	Jugurtha
		In 118, Micipsa died and Numidia was again divided into three parts, which were to be ruled by Jugurtha and his cousins, Adherbal and Hiempsal.
		A civil war broke out: Jugurtha defeated Hiempsal, who was killed, and expelled Adherbal, who fled to Rome and asked support from the Senate.
		However, he was killed, and during the capture of the city itself, several Italian merchants met their end too.
	www.livius.org /jo-jz/jugurtha/jugurtha.html (1298 words)

	Ancient Rome From the Earliest Times Down to 476 A.D By Robert F. Pennel (1890)- Chapter 23 from Nalanda Digital ...
		Micipsa dying soon after, Jugurtha murdered one of his cousins, Hiempsal, claimed the whole kingdom, and attacked his other cousin, Adherbal, who appealed to Rome.
		Adherbal was afterwards captured, savagely tortured, and finally killed.
		The Senate, compelled by the popular indignation to make an investigation, moved so slowly that some of its members were accused of accepting bribes.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/history/ancrome/chapter23.html (889 words)

	Masters of Rome
		Appointed protector of Hiempsal and Adherbal, heirs to Micipsa.
		117 BC After Micipsa's death, Hiempsal murdered by Jugurtha; Adherbal flees to Rome.
		Trapped in Cirta, Adherbal is captured and executed.
	www.virtuation.com /masters/jugur.shtml (188 words)

	Roman Revolution and Civil Wars by Sanderson Beck
		In 114 BC after a Vestal virgin was killed by lightning, the Sibylline oracles were consulted, and a Greek and Gallic couple were sacrificed in the forum as had been done in 225 BC, though the senate finally banned human sacrifice in 97 BC.
		When Numidian king Micipsa died in 118 BC, his kingdom was divided between his two sons Hiempsal and Adherbal and his nephew Jugurtha, who had Hiempsal murdered.
		Roman envoys demanded both sides put down their arms and persuaded Adherbal to surrender; but he was killed, and Jugurtha also massacred the Italians there.
	www.san.beck.org /EC25-RomanRevolution.html (12201 words)

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