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Topic: Administration of West Prussia before 1919

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	MSN Encarta - Search View - Berlin
		West of the city center, in the contemporary borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, is the Kurfüstendamm, a boulevard that became the commercial center of West Berlin after the end of World War II.
		King William of Prussia became Emperor William I of Germany, and Berlin traded its royal status as the capital of the kingdom of Prussia for an imperial one as the capital of the German Empire.
		Administrative conflicts were not resolved until the creation of the city of Greater Berlin in 1920, which comprised 20 administrative districts and had a population of 3.8 million.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761570640__1/Berlin.html (6434 words)

	Administration of West Prussia before 1919 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Due to Treaty of Versailles in 1919 the Regierungsbezirk Danzig ceased to exist and was divided between the Allied Territory of Freistadt Danzig, Poland and the Prussian Province Ostpreussen.
		In 1887, Kreis Danzig Land was divided into Danziger Höhe, Danziger Niederung and Dirschau.
		von Rönne, since 1919* only for the part that remained German
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Administration_of_West_Prussia_before_1919 (148 words)

	Prussia 1807-1947
		Its population and territory were roughly the same size as before 1806, but the territory had shifted to the south-west and a greater proportion of its population was therefore of German nationality in a greater extent.
		Prussia had simultaneously with these events also supported Schleswig-Holstein’s rebellion against Denmark, but the other great powers put pressure on Prussia and the conflict was settled on the basis of status quo 1852.
		During the interwar period was Prussia most of the time ruled by social democratic governments and it was at that time Prussia's last territorial gains occurred when the small German part state of Waldeck was incorporated 19222 and 1929.
	www.tacitus.nu /historical-atlas/prussia3.htm (924 words)

	FAQ: Westpreussen - West Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia.
		The concept of Kreis was different in pre-1806 Prussia and referred to the Rittergut districts of the noble families ("Die Adeligen Kreise").
		Before this time, the Lutheran church records (1815-1874) or special Dissidenten-Register (1847-1874) served as official registers, and a duplicate copy was deposited at the local court (Amtsgericht).
	www.mmhs.org /faq/faqwestp.htm (4162 words)

	Chronology 1919
		The U.S. Senate conducted a round-robin in which 39 Senators declared that the peace treaty should be completed before the peace negotiators considered the formation of the League of Nations.
		Senators Henry Cabot Lodge (Massachusetts) and Frank B. Brandegee (Connecticut) proposed the round-robin and Senator Philander Knox drafted the document which rejected the League of Nations in its current form and opposed further consideration until the final peace treaty was settled.
		The Allied Supreme Council assigned the German islands north of the Equator (the Marshall, Marianas, and Caroline Islands) to Japan as mandates.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1919.htm (7876 words)

	Anne Applebaum -- Between East and West Intro
		At the peace conference which followed, the established nations of the West took it upon themselves to help re-draw the borders of the region according to what, at the time, were held to be rational principles.
		The West turned its face away, and did not notice while the crescent of land stretching from Konigsberg on the Baltic to Moldova and Odessa on the Black Sea was altered beyond recognition.
		In the West, what was happening in L'viv was already being called part of the "nationalist wave" which was then said to be "sweeping" Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.
	www.anneapplebaum.com /eastwest/intro.html (3756 words)

	Francia Media: Lorraine & Burgundy
		To the east, Upper Lorraine bordered on Alsace, part of the Duchy of Swabia, on the south, the Free County of Burgundy, and on the west, Champagne.
		Although it began as a Kingdom on equal footing with Burgundy and Italy, or, for that matter, with West Francia (France) and East Francia (Germany), Lorraine eventually lost this status and became a dependency of the Eastern Kingdom (900), albeit with the new elevated status of a Duchy, one of the Stem Duchies of Germany.
		Before long, this became the special title for one of the divisions of East Francia, the Stem Duchies.
	www.friesian.com /lorraine.htm (11703 words)

	CHAPTER I Our German History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Unlike most of the territory to the west, which did fall at the hands of the Roman legions, the Germanic tribes of north central Europe maintained their traditional ways and remained unaffected by much of the Roman influence.
		Before 1772 Prussia was a region which, consisted of what was later known as West Prussia, Westpreußen with the Hanseatic cities of Danzig, Elbing, Thorn, and Culm and East Prussia Ostpreußen with capital of Königsberg which had been a duchy since 1525 and a kingdom of the Hohenzollern dynasty since 1701.
		Before 1806 Germany was one kingdom and empire with one Kaiser (Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire) who resided in Wien (Vienna).
	home.comcast.net /~alsturm/Wurzeln/chapter_i_our_german_history.htm (8900 words)

	FAQ: Ostpreussen (East Prussia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1905 a third district of Allenstein was established from the southern parts of the districts of Königsberg and Gumbinnen comprising the Kreise of Allenstein (Stadt and Land), Johannisburg, Lötzen, Lyck, Neidenburg, Ortelsburg, Osterode, Rössel, and Sensburg.
		A new Reg.Bezirk (district) of Westpreußen (or Marienwerder) was added from the remaining divided province of West Prussia (Kreise Elbing, Marienburg, Marienwerder, Rosenberg, Stuhm), After WWII (1945) Ostpreußen was divided among Russia (Kalinigrad Oblastj) and Poland.
		The concept of Kreis was different in pre-1808 Prussia and referred to the districts of the noble families ("Die Adeligen Kreise") as well as the Immediatstädte and royal Domainen-Ämter.
	www.mmhs.org /faq/faqostpr.htm (3763 words)

	Pomeranian History (Buetow, Lauenburg)
		Without the consent of the King of Prussia, Ludwig Count York von Wartenburg, who came from Gross Gustkow in County Lauenburg, as commander of the Prussian troops who are forced to support Napoleon's campaign in Russia, signs the "Convention of Tauroggen" with the Russian troops.
		The remaining border counties of Posen and West Prussia; Schlochau, Flatow, Deutsch-Krone, Schneidemühl, Netzekreis, Arnswalde and Friedeberg are joined to Pomerania.
		They are transported to the west in cattle cars, often without food and water, and must suffer the same cruelties that Germans had visited on Jews and other unwanted people.
	members.tripod.com /~radde/Milestones.html (3121 words)

	Adalbert Goertz: FAQ.prussia (Preußssen)
		The concept of Kreis was different in pre-1806 Prussia and referred to the districts of the noble families ("Die Adeligen Kreise of the Rittergutsbesitzer") as well as the Immediatstädte and royal Domainen-Ämter.
		The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia The Western powers were silent on the ethnic cleansing of original Prussia and Eastern Germany resulting in 12 millions of German refugees and expellees.
		Ostpreußen (East Prussia)* Königsberg -Ermland since 1772- (Königsberg,Gumbinnen) Westpreußen (West Prussia)* Danzig since 1772/1793 (Danzig-Gdansk,Marienwerder-Kwidzyn) Note: West Prussia geographically was NOT in the western part of 19th century Prussia.
	users.foxvalley.net /~goertz/faq.prussia.html (4863 words)

	West Virginia Civil War Medals
		Anyone owning a West Virginia Civil War medal is invited to submit the data inscribed on the medal's rim, along with other biographical information about the soldier and his family.
		Before his death he gave the medal to his daughter Verna Stella Hart who gave it to her only son, Joseph E. Ward, who in turn gave it to his grandsons.
		Class III medal claimed from the West Virginia Archive, 2003, by Rena Sue Hensley Shampton for her Father, Lumis W. Hensley, who is the son of James Madison Hensley and grandson of Henry W. Hensley.
	www.lindapages.com /cwmedals.htm (14807 words)

	Germany, the Versailles Treaty and Imperialism, 1919
		On March 20, 1919, Bela Kun established a "dictatorship of the proletariat" in Budapest, Hungary.
		The German port city of Danzig (Gdansk) was detached from Germany and made a free city to be governed by a commission appointed by the League of Nations.
		The city of Memel, which had been in East Prussia and largely German in culture and population (with some Lithuanian inhabitants) was removed from East Prussia, placed under the administration of the League of Nations, and eventually it would be given to Lithuania.
	fsmitha.com /h2/ch09.htm (4396 words)

	The Province of Posen (Poznan)
		Before WWI, the German-speaking inhabitants were about 35% of the total population.
		Together with the western districts of the former West Prussia, those areas were included in a new province called Grenzmark Posen-Westpreussen which existed until 1938 (then dissolved into the neighboring Prussian provinces).
		Political and administrative status of the territory of the Province (incl.
	www.polishroots.org /genpoland/pos.htm (631 words)

	Nordrhein.html
		Geographical data: North Rhine-Westphalia, situated in the west of the Federal Republic of Germany and bordering the Netherlands as well as Belgium, is the federal state with the highest density in population.
		Until the turn of the century, Silesians, East und West Prussians, Masurians, and Poles moved into the region, hoping to attain prosperity as workers in the coal mines or furnaces.
		Since the military-industrial complex had concentrated in the Ruhr region in both world wars, the region was put under control of the International Ruhr Administration in 1949 with the aim hindering yet another build-up of too great an economical intensity (disbanded in 1953).
	www.fortwaynemaennerchor.us /nordrhein.html (1443 words)

	Pomerania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It was ruled by the Dukes of Pomerania and later it belonged to Poland, Denmark, Saxony, Brandenburg, Prussia, Sweden and Germany.
		The Prussian province of West Prussia (Eastern Pomerania) was inhabitated by both ethnic groups: Polish people predominantly in rural areas and German people predominantly in big cities.
		Most of the German-Prussian province of West Prussia inhabited by Kashubians fell to Poland and constituted Pomeranian Voivodship (wojewdztwo pomorskie) with the capital in Toruń/Thorn.
	www.knowallabout.com /p/po/pomerania.html (4303 words)

	Peace Treaty of Versailles , Articles 1-30 and Annex / The Covenant of the League of Nations
		In case any Member of the League shall, before becoming a Member of the League, have undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of this Covenant, it shall be the duty of such Member to take immediate steps to procure its release from such obligations.
		The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exercised by the Mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, be explicitly defined in each case by the Council.
		The frontier of August 3, 1914, between Germany and Austria from its junction with the old administrative boundary separating Bohemia and the province of Upper Austria to the point north of the salient of the old province of Austrian Silesia situated at about 8 kilometres east of Neustadt.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/versa/versa1.html (2958 words)

	Plebiscite issues make interesting collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Because a seaport and access to the Baltic Sea were considered economic necessities for the new state, the Allies awarded most of West Prussia and its sizeable German population to Poland.
		Marienwerder in West Prussia had an overwhelmingly German population, and the Germans were able to secure a plebiscite for the area.
		Schleswig was a grand duchy with a mixed German and Danish population Prussia had acquired Schleswig as a result of wars with Denmark in 1864 and Austria in 1866.
	www.linns.com /howto/refresher/plebiscites_20030526/refreshercourse.asp (1683 words)

	Photo Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He accused Hitler of deceiving the German people, but he was not spared from a death sentence on three counts of war crimes and four counts of crimes against humanity.
		In September 1933 Himmler was made commander of all political police units outside Prussia, and in April 1934, head of the Prussian police and Gestapo.
		By the time of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Himmler controlled all the organs of police and intelligence, the political administration in the occupied territories, and (through the SS) the concentration camp system in Poland.
	www.ushmm.org /uia-cgi/uia_doc/photos/2489?hr=null (1116 words)

	Excerpts from a Nazi Geography Textbook (1943)
		Since the colonies were acquired legally and since the enemy powers have not kept the promises they made before the Armistice, for reasons of simple justice we have a right to the return of the colonies.
		It is the bridge between the land to the East and the peninsulas and islands to the north, west and south.
		It is the intermediary between the cultures of the east and the west.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/cas/gpa/textbk02.htm (4868 words)

	Schleswig-Holstein: History
		After inconclusive fighting, peace was made in 1850 between Prussia (which had been commissioned by the Confederation to conduct the war) and Denmark; both sides reserved their rights.
		Schleswig was placed under Prussian administration and Holstein under Austrian administration, while the duchy of Lauenburg (also lost by Denmark in 1864) went to Prussia in return for a money payment to Austria.
		The dual administration led, as Bismarck had anticipated, to such tension that Austria could easily be maneuvered into a war with Prussia.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0860964.html (898 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is important to keep in mind that barely two generations before the rise to power of Adolph Hitler (in the 1930's), the modern German state did NOT exist.
		In 1618, Brandenburg and Prussia are formally united, the same year as the beginning of the Thirty Years War.
		During the Napoleonic period, Prussia incorporates much of the French system of public administration, and the grip of feudalism, especially the Junkers, begins to weaken.
	faculty.smu.edu /jhollifi/Germany.htm (1363 words)

	Regions of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 10th century Chelmno Land (south of the Osa River) was inhabited by the lekhitic tribes of Kuyavians and Masovians.
		When in 1243 the papal legate William of Modena divided Prussia into four dioceses under the archbishop of Riga, one was created for Chelmno Land.
		In 1815 become part of Grand Duchy of Poznan, but in 1817 was moved to West Prussia.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Regions-of-Poland (480 words)

	AskPhil -- Stamp Collecting starts here.
		Nationaler Verwaltungs Ausschuss 10.XI.1943: {Ger.) "National Administration Committee"; overprint on stamps of Montenegro, German occupation of Montenegro, 1943.
		North West Russia: 1919, May: Northern Army captured cities of Pskov, Gdov and Yaurburg, 1919, Aug. 1-Nov. 1919: overprint on stamps of Russia, 1919, Sept.: stamps issued for North West Army, which included all forces in Baltic area, 1919, Oct.: overprint on stamps of Latvia, 1919, Nov. overprint on stamps of Russia; see Russia.
		N.W. Pacific Islands: overprint on stamps of Australia for North West Pacific Islands; 1914-25: used instead on German New Guinea during occupation by Australia, 1915-16: used for Nauru.
	www.askphil.org /b25n.htm (7256 words)

	Untitled Document
		1919, '21, '22, '23, '24, '25, '26 '35, '37, '39
		This book mentions those who went west and returned; those who stayed in Calafornia, Oregon and other places; those who died (in many cases the cause and place of death are listed).
		A History of Leland, IL Memories of Shaubena, early settlement of the west.
	www.coalcity.lib.il.us /genealogy.htm (3119 words)

	Germany
		According to the Charter of the German Confederation, "Austria has the chair in the Federal Assembly." Although the Charter does not use the term, this chairmanship is officially styled Präsidium or Bundespräsidium; it is ambiguous whether this style refers to the person or office of the Emperor of Austria.
		According to the Constitution of the North German Confederation, "The Crown of Prussia is entitled to the Presidency of the Confederation" (Präsidium des Bundes).
		The office does not confer a specific style on the King of Prussia; when exercising it, the style used is "King of Prussia in the name of the North German Confederation."
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Germany.html (4387 words)

	Adalbert Goertz: FAQ.Westpreussen - West Prussia
		http://www.odessa3.org/collections/land/wprussia/link/kk-x.txt Mr.Reuben Drefs has a copy of the Kontributions-Kataster of the Netze-Distrikt 1772-1773 and will do lookuops for a fee (drefs@sbcglobal.net) A similar Prussian Landesaufnahme was done for South Prussia in 1793 and is deposited in the Warsaw state archives (AGAD).
		Ämter of Netze-Distrikt For c.1."Ämtersachen of Westpreußen" see "Genealogical Guide to East and West Prussia", page 108-110.
		Mitglied des Vereins Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreussen Ethnic cleansing of Prussia in 1945 had its repeat in Kosovo.
	users.foxvalley.net /~goertz/faqwpr.html (4377 words)

	PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (General) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Anderson and J. Gaus, Research in public administration: Part I. Report of the Committee on public administration of the Social science research council, 1934-1945 (Chicago,: Pub.
		Grasham, G. Julien and Institute of Public Administration of Canada., Canadian public administration: bibliography.
		Administration publique canadienne: bibliographie (Toronto,: Institute of Public Administration of Canada, 1972)
	bailey.uvm.edu /ref/mpabib/pubadmgen.html (16931 words)

	Honors Program Archive
		Bestimmung vs. Bildung: 19th Century Prussia and the Enlightened Marriages of Karoline & Wilhelm von Humboldt and Rahel & Karl Varnhagen
		A Fair View of the West: Looking into the Past and Future at the Portland World's Fair
		All's Fair in War and Housing: The Administration of Vanport City, Oregon by the Housing Authority of Portland-1942-1948
	www.lclark.edu /dept/history/archive.html (1056 words)

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