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Topic: Administrative division of Bashkortostan

	Wikinfo \| Bashkortostan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkiria (Russian: Респу́блика Башкортоста́н or Башки́рия; Bashkir:) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic).
		The direct transliteration of the republic's name in Russian is Respublika Bashkortostan or Bashkiriya, and the transliteration of the republic's name in Bashkir is Bašqortostan Respublikahy.
		Bashkortostan is rich in oil reserves, and was one of the principle centers of oil extraction in the USSR.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Bashkortostan (509 words)

	Volga-Ural Military District
		The Volga-Urals Military District lies within the administrative borders of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Republic of Mariy El, the Republic of Mordovia, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Udmurt Republic, the Chuvash Republic, Kirov, Kurgan, Orenburg, Penza, Perm, Samara, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, and Chelyabinsk Oblasts, and the Komi-Permyak, Khanty-Mansiysk, and Yamalo-Nenetsk Autonomous Okrugs.
		However, the administrative staff of old military districts, including Kazan', in every way possible sabotaged measures for the creation of parts and connections of the Red Army; therefore on 31 March, 1918, the highest military council of republic makes decision about a change in the military-administrative division of the country.
		For the past decade of control and the divisions, the deputy commanders of formations, parts and subdivisions according to educational work accumulated big enough experience of training soldiers, civil personnel, members of families in the patriotic spirit, faithfulness to military duty, and also experience of performing information and kul'turno-dosugovoy work with the personnel.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/russia/vo-volga-ural.htm (5984 words)

	Politics of Russia
		Because of the Russians' dominance in the affairs of the union, the RSFSR failed to develop some of the institutions of governance and administration that were typical of public life in the other republics: a republic-level communist party, a Russian academy of sciences, and Russian branches of trade unions, for example.
		The presidential administration is composed of several competing, overlapping, and vaguely delineated hierarchies that historically have resisted efforts at consolidation.
		The six administrative departments in existence at that time dealt with citizens' rights, domestic and foreign policy, state and legal matters, personnel, analysis, and oversight, and Chubais inherited a staff estimated at 2,000 employees.
	www.stranslation.com /Russian_Translation/politics_of_russia.htm (10770 words)

	Subdivisions of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Autonomous okrugs, while federal subjects in their own right, are at the same time considered to be administrative divisions of other federal subjects (with Chukotka Autonomous Okrug being the only exception).
		The federal subjects are considered to be the second level of federal division, being subject to the federal laws (first level).
		The administrative and territorial division of each federal subject is developed and maintained separately by each federal subject.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia (495 words)

	ISCIP - Perspective
		Because the new constitution did not resolve the issue of the division of powers between the center and the periphery, however, pressure for autonomy continued.
		Sergei Filatov, Yel'tsin's chief of staff, told an interviewer that it was difficult for the center to force the provinces to bring their constitutions and charters into conformity with federal laws.(2) The charter drafted by Tambov Oblast, for example, asserts that laws adopted by the regional legislature take precedence over federal laws.
		Bashkortostan and Sakha have claimed the right unilaterally to decide how much they will contribute to the federal budget, while Tuva wants its own defense policy and customs service.
	www.bu.edu /iscip/vol5/Teague.html (1829 words)

	Latest Data on the Performance of Internal Affairs Agencies and Internal Troops in 1996 Ministry of Internal Affairs - ...
		Their administrators have been given broader authority and more responsibility in making decisions connected with the performance of fundamental law enforcement duties, crime- fighting operations, and the provision of subordinate subdivisions with human, material, and technical resources.
		The meetings were to be held for the purpose of discussing matters connected with the division of spheres of influence, the resolution of internal disputes, and the "coronation" of crime bosses.
		The administrators of a commercial bank in Moscow were charged with fraud after they embezzled tens of billions of rubles belonging to the Russian Federal Property Fund and intended to finance various operations in the market for stock in enterprises slated for privatization.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/russia/docs/mvd_1996.htm (12142 words)

	russia
		The division of authority between the Russian Federation and the subjects thereof is generally defined in Articles 71—3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
		Its organization is defined by the administration of the subject of the federation, based on the principles defined in the federal law.
		There is an urgent need for administrative justice regarding local self-government, which would serve as a guarantor of the observation of human rights by both the bodies of local self-government and the state government.
	unpan1.un.org /intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN003976.htm (5557 words)

	Russia
		While the previous presidential administration promised to implement measures to discourage local authorities from attempting to liquidate (i.e., eliminate the organization's status as a juridical person) unregistered religious organizations, President Putin and the Government did not to comment on the law by year's end.
		Yakov Pister, head of the administration of the Procurator General's office, testified to the Chamber that the Criminal Code has no definition of torture, and that no statistics were gathered on the use of torture.
		The Presidential Administration press service reported that 38 cases relating to crimes committed by servicemen against the local population were opened, and that seven servicemen were convicted by year's end.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/eur/index.cfm?docid=877 (18503 words)

	Sovereignty after Empire: Peaceworks: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Apparently for economic and administrative reasons, the Soviet leadership decided to transfer the Crimea's jurisdiction from Russia to Ukraine, a move legally finalized by the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet in 1954, a date that coincided with the 300th anniversary of Ukraine's acceptance of Russian authority.
		The summer meeting of Presidents Yeltsin and Kuchma expedited the settlement of questions over the division of the Black Sea Fleet and the status of Sevastopol as a base for the Russian portion of the fleet, but the status of the Crimean peninsula was not on the meeting's agenda.
		Moscow's unsuccessful experiment with the "special form of administration" in Nagorno-Karabakh indicated that the central government was concerned not so much with resolving the conflict as with strengthening its tenuous hold on power in the region.
	www.usip.org /pubs/peaceworks/pwks19/chap3_19.html (13751 words)

	New actors in Russian foreign and security policy
		Traditionally, the regions in Russia were perceived as administrative units looking for their room in the “administrative staircase” of political power.
		President Putin began his administrative reform with division of the Russian Federation in seven federal districts, the borders of which with a small exception corresponded to the military districts.
		The expansion of administrative and regulative functions of the heads of the district gave raise to harsh criticism among political experts.
	www.policy.hu /~makarychev/eng8.htm (8886 words)

	World Bank: Lecture: Transition Process in Germany
		It was the answer to the need to integrate what at that time was considered the main source of national strength, namely, the steel industry, and also as a base for creating military facilities, military arms, an expression of military as well as national strength.
		As to Poland, 300 years ago the Polish ruler, August the Strong, was elected king in Poland, and last year President Krasnevsky, President Herzog, and I sponsored a large festivity in Warsaw to commemorate the 300-year anniversary of the election of a Saxon ruler to the kingship in Poland.
		So with the overcoming of the division of Europe, a revitalization of the community that Europe constitutes—politically, culturally, historically—takes place, and, of course, this to a great extent this vitalizes and assists the transformation process that is taking place.
	www.worldbank.org /wbi/lectures/bieden-text.html (3475 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - State Party Report - Russian Federation
		The administrations of enterprises, establishments and organizations are given the responsibility for ensuring health and safe working conditions and for the introduction of up-to-date safety measures (art.
		Article 9 of the Code on Administrative Offences states that a person who has committed an administrative offence is liable on the basis of the legislation in force at the time and in the place where the offence was committed.
		Acts that decrease or abolish liability for administrative offences are retrospective in effect, whereas those that establish or increase liability are not retrospective in their effect.
	www.unhchr.ch /tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CCPR.C.84.Add.2.En?Opendocument (16561 words)

	Bashkortostan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkiria (Russian: Респу́блика Башкортоста́н or Башки́рия; Bashkir: Башҡортостан Республикаһы) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic).
		The head of government in Bashkortostan is the President.
		Rakhimov was re-elected in December 2003 in a poll condemned by the OSCE for exibiting "elements of basic fraud." The election was marked by intimidation of political opponents (including job sackings), forced closure of media and enforced open-ballot voting at many factories controlled by the Rakhimov family.
	bashkortostan.kiwiki.homeip.net (517 words)

	East European Constitutional Review
		Aware of the fact that administratively established land prices do, in fact, turn out to be lower than real market prices, the government took the path of administrative price regulation because the redemption of land plots had already become an established practice in Russia.
		It revealed the divisions between the center and the regions and, most importantly, between the political groupings in the upper chamber of parliament.
		The internal struggle in the Federation Council culminated in the administration's long-sought-after result: contrary to the initial and, as we have seen, quite negative opinion of the Land Code, it was, by the day of the vote, approved by five committees in the Federation Council.
	www.law.nyu.edu /eecr/vol11num3/focus/medushevsky.html (9023 words)

	Russian Federation: Supplementary briefing to the UN Committee against Torture
		The administrations of IVS and SIZO have the responsibility to inform the procuracy, the investigative and judicial organs that quarantine has been invoked, which appears to be the only check of this power (paragraph 149 of the IVS regulations, paragraph 6.28 of the SIZO regulations).
		She told Amnesty International that the IVS administration had called first aid attendants to treat him on several occasions when her client had requested first aid and when the IVS administration believed his condition to be especially serious.
		The Supreme Court of Bashkortostan upheld the 14 March ruling on 25 April; the ruling was reconfirmed by the presidium of the Supreme Court of Bashkortostan on 19 July.
	www.amnestyusa.org /regions/europe/document.do?id=ENGEUR460392006 (7179 words)

	Election Report
		The Bashkortostan President's Councilor R. Bakiev was at the head of the regional headquarters of the OVR.
		Overt administrative opposition to the campaigning of the election associations "Yabloko" and SPS was observed in Moscow and in St. Petersburg.
		Bashkortostan has been presented in the mass media as a region notorious for the most frequent and flagrant violations of legislation and of citizens' rights, and we must concur with that conclusion.
	www.fsumonitor.com /MHG_99/Election.shtml (12647 words)

	Russian Federation: Preliminary briefing to the UN Committee against Torture
		He also wrote that an official of the SIZO administration who had intercepted a letter of complaint he had written to the General Procurator’s office told him that the procurator’s office was well aware of the torture and ill-treatment.
		When the prisoners’ complaints about the beatings were not forwarded by the prison administration to the procuracy reportedly the prisoners used razor blades to slash their arms, stomachs, necks, and swallowed metal items or drove them into their bodies in protest.
		Amnesty International is particularly concerned at allegations that the prison administration is using the punishment cell as part of a wider effort to intimidate Mikhail Trepashkin into withdrawing his complaints against the Russian authorities relating to his criminal conviction and his treatment while a prisoner.
	www.amnestyusa.org /escr/document.do?id=ENGEUR460142006 (14774 words)

	7th EAWARN Annual Seminar, 16-20 October 2000, Kemer, Turkey
		Putin’s reforms of administrative system were met positively, but this support is diminishing because the Centre fails to allocate resources for social programs.
		Putin’s administrative reform is not a big issue in the republic which has never passed its own declaration of sovereignty.
		To realise his policy several institutions were established: a council of the heads of all the federal administrative units; a council of the elders; a consultative committee of 75 members made up of scholars and practitioners for better decision making.
	www.unesco.org /most/eawarntk.htm (7682 words)

	Situation Reports: Russian Fed. - Chechnya, Chechnya: "Cleansing operation" in the village of Goiskoye, ...
		On August 24, 2001, military servicemen of the federal forces and members of special divisions of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation conducted a "cleansing operation" in the town of Goiskoye in the Urus-Martan Region.
		It became clear that a division of the federal forces had arrived in the village.
		After a request by the head of the town administration to release those residents who had been examined, Colonel Kuznetsov allowed them to return to the village.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/OCHA-64CE63?OpenDocument (1446 words)

	Hoover Institution Archives: Radio Liberty: 50 Years - Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Network Division, with offices in New York and Munich, handled the technical side of RL operations, including maintenance and operation of transmitter stations in Germany, Spain, and Taiwan.
		Finally, the Program Policy Division was charged with formulating and executing Radio Liberty's policy objectives, as well as overseeing the RL Research Department.
		After the creation of RFE/RL, Inc. in 1976, the RL Division was responsible for broadcasting to the USSR (except for the Baltic States) and Afghanistan, as well for research in these areas.
	hoorferl.stanford.edu /rlexhibit/organization.php (618 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - State Party Report - Russian Federation
		This Decree specifies legislative and administrative measures designed to activate and strengthen efforts to curb manifestations of fascism and racism.
		The Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, adopted on 6 January 1994, prohibits use of the rights and freedoms of citizens of the Republic to stir up racial, national and religious hatred (art.
		In the context of the Ossetia-Ingush conflict, the Russian authorities are making efforts to counter the trend that would permit persons who stirred up discord between national groups - thus giving rise to national extremism and tension in an area where a state of emergency prevailed - to evade responsibility for their acts.
	www.unhchr.ch /tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CERD.C.263.Add.9.En?Opendocument (6233 words)

	Pravda.RU BASHKORTOSTAN GIVES IN TO PUTIN'S REFORM
		Bashkortostan's president Murtaza Rakhimiv told Interfax news agency that the 'status of Bashkortostan's limited sovereignty formulated by Bashkortostan's supreme court comes fully in line with the aspirations of the young people, with Bashkortostan's and Russia's interests.' According to many analysts specializing in regional issues, Mr.
		So, President Putin's administrative reform is breaking another frontier of the regional lawlessness inherited from his erratic predecessor.
		Aleksandr Rutskoi, the Kursk Region's governor, is today to address the Federation Council, Russia' upper house of parliament, and tell his colleagues of the situation around the gubernatorial elections in the region.
	newsfromrussia.com /region/2000/11/03/676.html (833 words)

	Svante E. Cornell - Autonomy as a Source of Conflict: Caucasian Conflicts in Theoretical Perspective - World Politics ...
		One extreme example, the Republic of Bashkortostan, is defined as "a sovereign state within the Russian Federation." The definition may seem a contradiction in terms, but it exemplifies the variety of tailored solutions available for navigating contending claims over sovereignty.
		That there is no blueprint for the conduct of relations between an autonomous region and the central government contributes to the usefulness of autonomy as a mechanism of conflict resolution or prevention--it is flexible and adaptable to the specific grievances of a specific minority.
		This move was interpreted by Javakhk as an attempt to artificially dilute the Armenian demographic position in the administrative units of southern Georgia.
	www.cornellcaspian.com /pub2/WorldPolitics542Cornell.htm (12256 words)

	ISLANDS OF GLOBALIZATION: REGIONAL RUSSIA AND OUTSIDE WORLD
		Their administrations rely on cooperation with foreign partners seeing this as the most profitable way of earning money for replenishing their budgets.
		It is appropriate to mention that the administration of the Kirov oblast created a commission to oversee the implementation of the liquidation of chemical weapons in this territory.
		As a result, during the last seven years the scale of industrial decline in the Kaliningrad oblast was worse than in Russia as a whole, investment inflow was not higher than in the average regions and transportation costs rose.
	www.policy.hu /~makarychev/eng5.htm (9338 words)

	The Jamestown Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Treaties signed between the center and the republics clearly need to be classified as a separate type of interstate agreement, and there needs to be a separate section in the constitution of the Russian Federation for this.
		As distinct from truly international treaties, they would be of an internal federal nature, but unlike administrative agreements between the center and the territories, they would be of an interstate nature.
		Academically, they justify the necessity of getting rid of the nation-state division by stating that it has not been possible to reconcile the principles of state structure inherent in the Russian Federation anywhere in the world.
	www.jamestown.org /email-to-friend.php?article_id=3637 (2188 words)

	Welcome to the Volga-Ural region!
		Earlier this year, the bodies of Bashkortostan crew members Robert Gessler and Fanis Ishmuratov were recovered, while the body of Nail Khafizov is still missing.
		In the 1930s, the process was finalized for to the Fenno-Ugric people: a quarter of the Mordva nation was united into a titular republic, where most of the population speaks Russian, and less than half of the Cheremish nation got their own among equal many Russians.
		It became clear, that the nationalist division of Idel-Ural only served the ideas of administrative centralization and cultural russification of the whole region.
	www.geocities.com /ai320/volgauralregion.htm (3820 words)

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