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Topic: Adolf, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

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	Luxembourg (country) - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Luxembourg is part of the geological region in which the Lorraine plateau of northern France meets the hills of southwest Belgium and the Mosel (Moselle) Valley and Rhineland of western Germany.
		Northern Luxembourg is crossed by the foothills of the Ardennes to the west.
		Luxembourg was among the first group of EU member states to adopt the euro, which entered use for accounting purposes and financial transfers beginning in 1999.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761562359__1/Luxembourg_(country).html (3507 words)

	Luxembourg (country) - MSN Encarta
		At the close of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, Luxembourg was established as a grand duchy by the Congress of Vienna and placed under the rule of William I, King of the Netherlands.
		With the death of William III in 1890 the grand ducal crown passed to Adolf of the German House of Nassau; in 1912 the Frankish Salic Law preventing female succession was repealed and Marie Adélaide became the first Grand Duchess.
		In March 1998 the grand duke Jean conferred broad constitutional powers on his son and heir, Prince Henri, in what was believed to be preparation for the latter’s succession to the throne.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562359_4/Luxembourg_(country).html (727 words)

	Luxembourg, grand duchy, W Europe. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Luxembourg’s grand duke is the titular head of state; the head of government is the prime minister, who is aided by a council of ministers.
		Grand Duke Adolf was followed in 1905 by William IV and in 1912 by Marie Adelaide.
		In 1961, Prince Jean, son and heir of Grand Duchess Charlotte, was made his mother’s representative as head of state; she formally abdicated in 1964, and Prince Jean became grand duke.
	www.bartleby.com /65/lu/Luxembou.html (1117 words)

	Royalty.nu - Grand Dukes and Duchesses of Luxembourg, the House of Nassau
		Royalty.nu - Grand Dukes and Duchesses of Luxembourg, the House of Nassau
		Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy; the grand duke is the head of state, but he swears to observe the country's laws and has little political power.
		France conquered the Austrian Netherlands in 1795, and for the next 20 years Luxembourg was France's "Department of Forests." In 1815, after the overthrow of Napoleon I, the Congress of Vienna granted Luxembourg independence as a grand duchy and gave it to King William I of the Netherlands.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/Luxembourg.html (1223 words)

	Luxembourg: Grand Duke's standard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Grand Duke Henri has adopted in 2001 the coat of arms proposed by the heraldists in the 1960s.
		The difference with the former arms is the inversion of the arms of Luxembourg proper (now in the first and fourth quarters) and of the arms of Nassau (now in the second and third quarters).
		My impression is that the cloth covering the coffin resembles the Luxembourg ensign except that the upper and lower bands, white and light blue respectively, were quite thick.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/lu_duke.html (641 words)

	Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The current Letzburgesch Grand Ducal family was begun when Adolf of Nassau was enthroned as the first Grand Duke of Luxembourg of the House of Nassau-Weilburg.
		She is Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Princess of the Belgians, and Princess of Nassau.
		She is Princess of Luxembourg, Princess of Nassau, Archduchess of Austria, and Princess of Hungary.
	www.encyclopedian.com.cob-web.org:8888 /ro/Royal-Family-of-Luxembourg.html (740 words)

	Adolf of Luxembourg
		Adolf of Nassau (1817-1905) was the last Duke of Nassau, and the fourth Grand Duke of Luxembourg.
		Adolph became Duke of Nassau in 1839, after the death of his father, William[?].
		In 1890, when Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was excluded from the succession to Luxembourg by the Salic Law, the Grand Duchy passed to the dispossessed Duke Adolph.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ad/Adolf_of_Luxembourg.html (98 words)

	Visit Luxembourg
		The Congress of Vienna raised Luxembourg to the rank of Grand Duchy when it granted ownership to the King of the Netherlands, William I of Orange-Nassau, an arrangement that lasted until 1890.
		Luxembourg was declared neutral in international affairs and this neutrality was protected by the great powers.
		H.R.H. Grand Duke Henri is married to Teresa Mestre.
	www.visitluxembourg.com /history.htm (393 words)

	Luxembourger Americans
		Luxembourg is surrounded by Belgium to its north and west, France to its south and Germany to its east.
		Upon the death of Grand Duchess Charlotte in 1964, her son Prince Jean assumed the throne as the Grand Duke of Luxembourg.
		Luxembourger immigrants who were farmers often came to possess land in America ten times or more in size than that of their forebears in the old country.
	www.everyculture.com /multi/Le-Pa/Luxembourger-Americans.html (6448 words)

	Much More Belgium & Luxembourg History
		By decree of Charles IV, emperor, in 1354 Luxembourg was granted Grand Duchy status and Burg Reinhardstein was built for Wenceslas, Duke of Luxembourg.
		Luxembourg occupied vast expanses of land prior to 1443, after this time a 400 year long period of foreign occupation or sovereignty ensues.
		The remaining Grand Duchy of Luxembourg continued in a personal union with the Netherlands as well as a member of the being a member of the German Confederation (declared as such by the Congress of Vienna) and became autonomous and was granted a constitution in 1848.
	www.gatewaytooz.com /BelgLuxExtHist.htm (2845 words)

	Luxembourg - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		LUXEMBOURG [Luxembourg] or Luxemburg, officially Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, grand duchy (2005 est.
		A constitutional revision (1948) abolished the perpetual neutrality of the grand duchy, a status that in practice had ended with the introduction of compulsory military service (1944-67).
		Luxembourg: The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg - An Overview
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-luxembou.html (1254 words)

	HELLO! Royalty
		Grand Duke Adolf I ruled until 1905, during which time he strengthened the territory's autonomy and national character.
		In 1914 Luxembourg was overrun by German troops and remained under occupation for the duration of the war.
		Today Luxembourg is ruled by the sixth grand duke, Henri, who came to power on October 7, 2000, when his father, Grand Duke Jean, abdicated.
	www.hellomagazine.com /royalty/luxembourg/history.html (364 words)

	ADOLPHE, GRAND DUKE OF LUXEMBOURG FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Grand Duke Adolphe of Luxembourg, ''Adolph Wilhelm August Karl Friedrich of Nassau-Weilburg'' (July 24, 1817 – November 17, 1905) was the last Duke of Nassau, and the fourth Grand Duke of Luxembourg.
		The Grand Dukes of Luxembourg are still descendants of Adolphe, although through female lines.
		The eldest son, Guillaume (1852–1912), became Grand Duke at his father's death in 1905.
	www.loadboston.com /Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg (208 words)

	Wikinfo \| Grand Duchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A grand duchy is a country which has a Grand Duke or a Grand Duchess as head of state.
		It has been a grand duchy since 1815, when the Netherlands became an independent kingdom and Luxembourg was handed over to the King of the Netherlands, William I.
		Luxembourg remained a Dutch dominion until 1890, when King William III of the Netherlands, who was also Grand Duke Guillaume III of Luxembourg, died without leaving a male heir to the Luxembourgian Grand Duchy.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Grand_Duchy (229 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 5
		Buried in the Grand Ducal Mausoleum at Karlsruhe.
		Married in 1885 at Scholss Hohenburg, Bavaria Princess Hilda of Luxembourg (*1864 Biebrich,†1952 Badenweiler).
		GRAND DUCHY OF HESSE (HESSE-DARMSTADT TO 1866) 1806-1918:
	homepage.mac.com /crowns/d/avtxt.html (9723 words)

	Adolf of Altena information - Search.com (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Adolf was born in about 1157 as the second son of Count Eberhard I of Berg-Altena and his wife Adelheid.
		In the ensuing dynastic struggle for the throne between the Hohenstaufen and the Welfs, he crowned on 12 July 1198 the Welf Otto of Brunswick in Aachen as King of the Romans (or German king).
		On 19 July 1205 Adolf was therefore excommunicated by Pope Innocent III and declared as deposed.
	search.com.com.cob-web.org:8888 /reference/Adolf_I (417 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Nassau - AOL Research & Learn
		In 1816 the territories belonging to the various branches of the Walramian line were united by Duke William (1816–39).
		His successor, Adolf, sided against Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and as a result lost his duchy to Prussia.
		Duke Adolf of Nassau, however, succeeded in 1890 to the grand duchy of Luxembourg, where his descendants continue to rule.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/nassau/20051206225109990025 (403 words)

	Adolf Wilhelm of Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxemburg (1817-1905) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nassau, Adolf (Adolphe) Wilhelm August Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Luxemburg
		Duke of Nassau; lost his throne in 1866 when Nassau was annexed to Prussia.
		Succeeded King Willem III of the Netherlands on his death without surviving male issue in 1890 as Adolphe I, Grand Duke of Luxemburg.
	members.surfeu.fi /thaapanen/data/x078.html (57 words)

	Namnlöst dokument
		Since she was married to Duke Heinrich of Mecklenburg (from the branch Mecklenburg-Schwerin), it could be argued that the Dutch throne belonged to the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1948-1980 (when Juliana was Queen).
		His daughter succeeded him as Queen of the Netherlands, but in Luxembourg he was succeeded by the head of the branch of Walram: Duke Adolf of Nassau, since Luxembourg at that time had Salic law (male succession only).
		Grandmasters are the Grand Duke of Luxembourg and the King of the Netherlands.
	www.warholm.nu /FAQned.html (2090 words)

	Adolf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Adolf, or Adolph, was a popular given name, especially in the German-speaking countries and in Scandinavia, but is rarely given today because of the association with Adolf Hitler.
		Adolf Friedrich II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
		Adolf Fredriks kyrka, a church in Stockholm, Sweden
	www.tocatch.info /en/Adolf.htm (122 words)

	Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Adolphe I, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (Adolph Wilhelm August Karl Friedrich of Nassau-Weilburg) (July 24, 1817 – November 17, 1905) was the last Duke of Nassau, and the fourth Grand Duke of Luxembourg.
		He was a son of Wilhelm, Duke of Nassau (1792 - 1839) and his first wife Charlotte Luise Friederike of Saxe-Altenburg.
		In 1892, Grand Duke Adolphe conferred the hereditary title Count of Wisborg on his Swedish nephew, Oscar, who had lost his Swedish titles after marrying without his father's approval.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg (360 words)

	Adolf of Nassau - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He owed his election to the ecclesiastical electors, who, fearing the growing power and ambition of the Hapsburgs, chose him rather than Albert of Austria (later King Albert I), son of Rudolf I of Hapsburg.
		Seeking to strengthen his rule by establishing a territorial power of his own, Adolf seized Meissen and Thuringia.
		He entered into an alliance with Edward I of England against Philip IV of France in an effort to halt French encroachment of German territory; the alliance produced no results, however, and led to Adolf's deposition (1298) and the election of Albert.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-adolfn1as.html (263 words)

	Namnlöst dokument
		All Grand Dukes (today Luxembourg is the only Grand Duchy) had the right to be styled HRH, whilst the rest of their family were styled His/Her Grandducal Highness.
		Grand Duke Henri and King Carl XVI Gustaf are third cousins.
		Grand Duke Henri and Queen Beatrix are fourth cousinsd.
	www.warholm.nu /FAQlux.html (1823 words)

	Duchy of Nassau 1806-1866 (Prussia, Germany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During 1816-1866 all Nassau lands were a single Duchy, except of course the Netherlands, who are ruled by another branch of the Nassau family.
		Duke Adolf lost his duchy to Prussia in 1866 but inherited Luxemburg in 1890 when king William III of the Netherlands died and the throne of the Netherlands went to his daughter Wilhelmina.
		After the death of King William III of the Netherlands in 1890, Duke Adolf of Nassau became Grand Duke of Luxembourg (and his descendents still are).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/de-na806.html (837 words)

	Luxembourg : In Depth : Dateline \| Frommers.com
		1354 Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, the grandson of Henry IV, raises Luxembourg's status from a county to a duchy.
		1506 Luxembourg is inherited by the future Habsburg Emperor and King of Spain Charles V. Following the 1554 destruction of the Town Hall by a gunpowder explosion, construction is completed on the original wing of the ducal palace.
		Adolf of Nassau serves as the first "indigenous" grand duke.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/luxembourg/0107020051.html (668 words)

	Medieval Luxembourg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Luxembourg was once part of the Holy Roman Empire.
		When this Empire disintegrated in 1806 Luxembourg became a member of the German league & shared a monarchy with the Netherlands.
		In 1890 Queen Wilhelmina ruled the Netherlands & Adolf of Nassau became the grand duke of Luxembourg.
	www.alientravelguide.com /history/medieval/luxembou.htm (85 words)

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