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Topic: Adrenal medulla

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	Adrenal gland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands or colloquially as kidney hats) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad, "near" or "at" + renes, "kidneys").
		In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra and receive their blood supply from the adrenal arteries.
		The adrenal medulla is the body's main source of the catecholamine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Adrenal (892 words)

	OHSU Health - The Adrenal Glands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An adrenal gland is made of two parts: the outer region is called the adrenal cortex and the inner region is called the adrenal medulla.
		The adrenal cortex, the outer portion of the adrenal gland, is essential to life by secreting hormones that have an effect on the body's metabolism, on chemicals in the blood, and on certain body characteristics.
		The adrenal medulla, the inner part of the adrenal gland, is not essential to life, but helps a person in coping with physical and emotional stress.
	www.ohsuhealth.com /htaz/endocrine/adrenal/index.cfm (313 words)

	Adrenal Cancer - Overview, Types, Causes - urologychannel
		Adrenal cancer is a rare disease that originates in the adrenal glands.
		The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and consist of two parts that function separately: the outer layer (cortex) and the inner area (medulla).
		Symptoms of adrenal cancer and treatment for the condition depend on whether the tumor is functioning or nonfunctioning, and on which hormone is being overproduced.
	www.urologychannel.com /adrenalcancer/index.shtml (399 words)

	Long-Term Prenatal Hypoxia Alters Maturation of Adrenal Medulla in Rat -- MAMET et al. 51 (2): 207 -- Pediatric Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Hx on the maturation of the adrenal medulla.
		of the glucocorticoid receptors in the medulla (7).
		Tomlinson A, Coupland RE 1990 The innervation of the adrenal gland.
	www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/full/51/2/207 (5311 words)

	How to Cope with Adrenal Fatigue
		The adrenal glands, situated above the kidneys and composed of the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex, play an integral role in the body's stress response, especially its "fight-or-flight" response.
		If we spend too much time in a state of alarm or resistance, common states of stress, our adrenals may eventually succumb to a state of exhaustion, in which the adrenal gland no longer functions optimally and may be accompanied by atrophy of the adrenal cortex.
		Adrenal glandular supplies small amounts of natural cortisone, making the pituitary gland think that the adrenal gland is working normally.
	www.herbtime.com /InformationPages/AdrenalFatigue.htm (465 words)

	Endocrine Adrenal Gland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The medulla produces catecholamines and is regulated by signals from the hypothalamus which reach the gland via the splanchnic nerve.
		Adrenal cortical carcinoma is a rare highly malignant tumor with a 25% 5-year survival.
		The tumors originate in the adrenal medulla in 1/3 of cases and in the sympathetic chain 2/3s.
	cats.med.uvm.edu /cats_teachingmod/pathology/path302/endocrine/enel/endoadren.htm (1647 words)

	Adrenal disorders and anaesthesia including Phaeochromocytoma
		Anatomy, embryology and physiology of the adrenal glands.
		The hormones secretes by the adrenal cortex are all derived from cholesterol and are under the control of other circulating factors.
		Adrenal insufficiency may be primary or secondary (to hypopituitarism or withdrawl of exogenous steroids).
	www.4um.com /tutorial/anaesth/adrenal.htm (1719 words)

	Adrenal Disease: Online Reference For Health Concerns
		Addison's disease is a profound chronic adrenal failure caused by damage or disease of the adrenal gland, resulting in a deficiency of cortisol.
		If disease of the adrenal glands is suspected, imaging studies (abdominal x-ray, MRI, CT scan, arteriography, radionuclide scanning, and IV scanning of the position of kidneys using an IV dye) may show the presence of adrenal calcification, a tumor, atrophy, or the overgrowth of a gland.
		In Cushing's syndrome caused by an ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor, the tumor is resected.
	www.lef.org /protocols/prtcl-002.shtml (1845 words)

	New View of Statistics: Models - Details
		The adrenal medulla is stimulated via sympathetic nerves (Elliott 1913) running through the celiac ganglion, and during exercise in humans it can be demonstrated that injection of local anesthesia around the celiac ganglion can reduce the exercise induced rise in arterial plasma epinephrine concentrations by up to 90% (Kjær et al.
		The stimulation of the adrenal medulla during exercise mainly results in a release of epinephrine from chromaffin cells, that results in well described peripheral metabolic and circulatory effects.
		The training induced enlargement of the adrenal medulla was mainly a hypertrophy, and the increased epinephrine content was due to the enlargement of the gland rather than due to increased medullary epinephrine concentration (Stallknecht 1990, Schmidt et al.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/drafts/Adrenal_medulla.doc (3305 words)

	adrenal medulla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Immunohistochemical and biochemical study on the development of the noradrenaline- and adrenaline-storing cells of the adrenal medulla of the rat.
		Atypical pattern of adenylyl cyclase activity in the adrenal medulla with age.
		Adrenaline and noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla during postnatal development of the rat.
	www.arclab.org /node_pages/1488.html (567 words)

	Reduced Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Activity in Adrenal Medulla and Loss of Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons in ...
		Kesse WK, Parker TL, Coupland RE (1988) The innervation of the adrenal gland.
		Millar TJ, Unsicker K (1981) Catecholamine-storing cells in the adrenal medulla of the pre- and postnatal rat.
		Parker TL (1996) The innervation of the adrenal medulla.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/17/3/891 (5828 words)

	Pheochromocytoma: high blood pressure, headaches, and anxiety.
		Pheochromocytomas arise from the central portion of the adrenal gland which is called the adrenal medulla.
		The adrenal medulla is responsible for the normal production of adrenaline which our body requires to help maintain blood pressure and to help cope with stressful situations.
		A tumor which arises from the adrenal medulla and overproduces adrenaline can be a deadly tumor because of the severe elevation in blood pressure it causes.
	www.endocrineweb.com /pheo.html (477 words)

	Endocrine System / Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones / Adrenal Gland
		The adrenal, or suprarenal, gland is paired with one gland located near the upper portion of each kidney.
		The cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland, like the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary, develop from different embryonic tissues and secrete different hormones.
		The adrenal cortex is essential to life, but the medulla may be removed with no life-threatening effects.
	training.seer.cancer.gov /module_anatomy/unit6_3_endo_glnds3_adrenal.html (311 words)

	Merck Vet. Edition - Adrenal Medulla
		Diffuse or nodular adrenal medullary hyperplasia appears to precede the development of pheochromocytoma in bulls with C-cell tumors of the thyroid gland.
		They are the most common tumors in the adrenal medulla of animals; they develop most often in cattle, laboratory rats, and dogs, and are infrequent in other domestic animals.
		In bulls and rats, pheochromocytomas develop concurrently with calcitonin-secreting C-cell tumors of the thyroid gland, possibly as a neoplastic transformation of multiple types of endocrine cells of neuroectodermal origin in the same individual.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/40702.htm (292 words)

	Adrenal Disorders and Treatments: hormones, tumors, cancer, and surgery options.
		The adrenal glands are orange-colored endocrine glands which are located on the top of both kidneys.
		Each gland consists of a medulla (the center of the gland) which is surrounded by the cortex.
		Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex: Cushings Syndrome from cortisol overproduction
	www.endocrineweb.com /adrenal.html (384 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Adrenal gland cancer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The main hormone of the adrenal cortex is cortisol and the main hormone of the adrenal medulla is epinephrine.
		A cancer in the adrenal medulla is called a pheochromocytoma and can cause high blood pressure, headache, palpitations, and excessive perspiration.
		Symptoms of adrenal cancer are related to the specific hormones produced by that tumor.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0000/ai_2601000026 (615 words)

	Adrenal gland cancer \| AHealthyMe.com
		Adrenal gland cancers are rare cancers occuring in the endocrine tissue of the adrenals.
		The adrenal gland is a hormone producing endocrine gland with two main parts, the cortex and the medulla.
		The prognosis for adrenal cortical cancer is not as good with a 5-year survival rate of 10-35%.
	www.ahealthyme.com /article/gale/100085000 (574 words)

	History of the Adrenal Medulla
		Studies of the adrenal medulla have provided several scientific "firsts." George Oliver and Edward Albert Schäfer were the first to extract a hormone from an endocrine organ when they showed that a preparation from the adrenal medulla had a profound effect on blood pressure.
		Since in the human, as in all mammals, the adrenal medulla is completely enclosed by the adrenal cortex, the early history of the medulla is necessarily linked to the discovery of the adrenal glands.
		He suggested that the adrenals received some substance from the nerves (which he assumed to be useless to the nerves); the adrenals absorbed this substance and passed it into the veins where it had some useful purpose.
	webpages.ull.es /users/isccb12/ChromaffinCell/History.html (10486 words)

	The Adrenal Glands
		Adrenal insufficiency is considerably less common than hypogonadism in people with HIV, but its incidence increases in advanced cases.
		Adrenal steroids modulate (slow down) the immune system: when there is not enough of these steroids the immune system goes berserk.
		The adrenal glands are fundamental components of the endocrine system and are involved in innumerable physiological functions throughout the body.
	www.becomehealthynow.com /article/bodyendocrine/679/6 (1662 words)

	In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.--Plant 35:33–42, January 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the present study, we have characterized various aspects of the rat adrenal medulla cultured in vitro as a whole tissue, aiming to establish a new experimental model in between in vivo animal models and cell culture models.
		Overall the results indicate that various aspects of the adrenal medulla become stable after 4 d of culture and the adrenal medulla at this stage releases catecholamines in response to cholinergic stimulation.
		The whole adrenal medulla culture system may be a useful tool for investigating catecholamine-related functions dependent on intercellular reactions or communications.
	www.sivb.org /animal_archives/abstracts/AA35-33.htm (266 words)

	Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity by Muscarinic Agonists in Rat Adrenal Medulla -- Tank et al. 286 (2): 848 ...
		In the adrenal medulla, TH is activated by stimuli that excite the sympathetic nervous system.
		Schematic diagram of adrenal chromaffin cells innervated by the splanchnic nerve depicting a hypothetical model of some pertinent adrenal chromaffin cell receptors and protein kinases that regulate TH in rat adrenal medulla, along with splanchnic nerve neurotransmitters that may participate in transsynaptic regulation of TH.
		Masserano JM and Weiner N (1979) Rapid activation of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase by decapitation and its relationship to a cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylating mechanism.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/286/2/848 (4661 words)

	Adrenal
		The adrenal cortex, the outer part of the gland, secretes steroid hormones, such as hydrocortisone, to help the body adapt to chronic stress.
		Experimental animals, whose adrenal glands have been surgically removed, live normal life spans as long as they are not stressed.
		Mild adrenal insufficiency is aggravated by, but also contributes to, a person's abuse of substances, such as alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, recreational drugs, sugar, and artificial sweeteners.
	www.mbschachter.com /adrenal.htm (785 words)

	University of Miami School of Medicine - Glossary - Adrenal medulla
		Adrenal medulla: The inner portion of adrenal gland.
		Underfunction of the adrenal medulla is virtually unknown.
		However, a tumor called a pheochromocytoma produces norepinephrine and epinephrine and is equivalent to overfunction of the adrenal medulla.
	www.med.miami.edu /glossary/art.asp?articlekey=9702 (131 words)

	Adrenal gland
		Medulla has ellipsoid shape, is gray-tan and <10% of gland volume (1% in neonates); is more prominent with cortical atrophy; majority of medulla is within head of gland
		Adrenal adhesion: adrenal gland is attached to opposite adrenal gland, but with an intervening connective tissue capsule
		Adrenogenital syndrome: adrenal secretes excess androgens, causing changes towards adult masculinity in children or female adults; 50% occur before puberty, 80% are female; diagnosed based on elevated dehydroepiandrosterone; rarely associated with male adult feminization due to increased 17-ketosteroids
	www.pathologyoutlines.com /adrenal.html (3360 words)

	Adrenal Medullary Hormones
		Cells in the adrenal medulla synthesize and secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine.
		Complex physiologic responses result from adrenal medullary stimulation because there are multiple receptor types which are differentially expressed in different tissues and cells.
		In general, circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine released from the adrenal medulla have the same effects on target organs as direct stimulation by sympathetic nerves, although their effect is longer lasting.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/adrenal/medhormones.html (493 words)

	Cycloheximide Increases Proenkephalin and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Expression in Rat Adrenal Medulla -- Won et al. 57 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The time-dependent effect of CHX on corticosterone level in the rat adrenal gland and blood, and the effect of RU486 on CHX-induced proENK and TH mRNA expressions.
		B, Northern blot analysis was performed at 6 h (at a dose of 5 mg/kg) in the adrenal gland administered with corn oil-saline, RU486 (RU; 10 mg/kg in corn oil)-saline, corn oil-CHX (5 mg/kg), and RU-CHX.
		Mar EC, Iadarola MJ and Hong JS (1992) Regulation of the expression of proenkephalin mRNA in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: Role of proto-oncogenes.
	molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/57/6/1173 (5967 words)

	Extreme sport -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Extreme sports (now also known as action sports) is a general, somewhat hazily-defined term for a collection of newer (An active diversion requiring physical exertion and competition) sports involving (A catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin); stimulates autonomic nerve action) adrenaline-inducing action.
		Some participants termed 'adrenaline junkies' develop an obsession with their sport and even claim to be "addicted to (A catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin); stimulates autonomic nerve action) adrenaline".
		Extreme sports are most often pursued by young adults who wish to push their own limits of fear and physical ability, and in doing so, also help to push the limits of their sport as a whole.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ex/extreme_sport.htm (834 words)

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