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Topic: Adrenergic

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	Adrenergic Modulation of Erythropoiesis Following Trauma: The University Hospital, Newark, NJ
		Adrenergic modulation of erythropoiesis is known to occur under normal conditions and typically red blood cell growth is enhanced.
		We hypothesize that since adrenergic stimulation occurs with trauma, the anemia associated with injury may be related to the cells’ altered ability to proliferate and differentiate into red blood cells.
		Adrenergic agonists, epinephrine, norepinephrine and isoproterenol, were added to bone marrow cultures in vitro to assess their effect on erythropoietic progenitors, specifically erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E) and erythroid colony forming units (CFU-E).
	www.theuniversityhospital.com /trauma/adrenergic.htm (986 words)

	Adrenergic Drugs
		Adrenergic drugs stimulate the adrenergic nerves directly by mimicking the action of norepinephrine.
		Adrenergic stimulants may have three modes of action: direct interaction with specific receptors (examples are epinephrine and phenylephrine); indirect action by stimulating release of neurotransmitters; or a mixed action involving both of the above (examples are phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine).
		When local anesthetics are used to reduce or eliminate pain in a specific area, epinephrine is frequently used in conjunction with these agents to constrict the blood vessels at the area and prevent drug diffusion from that area.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/663adrenergic2.html (480 words)

	ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR REGULATION IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ::::::::::: Welcome to Child Trauma Academy :::::::::::
		Both the L.C. and the VTN nuclei have adrenergic receptors which are involved in modulation of the adrenergic or noradrenergic afferentation and efferent outflow (U'Prichard et al.
		Brain noradrenergic and adrenergic systems and their receptors, then, play key roles in a variety of important affective and behavioral changes associated with the stress response.
		Beginning in the late 1970s, when the platelet alpha2- adrenergic receptor was first radiolabeled, investigators have utilized this readily available peripheral receptor as a marker for the central alpha2 receptor.
	www.childtrauma.org /ctamaterials/adrenergic.asp (6627 words)

	Adrenergic Drugs Information on Healthline
		A hormone called norepinephrine that is secreted in the body affects all types of adrenergic receptors; the drugs used in medicine and surgery, however, have been developed to affect only specific types of receptors.
		The recommended dosage of an adrenergic drug depends on the specific compound, the purpose for which it is given, and the route of administration (oral or intravenous).
		When adrenergic amines are given during surgery, they will be administered by an anesthesiologist or other health care professional skilled in their use.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/adrenergic-drugs (756 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Down-regulation of the alpha-2C adrenergic receptor: involvement of a serine/threonine ...
		Because a similar acidic serine-rich motif (EESSSSD) in the human alpha-2 adrenergic receptor has been demonstrated to be phosphorylated by GRK and all four serines are required for desensitization of the receptor, we sought to determine whether the EESSTSE sequence was involved in the down-regulation of the alpha-2C adrenergic receptor.
		The mechanisms of beta-2 adrenergic receptor down-regulation appear to involve both an increase in the rate of degradation of the receptor as well as a decrease in the levels of beta receptor mRNA [7].
		The opossum alpha-2C adrenergic receptor has a EESSTSE acidic serine/threonine motif in the third intracellular loop (Figures 1 and 2), which could be a substrate for GRK based on the EESSSSD motif of the alpha-2A subtype.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2210/2/9 (3608 words)

	ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR REGULATION INPOSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ::::::::::Welcome to Child Trauma Academy :::::::::::
		These studies, demonstrating altered peripheral adrenergic receptor measures in PTSD, will be discussed in context of the physiological responses to 'stress', both acute and chronic.
		We will suggest that the 'typical' central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system responses to acute stress are mediated, in part, by adrenergic receptors which, when 'hyper-stimulated' during severe or chronic stress, can become permanently altered in their capacity to respond to future stressors.
		Adrenergic and noradrenergic systems and their receptors are involved in the mediation and recovery from the observed behavioral changes following IS (Anisman et al.
	www.childtrauma.org /ctamaterials/AdrenergicPTSD.asp (934 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Bronchodilators, Adrenergic (Inhalation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Adrenergic bronchodilators are medicines that are breathed in through the mouth to open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs.
		For all other adrenergic bronchodilators: If you are using one of these medicines regularly and you miss a dose, use it as soon as possible.
		While you are using an adrenergic bronchodilator, you may notice an unusual or unpleasant taste.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202095.html (4560 words)

	Drug Class: Adrenergic Blocking Agents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		However, adrenergic blocking agents cause decrease in heart rate and a decrease in the force of contraction or an negative inotropic effect.
		Uses: Clinical uses of alpha receptor stimulants or alpha- adrenergic blocking agents is the treatment of vasoconstriction in dysfunctions such as Buerger's disease or Raynaud's phenomenon.
		Associated side effects of adrenergic blocking agents are usually dose related and resolve with either decreasing dosage or discontinuing the therapy.
	nursing.unc.edu /modules/pharm/popups/blockers.htm (540 words)

	Adrenergic Drugs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Adrenergic blocking agents are drugs that selectively inhibit specific receptor sites from sympathetic stimulation.
		Depression of adrenergic nerves results in a vasodilation effect and relieves high blood pressure caused by a constriction of the capillaries.
		These are used to treat hypertension by relaxing arterial and venous smooth muscle, decreasing vascular resistance and venous return, and decreasing blood pressure without a significant increase in heart rate.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/663adrenergic3.html (157 words)

	Adrenergic Drugs
		Adrenergic nerves release norepinephrine as the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system.
		Adrenergic drugs stimulate the adrenergic nerves directly by mimicking the action of norepinephrine or indirectly by stimulating the release of norepinephrine.
		There are at least two adrenergic receptor sites (alpha or beta).
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/663adrenergic.html (424 words)

	Adrenergic receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines.
		Adrenergic receptors specifically bind their endogenous ligands, the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline (also called epinephrine and norepinephrine in the USA), and are activated by these.
		There are several types of adrenergic receptors, but there are two main groups: α-Adrenergic and β-Adrenergic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Adrenergic_receptor (456 words)

	Adrenergic drugs for urinary incontinence in adults
		The trials included 1099 women with 673 receiving an adrenergic drug (phenylpropanolamine in 11 trials, midodrine in two, norepinephrine in three, clenbuterol in another three, terbutaline in one, eskornade in one and Ro-115-1240 in one).
		The limited evidence suggested that an adrenergic agonist drug is better than placebo in reducing the number of pad changes and incontinence episodes, as well as improving subjective symptoms.
		There was not enough evidence to evaluate the use of higher compared to lower doses of adrenergic agonists nor the relative merits of an adrenergic agonist drug compared with oestrogen, whether used alone or in combination.
	www.cochrane.org /reviews/en/ab001842.html (568 words)

	Alpha1-Adrenergic Blockers \| Caremark Health Resources
		Prazosin (Minipress) may interact with beta adrenergic blocking agents such as propranolol (Inderal) and others, and with verapamil (Calan, Isoptin.) When drugs interact, the effects of one or both of the drugs may change or the risk of side effects may be greater.
		Medications that bind alpha adrenergic receptors and decrease the workload of the heart and lower blood pressure.
		Catecholamines have excitatory effects on smooth muscle cells of the vessels that supply blood to the skin and mucous membranes and have inhibitory effects on smooth muscle cells located in the wall of the gut, the bronchial tree of the lungs, and the vessels that supply blood to skeletal muscle.
	healthresources.caremark.com /topic/topic100586413 (1303 words)

	Pharmacological Approaches to Fat Loss: Targeting Beta-Adrenergic Receptors
		First the disadvantages; Ephedrine is called a non-specific adrenergic agonist because through the release of NA, it has an effect on more than one class of adrenergic receptor.
		First, although ephedrine binds to other adrenergic receptors, it seems that the most beneficial adrenergic effects, such as thermogenesis, are actually enhanced after chronic use.
		Because certain prostaglandins act to inhibit lipolysis and are produced in response to adrenergic stimulation, prostaglandin inhibitors have the potential to enhance ephedrine’s actions on fat loss.
	www.thinkmuscle.com /articles/haycock/adrenergic-receptors.htm (5921 words)

	Autonomic pharmacology
		Distribution of adrenergic receptor subtypes and adrenergic receptor number are important factors in organ or cellular responses to adrenergic input.
		Both alpha and beta adrenergic receptor are present in skeletal muscle vascular beds.
		- adrenergic receptor-mediated reduction in peripheral resistance (reflected in the diastolic pressure effects) is primarily due to vasodilation of skeletal muscle vasculature.
	www.pharmacology2000.com /Autonomics/Adrenergics/Adren1.htm (1482 words)

	Adrenergic agonists for glaucoma
		Most adrenergic agonists reduce the pressure in the eyes by reducing how much fluid (aqueous humor) the eyes produce.
		Because newer adrenergic agonists are more effective and have fewer side effects, dipivefrin is used only rarely.
		Adrenergic agonists (especially epinephrine) may widen (dilate) the pupil.
	www.webmd.com /hw/vision/hw154140.asp?src=RSS_BLOGGER (485 words)

	The alpha 2a Adrenergic Receptor Subtype Mediates Spinal Analgesia Evoked by alpha 2 Agonists and Is Necessary for ...
		The alpha 2a Adrenergic Receptor Subtype Mediates Spinal Analgesia Evoked by alpha 2 Agonists and Is Necessary for Spinal Adrenergic-Opioid Synergy -- Stone et al.
		opioid and adrenergic agonists (Andrade and Aghajanian, 1985
		Omote K, Kitahata LM, Collins JG, Nakatani K, Nakagawa I (1991) Interaction between opiate subtype and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists in suppression of noxiously evoked activity of WDR neurons in the spinal dorsal horn.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/17/18/7157 (5718 words)

	Bronchodilators, Adrenergic (Oral/Injection) - MayoClinic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Adrenergic bronchodilators are medicines that stimulate the nerves in many parts of the body, causing different effects.
		Because these medicines open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs, they are used to treat the symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases.
		All of the other adrenergic bronchodilators are available only with your doctor's prescription.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/drug-information/DR202096 (3366 words)

	Adrenergic receptors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Adrenergic receptors are found in many different types of tissues and they generate different cellular responses to the hormone, epinephrine.
		Epinephrine is produced in the adrenal glands, and it is also known as adrenaline.
		Alexander Binder, "The Adrenergic system" (small print, but lots of good information!) Be sure to follow the "Next" links at the bottom of each page.
	science.csustan.edu /stone/chem4400/adrenergi.htm (308 words)

	Adrenal Medullary Hormones
		The physiologic effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine are initiated by their binding to adrenergic receptors on the surface of target cells.
		The alpha and beta adrenergic receptors and their subtypes were originally defined by differential binding of various agonists and antagnonists and, more recently, by analysis of molecular clones.
		In general, circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine released from the adrenal medulla have the same effects on target organs as direct stimulation by sympathetic nerves, although their effect is longer lasting.
	www.vivo.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/adrenal/medhormones.html (509 words)

	Other (Adrenergic) Stimulants - Drugs in Sports - Choices in Sports - NCAA
		Adrenergic refers to the heart, bronchi and intestinal nerves that release or use epinephrine, norepinephrine (also known as catecholamines) as their neurotransmitters (NT).
		These NT are amino derivatives of catechol, which is released from the adrenal medulla.
		NE is sometimes used in some forms of shock treatment.
	www.drugfreesport.com /choices/drugs/adrenergic.html (281 words)

	Causalgia, pathological pain, and adrenergic receptors -- Perl 96 (14): 7664 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
		The connection between adrenergic receptors and the pathological pain of causalgia proposed herein is circumstantial.
		and to adrenergic agents is associated with alterations in adrenergic
		The effects of experimental nerve injury on the responsiveness of cutaneous nociceptors to adrenergic substances and on
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/14/7664 (2438 words)

	ADRENERGIC PHARMACOLOGY
		The educational goal is to understand the uses in dental practice of drugs that interact at the adrenergic receptors as well as toxicities that could occur as a result of these interactions.
		Integrate pharmacodynamic principles to understand the actions of drugs that interact with the adrenergic receptors and how these interactions are relevant to dental practice.
		The classification of these receptors, and indeed receptors in general, is based on the interaction of agonists and antagonists with the receptors.
	www.uky.edu /~mtp/OBI836AR.html (2171 words)

	Pregnancy modifies the {alpha}2-ß-adrenergic receptor functional balance in rabbit fat cells -- Bousquet-Mélou ...
		Adrenergic receptor interplay in the regulation of fat cell
		Lafontan, M., Berlan, M. Fat cell adrenergic receptors and the control of white and brown fat cell function.
		Carpéné, C., Castan, I., Collon, P., Galitzky, J., Moratinos, J., Lafontan, M. Adrenergic lipolysis in guinea pig is not a beta3-adrenergic response.
	www.jlr.org /cgi/content/full/40/2/267 (3660 words)

	ADRENERGIC PHARMACOLOGY
		This study guide is designed to facilitate the understanding of sympathomimetics and sympatholytics and the adrenergic receptors at which these drugs interact to produce their therapeutic as well as toxic effects.
		The effect of drugs that alter the function of adrenergic nerve endings on salivary proteins is also not well explored.
		Because it causes even a minor release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerves and is subject to metabolism by MAO, phenylephrine must be avoided in patients taking MAO inhibitors.
	www.uky.edu /~mtp/pha522ar/PHA522ar.html (3656 words)

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