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Topic: Adriaan Van Maanen

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	Adriaan Van Maanen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Adriaan Van Maanen (March 31, 1884 – January 26, 1946) was a Dutch-American astronomer.
		The speed at which he calculated the nebula to move would have had the Cepheid stars that Hubble had used to calculate the distance rotating at a speed faster than that of light.
		By 1935 however, it had been determined that Van Maanen's measurements were incorrect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Adriaan_Van_Maanen (162 words)

	The Great Debate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Adriaan Van Maanen was also providing evidence to Shapley's argument.
		Maanen was a well respected astronomer of the time who said he had observed Andromeda rotating.
		Curtis stated that if Van Maanen's observation of Andromeda rotating were correct, he himself would have been wrong about the scale of the universe and that the Milky Way would fully encompass it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Great_Debate (572 words)

	Van Maanen's star - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		van Maanen 2, Gl 001-027, GJ 35, GCTP 160.00, LHS 7, HIP 3829.
		Van Maanen's Star is a white dwarf, the second such star discovered and the third closest one to the Sun after Sirius B and Procyon B.
		It was discovered in 1917 by Adriaan Van Maanen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Van_Maanen's_star (140 words)

	Van Maanen's Star
		Worse, van Maanen is now associated with the scientific dilemma of using widely accepted techniques that are, however, so susceptible to observer effects that even a careful investigator can be misled -- in van Maanen's case, into thinking that spiral galaxies were nebulae that had perceptible motions and so must be nearby (more).
		Van Maanen's Star has about seven-tenths of Sol's mass, but with only about 1.3 percent of of its diameter (Gatewood and Russell, 1974), and less than 2/10,000th of its brightness.
		While a possible astrometric perturbation with a 20-year period was detected by Peter van de Kamp (1971), Gatewood and Russell (1974) were unable to confirm any periodic regularities in the orbital motion of Van Maanen's Star although a large scatter in the residuals of one coordinate may indicate the presence of a second body.
	www.solstation.com /stars/v-maanen.htm (630 words)

	Lake County Astronomical Society NightTimes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Adriaan Van Maanen was a Dutch-born American astronomer born in Sneek, The Netherlands, on March 31, 1884.
		Van Maanen’s career began at a particularly fortunate time, when technical knowledge was advancing at a tremendous rate, which allowed him to use the latest developments in telescope design for his observations.
		By 1912 he attained a position at the Mount Wilson Observatory, where he was mostly involved with the measurement of the proper motions and parallaxes of stars.
	www.bpccs.com /lcas/Articles/maanen.htm (335 words)

	Van Maanen's Star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It lies in the constellation Pisces, west of Delta Piscium and east of Omega Piscium, and was discovered in 1917 by the Dutch-American astronomer Adriaan van Maanen (1884-1946) who, in comparing photographs made between 1914 and 1917, noticed the star's high annual proper motion of 2.98".
		Its relative coolness suggests that it is a very old star, perhaps near or older than 10 billion years.
		Van Maanen’s Star has a computed diameter of about 18,000 km (about one and half times that of the Earth), which results in a density of about 1.2 tons/cm³, or about 10 times the computed density of Sirius B, the closest known white dwarf.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/vanMaanens.html (173 words)

	Cosmology's Missing Mass Problems - Part 3
		Adriaan van Maanen's monumental work on of spiral nebulae, as it stood in 1921, offers a long overlooked (read "rejected") solution to the flat rotational velocity curves for "galaxies." In the author's opinion, van Maanen's investigations have been wrongfully relegated to oblivion.
		In van Maanen's 1923 study on M33 (MA23), he states, "All this material seems to point to parallaxes for the larger spiral nebulae between a few ten-thousandths and a a few thousandths of a second of arc.
		One of the primary, and often repeated, (and to this writer, fallacious) criticisms levied against van Maanen was that the precision of his measurements was smaller than normally encountered measurement errors.
	www.datasync.com /~rsf1/missmas3.htm (1316 words)

	Messier 81 Internal Motions, van Maanen
		The figure on the left is based on Plate IV in Adriaan van Maanen's 1921 paper (MA21) which shows astrometrically measured internal motions for M81.
		Van Maanen's investigations on internal motion in spiral nebulae have (since about 1935) been relegated to the status of "nonsense" by astronomers who subscribe to the idea of a relativistically expanding universe.
		It is fitting to quote van Maanen's tribute to James Jeans in the final two paragraphs of his 1921 paper (MA21) on Messier 81.
	www.datasync.com /~rsf1/m81mn.htm (914 words)

	Science Musings by Chet Raymo
		In the second decade of the last century, one of the biggest unanswered questions in astronomy was the distance to the so-called "spiral nebula", pinwheel-shaped whirls of stars and gas that could be observed with telescopes.
		Since van Maanen was one of the most respected astronomers in the world for this sort of work, his results were widely accepted.
		It seems that van Maanen had a slight personal bias toward believing that the spirals were in rotation, and his results reflected this bias.
	www.sciencemusings.com /2006/08/seeing-what-we-want-to-see.html (829 words)

	IMSA Astrophysics: Distance Ladder
		In the 1910s and 1920s, Adriaan Van Maanen, an astronomer at Mount Wilson Observatory and friend of Shapley's, measured the internal rotational motion of several spiral nebulae.
		Measuring small motions, called proper motions, of astronomical objects was Van Maanen's task at Mount Wilson, and he was well known for having successfully measured the proper motions of nearby stars.
		Van Maanen measured motion in seconds of arc per year, an angular rate of motion, by comparing photographs of the same region of the sky taken years apart.
	staff.imsa.edu /science/astro/astrometry/historical/debate_1920a.html (5126 words)

	White Dwarf
		As more white dwarfs were found, astronomers began to discover that white dwarfs are common in our galaxy.
		In 1917 Adriaan Van Maanen discovered Van Maanen's Star, the second known white dwarf.
		After the discovery of quantum mechanics in the 1920's, an explanation for the density of white dwarfs was found in 1926.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/astronomy/whitedwarf.html (1486 words)

	Sample Chapter for Binney, J. and Merrifield, M.: Galactic Astronomy.
		Van Maanen was a well-respected observer, and so his results carried a great deal of weight at the time.
		It was only several years later, when Lundmark re-measured van Maanen's photographic plates, that it was conclusively demonstrated that the detection of rotational motion was spurious.
		The existence of this emission line, arising from a hyperfine transition in atomic hydrogen, was predicted by H.C. van de Hulst in 1944, but it was not until 1951 that this prediction was observationally confirmed by Ewan and Purcell at Harvard, Christiansen in Australia, and Muller and Oort in the Netherlands.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/s6358.html (10070 words)

	Boston Globe Online / From the Archives / Health Sense
		A good example of how easy it is to go wrong is the work of the astronomer Adriaan van Maanen on the rotation of galaxies.
		In the second decade of this century, one of the biggest unanswered questions in astronomy was the distance to the so-called ``spiral nebulas'', pinwheel-shaped whirls of stars and gas.
		In fact, the spirals are so far away that it was impossible to detect a change in the positions of stars during the intervals used by van Maanen.
	www.boston.com /globe/search/stories/health/science_musings/061598.htm (869 words)

	`Great Debate' Long Bibliography Page
		Astron., 30, 197-199 Berendzen, R., 1975, Geocentric to Heliocentric to Galactocentric to Acentric: The Continuing Assault to the Egocentric, Vistas Astron., 17, 65-83 Berendzen, R. & Hart, R., 1973, Adriaan van Maanen's Influence on the Island Universe Theory, J. Hist.
		Soc., 13, 25-39 Heatherington, N., 1974, Adriaan van Maanen on the Significance of Internal Motions in Spiral Nebulae, J. Hist.
		Maanen, A. van, 1935, Internal Motions in Spiral Nebulae, ApJ, 81, 336-337 Macpherson, H., 1916, Some Problems of Astronomy - XXII - The Nature of Spiral Nebulae, The Observatory, 39, 131-134 Mayall, N., 1970, Edwin Powell Hubble, Biogr.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /htmltest/gifcity/cs_bibl.html (1038 words)

	Galaxies LABORATORY
		Van Maanen claimed to have measured the rotation of the spiral nebulae by photographing them at times spaced several years apart.
		Thus Shapley, relying on van Maanen's observations, concluded that the spiral nebulae must be far smaller than the Milky Way, and must lie within the outer reaches of our own galaxy, which he believed included everything.
		But van Maanen's analysis of his photographs was simply incorrect.
	gln.dcccd.edu /bbastronomy2/labs2/galaxylab.htm (2942 words)

	Galaxies in motion
		In the 1920's the Dutch astronomer Adriaan van Maanen electrified his colleagues with claims to have measured the angular rotation and proper motion of so called "spiral nebulae" - as galaxies were called in those days.
		Shortly afterwards, however, Edwin Hubble proved, within the context of a historic debate on the size of the universe, this to be incorrect.
		The researchers were able to show that the galaxy moves 100 times slower than van Maanen claimed and is roughly at the distance that Hubble predicted.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-03/m-gim030405.php (972 words)

	Lecture 17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In 1916, Adriaan van Maanen (1884-1946) announced he had obtained incontrovertible photographic proof of rotation in face-on spiral nebulae.
		Van Maanen's claim encouraged those who believed the spirals were small, nearby planetary systems, including astronomer Harlow Shapley (1885-1972), who wrote to van Maanen:
		Adriaan van Maanen's measures showing rotation in the spiral nebula, M33.
	eee.uci.edu /clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/lecture17.html (925 words)

	(ATMoB:Discuss) Re: Great Debate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Crucial to the debate was the data of Adriaan van Maanen, whose measurements showed that the rotation of galaxies caused the spirals to unwind rather wind.
		These results were incorrect but not proven so until Hubble found Cepheids in M31 and used the period-luminosity relation to determine the distance to M31.
		This book provides summaries of van Maanen's data as well as of Hubble's.
	www.atmob.org /old_discuss_archive/msg00553.html (395 words)

	Messier 33 Internal Motions, van Maanen - Lundmark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These annotated images of M33, by van Maanen 1922(1) and Lundmark 1927(2) aren't aligned precisely enough, and the respective plate constants[*] are probably different, so the comparator produces some false motions.
		Lundmark's velocity scale is about 30 percent larger than van Maanen's.
		(1) van Maanen, Adriaan, "Investigations on Proper Motion - Tenth Paper: Internal Motion in the Spiral Nebula Messier 33, N.G.C. 598" - ApJ 57, 264-278 (1923), Plate XV.
	www.ebicom.net /~rsf1/m33mnlu.htm (216 words)

	No Title
		From that he was able to conclude that the spiral nebulae must be many millions light years away.
		In 1916 Adriaan van Maanen from the Mount Wilson Observatory (near LA) directly observed the rotational motion of the spiral nebula M100.
		That was the final blow to the island-universe hypothesis.
	lcd-www.colorado.edu /astr2010/Lectures/part3/part3_01.html (362 words)

	Gliese 105 / HR 753 ABC
		Star A was found to have a distant, proper motion companion "B" by Adriaan van Maanen (1884-1946) before March 1938 (object Number 3 in Table 2 on page 33).
		A 12-magnitude star "B" was discovered to share the same common proper motion with Star A around 1938 (Adriaan van Maanen, 1938).
		Stars A and B, however, have a wide separation of some 1,200 AUs -- 165" at a HIPPARCOS distance estimate of 23.5 ly (Golimowski et al, 2000, in ps; Heintz and Cantor, 1994; Phillip A.
	www.solstation.com /stars/gl105abc.htm (1238 words)

	ASP: Editorial
		Norriss Hetherington has documented the cases of Adriaan van Maanen's spiral nebula rotation, George Ellery Hale's solar spectra analysis, and Walter Adams's gravitational redshift.
		The disturbing aspect of the van Maanen case, in particular, is how the Mount Wilson establishment suppressed the misgivings of Edwin Hubble and Knut Lundmark.
		In cases I know personally, people have not received credit or have found their ideas appropriated.
	www.astrosociety.org /pubs/mercury/9506/edit.html (581 words)

	Edwin Hubble Bibliography
		Hetherington, Norriss S., “Edwin Hubble on Adriaan van Maanen’s Internal Motions in Spiral Nebulae,” Isis 65, 390-93 (1974).
		Hetherington, Noriss S. & Ronald S. Brashear, “Walter S. Adams and the Imposed Settlement Between Edwin Hubble and Adriaan van Maanen,” JHA 23 Pt.
		Van Den Bergh, Sidney, “Shapley and Hubble: Different Views Brought Galaxies Into Focus” [letter], Physics Today 57, 9, 15 (2004).
	www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Hubble/HubbleRefs.html (1409 words)

	Enciklopedija :: encyclopedia : Seznam astronomov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst (Nizozemska, 1918 - 2000)
		Peter van de Kamp (Nizozemska, ZDA, 1901 - 1995)
		Cornelis Johannes van Houten (Nizozemska 1920 – 2002)
	www.enciklopedija.org /Seznam_astronomov (826 words)

	Wavelengths, Part II
		I find it quite striking just how much was really quite well established long before 1926 and Hubble's first formal publication of the Cepheid discoveries for M33 [see Smith (1982) at pages 27-28 for W.W. Campbell's summation of the evidence that was already available by 1916].
		The most important contrary evidence seems to have been Adriann van Maanen's photographic (rather than spectroscopic) observations of galactic rotation, which could never have been reconciled with the great distances (and so sizes) implied by extra-galactic nebulae [c.f., Harlow Shapley's oft-cited and sorrowful, "I believed in van Maanen's results...
		By any standard, I think that Adriann Van Maanen's internal rotations ought to have been set aside as unsupportable, right from the outset.
	nchalada.org /archive/WaveLng21.html (6075 words)

	The 1920 Shapley-Curtis Discussion: Background, Issues, and Outcome
		Adriaan van Maanen (1884-1946) was responsible for most of the
		Van Maanen's plates and equipment were not at fault.
		Rotational proper motions of spirals as measured by van Maanen.
	www.vivboard.net /doc/n0039.htm (8421 words)

	`Great Debate' Lesson Plan for Undergraduates
		Believes Van Maanen result of spiral nebulae rotation
		(Math involved) Van Maanen claimed to have measured proper motions for objects in M31.
		Given the modern distance to M31, how fast (km/sec) would the M31 objects be moving to have the van Maanen proper motions?
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /debate/1920/cs_lplan.html (6169 words)

	Galaxies and the Universe - Discovery of Galaxies
		An interesting issue in the history of science appears in contrasting these results to the contradictory conclusions reached by Adriaan van Maanen, also working at Mt. Wilson, who reported astrometric detection of rotation for several spirals such as M101 and M33.
		Such detection would require that these objects be quite nearby.
		Remeasurement of the plates has confirmed no such effect, and van Maanen followed all the rules for good practice in eliminating subjective measurement effects.
	www.astr.ua.edu /keel/galaxies/history.html (585 words)

	Lecture 23: Normal Galaxies
		Adriaan Van Maanen presented images of some spiral galaxies where he claimed to have mentioned the rotation rate; spirals would have to be nearby or the rate would exceed the speed of light
		--- Van Maanen had made a mistake in his measurements, no one else could duplicate his results
		To appreciate the difficulty of observing other galaxies, consider trying to observe the Sun in M31, the nearest spiral galaxy:
	ircamera.as.arizona.edu /astr_250/Lectures/Lecture_23.htm (2568 words)

	Mayall N U Nicholas Ulrich 1906 Oral history interview with Nicholas Mayall, 1976 June 3. AIP International Catalog of ...
		Topics include early work on redshifts, preservation of his papers, thoughts on theories of the universe, ground and space based astronomy, his work on Mt. Wilson, his move to Kitt Peak, and public relations of astronomy.
		Also prominently mentioned are: Charles Donald Shane, and Adriaan van Maanen.
		Interview conducted by Norriss S. Hetherington, 3 June 1976.
	www.aip.org /history/catalog/icos/4765.html (326 words)

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