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Topic: Adstratum

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Substratum

Superstratum

Creole language

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	Encyclopedia: Adstratum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Overwhelmingly, Greek myths are adoptions and adaptations of Asiatic myths, merged with their own traditions.
		Adstratum - Result for Adstratum - Meaning of Adstratum - Definition of Adstratum - Dictionary of Meaning -...
		A more accurate example would be the situation in Belgium, where the French language French and Dutch language Dutch languages have roughly the same status, and could justifiably be called adstrates.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Adstratum (503 words)

	Superstratum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is also used to describe an imposed linguistic element, akin to what English underwent after 1066 with Norman French.
		The Neo-Latin and Neo-Greek coinages adoped by European languages (and now, languages worldwide) to describe scientific topics (anatomy, medicine, botany, zoology, all the '-ology' words, etc.) can also be termed a superstratum, although for this last, adstratum could just as easily be used.
		This page was last modified 21:35, 16 August 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Superstratum (153 words)

	Articles - Substratum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For instance, some linguists contend that Japanese consists of a Sinitic superstrate projected onto an Altaic or Austronesian substrate, or alternatively that it consists of a Korean superstrate projected onto an indigenous isolated substrate.
		To be a substrate (and not an adstratum or a superstratum), the influence on the receiving language needs to have been substantial, something considerably more than just some borrowings or the result of a common sprachbund (an adstratum), or not the result of the dominance another language generates (a superstratum).
		When the influence of another language is too remote in the past for its influence on the surviving language to be adequately characterized, 'substrate' is used by default, though the situation might have really been that of an adstratum or even a superstratum.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Substratum (488 words)

	The Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts
		Further, had the Sanskrit-speaking people not been the original inhabitants of this region, we would have got evidence thereof in terms of a substratum language, which we really do not have.
		The presence of a few Dravidian words in the Vedas can be explained by an adstratum and not necessarily by a substratum.
		As explained elsewhere by the present author (in press), the Harappans came in lateral contact with the Southern Neolithic people who, in all probability, were speakers the Dravidian language.
	www.geocities.com /ifihhome/articles/bbl001.html (2921 words)

	Aryan invasion theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Any migration could have occurred much earlier and may not have resulted in any conflict; see Colin Renfrew.
		They also argue that the "substratum" influences from Dravidian and Munda could equally well be adstratum influences through mutual contact without conquest.
		The presence of words describing a temperate climate in Proto-Indo-European — such as a root for "snow" — has also been taken as evidence against the theory of Indian origin for Indo-European; however, this argument is weak, since the Himalayan foothills have a temperate climate.
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/a/ar/aryan_invasion_theory.html (4477 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The term linguistic area refers to a geographical area in which, due to borrowing and language contact, languages of a region come to share certain structural features — not just loanwords, but also shared phonological, morphological, syntactic, and other traits.
		The terms Sprachbund, diffusion area, adstratum relationship, and convergence area are also sometimes used to refer to linguistic areas.
		The central feature of a linguistic area is the existence of structural similarities shared among languages of a geographical area, where usually some of the languages are genetically unrelated or at least are not all close relatives.
	www.linguistics.utah.edu /Faculty/campbell/CampbellArealLingEnc.doc (3199 words)

	the French vs. the Franks (page 12) \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Regarding neologisms Spanish also seems to go apart: Ventana (same as "Window" is the place thorugh which the "vent" (wind) blows, "tenedor" (fork) is the "instrument you hold" (tener: to hold), whilst the other Latin all share a common etym.
		Spanish "azúl" is closer to Italian,whilst Catalan and Occitan "blau" are closer to French "bleu", English "blue" and German "blau"!; since the Germanic adstratum is stronger than in Spanish.
		As you can see it's all very fascinating and the fact is if you speak two or three Latin languages you can understand more than 90% of what is written in the other "western" continuum languages.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/6655-12.htm (4096 words)

	Etymology of Greek Word Muia??
		My reasoning was faulty, since I was arguing that this sort of word was
		unlikely to be borrowed from adstratum or superstratum, but there it is in
		Ah, I thought you were referring to the phonetic shape (why
	www.groupsrv.com /science/about86785-0-asc-105.html (1753 words)

	History of the English Language Course Objectives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The various kinds of contact between people that result in language contact; various possible outcomes of language contact, depending on the nature of the relationships between peoples in contact (degree of intensity of contact).
		Review notions: superstratum - substratum - adstratum relationships; keep track of examples of these from the course material (Latin and Celtic in Britain; English and Celtic in Britain; English and other languages in the British and American spheres of influence)
		With the passage of time, speakers of English and of Norse (the language brought by the Vikings) mixed, and their languages entered into an adstratum relationship.
	cla.calpoly.edu /~jrubba/395/395.obj.html (5063 words)

	Synopsis of a Boruca terminal speaker
		While the consequences on the left can appear under both even and uneven power relations, those on the right are not likely to occur under even power relations; thus linguistic change, as a consequence of high-intensity contact can occur regardless of the evenness of the relations of power (cf.
		the so called superstratum, adstratum and substratum motivated changes) but language shift cannot; similarly, pidgins and creoles rarely if ever emerge out of even, friendly relations among two groups (cf.
		Muysken and Smith 1995a: 4; Arends 1995 provides a brief historical background of pidgins and creoles) -in such cases, one speaks of trade jargons (Hock 1991: 522).
	www.vjf.cnrs.fr /celia/FichExt/Am/A_25_04.htm (5500 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It was pointed out that linguistic groups do not equal ethnic or cultural entities and that while evidence of linguistic borrowing seems to indicate some kind of contact between different populations, that persistence of such morphological shifts over time tells us little about the ethnicity, beliefs, or culture of the groups using the language.
		Edwin Bryant suggested the useful term "adstratum" to replace the predominant discussions of "super" and "substrata" in attempts to account for borrowings of Dravidian terms into Vedic and later Sanskrit.
		In any case, Edwin's suggestion of "adstratum" to describe side by side interactions was received well by the audience, adding to the consensus of complex multilingual and multiethnic social interactions from the earliest periods.
	home.sandiego.edu /~lnelson/risa/digests/9611r1-1.txt (6431 words)

	THE INTEGRITY OF MAMBILOID
		Nevertheless, there is evidence of a number of strata or layers in the common or general Mambiloid lexicon which indicate a number of different influences.
		The existence of these strata is suggestive of two sources of lexical change/diversity within Mambiloid, substratum and adstratum influences.
		A set of glosses indicative of these strata are shown in Table 2.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /dz/connell/Integ/Integrity.html (4897 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The mixed KS-type system is ancient (both Transitive na and 3Sg VO object suffix -a are reconstructible).
		Western Songhay must have to all SVO due to the influence of Tuareg and other adstrata, while TSK shifted to all SOV under the influence of a Dogon adstratum.
		DjCh unusually shows no extraction; focalized and relativized NPs remain in situ.
	www.ohiou.edu /alta/heath.htm (486 words)

	Proto Germanic / Germanic Languages Similarities (page 12) \| Antimoon Forum
		The Jutes, another early English people, also came from Jutland in Denmark.
		So there could have been an adstratum of some North Germanic in English early on.
		The word "first" in English, though, is actually a Norse intruder along with words like and "jump", "kill" and "sky" and that's why they look like the Scandinavian rather than the Dutch or German equivalents.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/6597-12.htm (1237 words)

	LINGUIST List 11.286: Dixon: The rise and fall of languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But the Indo-European languages have been in contact situations all along, with each other and with other families such as Uralic and Basque.
		Arguments have been made for substrate or adstratum influence in many of the Indo-European splits: a Dravidian substrate for Indic, Uralic substrates for East Slavic, and a Gaulish substrate and Frankish adstratum influence for French.
		It is more useful to see the punctuation-equilibrium contrast as a continuum rather than a dichotomy, with extreme equilibrium represented by the Australian languages and extreme punctuation represented by a case like Polynesian, where there were no other languages for the expanding population to come into contact with.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/11/11-286.html (1171 words)

	3.4. EXCHANGES WITH OTHER LANGUAGE FAMILIES
		The observation had been made earlier by Western scholars: the convergence of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian (as well as Munda and to an extent Burushaski) in lexical and grammatical features need not be due to a Dravidian substratum, for which there are in fact no compelling indications.
		At any rate, there has been so much interaction of Indo-Aryan with Dravidian, including exchange of people and goods, that a Dravidian contribution (as a neighbourly or adstratum influence) is perfectly normal even without any substratum effect.
		This contribution remains in any case much smaller than the well-known Indo-Aryan influence on the Dravidian languages, which no one tries to explain as a substratum effect.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/ait/ch34.htm (6342 words)

	LINGUIST List 16.1377: Language Description, Kinubi: Luffin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		(various languages of Southern Sudan) and the adstratum (Swahili and
		Concerning the originality, the Kinubi of Mombasa has various phonological
		The adstratum has a major influence on the language today.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/16/16-1377.html (607 words)

	The Jewish-Palestinian Encounter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Middle East yes, as Arabic ate up Aramaic, another Semitic one.
		But Arabic imposed itself n North-Africa, eating up Latin there, on Egypt, eating up Copt, on Spanish and Italian (Latin), etc. I just imagine it had a more fertile ground where the substratum and adstratum were Aramaic, but it was dynamic enough to finish off languages of several origins.
		So maybe if the Berbers had a Semitic language, they would have adopted it.
	www.salam-shalom.net /salam-shalom/arcmar22b.htm (7477 words)

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