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Topic: Advanced gas cooled reactor

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Nuclear reactor - Open Encyclopedia A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate (as opposed to a nuclear explosion, where the chain reaction occurs in a split second). The fraction of the reactor's fuel core replaced during refueling is typically one-fourth for a boiling-water reactor and one-third for a pressurized-water reactor. Additional reactors were used in the navy (United States Naval reactor) In the mid-1950s, both the Soviet Union and western countries were expanding their nuclear research to include non-military uses of the atom. open-encyclopedia.com /Nuclear_reactor   (3893 words)

Gas Gas chamber A gas chamber is a means of execution whereby a carbon monoxide, are the typical agents. Gas welding In gas welding, the heat energy and high temperature needed to melt the metal is obtained by the combustion... Gas bladder The gas bladder (less accurately swim bladder or air bladder) is an internal organ that contributes to the... www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/gas.html   (1473 words)

Nuclear power plant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fast reactors have the advantages that their fuel cycle can use all of the uranium in natural uranium, and also transmute the longer-lived radioisotopes in their waste to faster-decaying materials. Although some of the earliest nuclear power reactors were fast reactors, they have not as a class achieved the success of thermal reactors. The Shippingport Reactor (Pennsylvania) was the first commercial nuclear generator to become operational in the United States - the construction cost was $72.5 million. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_plant   (1086 words)

Nuclear Energy The Advanced Gas-Cooled reactor uses high-pressurised coolant gas to transfer heat from the core to the secondary coolant pipes. The main difference between the Advanced Gas Cooled reactor and the Pressurised Water Reactor is that the water in the Pressurised Water Reactor is also the moderator. Also the reactor has the option is the reactor is going critical to flood the reactor with nitrogen gas or water to absorb the spare electrons and shut the reactor down. www.lancs.ac.uk /ug/bowlesd/reactors.html   (242 words)

Nat' Academies Press, The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs (2004) The second is an advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) coupled to a direct supercritical CO power cycle. One reactor is the gas turbine modular high-temperature reactor (GT-MHR) (LaBar, 2002). Can be coupled to reactors operating at intermediate temperatures www.nap.edu /openbook/0309091632/html/211.html   (719 words)

Westinghouse Achieves Manufacturing Milestone at Springfields The first AGR element was made at Springfields in 1960 and was produced for the experimental AGR reactor at Windscale on the Sellafield site. In all, 14 commercial AGR reactors have been built and operated in the UK since 1976 and all of the fuel for these has been manufactured at Springfields. Fuel production for the commercial AGR reactor program started in 1969 and the first fuel was fed into the reactor at Hunterston B, in Scotland, in 1976. www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/07-25-2003/0001989369&EDATE=   (420 words)

New Reactor Designs Cooling in a reactor refers to the process and medium by which heat is transferred from the reactor core to the steam supply cycle of the nuclear power plant. Reactor vendors who put forward new designs anticipate that their designs will meet commercial market needs including design safety and affordable, competitive construction costs while maintaining the usually low operating costs of today’s commercial nuclear reactors. Because each of these reactors is fully licensed and meets national safety standards, a potential builder might choose to replicate any of these designs for future construction. www.eia.doe.gov /cneaf/nuclear/page/analysis/nucenviss2.html   (6017 words)

Gas Cooled Reactor The newer Advanced Gas Cooled (AGR) Reactors use a slightly enriched uranium dioxide clad with stainless steel. In the Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR), the moderator is graphite. In the United States, a commercial High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor produced by General Atomic was operated by Public Service of Colorado at Ft. St. classroom.psu.ac.th /users/ssmarn/pplant/Nuclear/NPP6.htm   (366 words)

Summary report of Periodic Safety Reviews The principal design features of the Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor are a pre-stressed concrete pressure vessel, enriched uranium fuel in a ceramic form which is contained within stainless steel clad pins in a graphite core, all cooled by high pressure carbon dioxide gas. The Advanced Gas-Cooled design reactors (AGRs) are unique to the UK and are based on an extension of the earlier Magnox reactor design. Similar reviews on the other AGR stations are in progress to an agreed programme with completion of the Dungeness B review due in early 1998. www.hse.gov.uk /nuclear/psr.htm   (904 words)

Windscale These gas cooled reactors were operated by the British government at the time. Then they tried to pump in carbon dioxide gas to try and smother the flames, but the heat was such that oxygen was produced from the gas and thus fed the flames higher. A canister of lithium and magnesium, also in the reactor to create tritium for a British H bomb, was probably the first can to burst and ignite in the soaring temperatures. dspace.dial.pipex.com /prod/dialspace/town/pipexdsl/d/adhb32/educ/windscal.html   (2195 words)

1.3: Windscale AGR However, the fuel cladding in this reactor is not constructed of Magnox, but of stainless steel, and the fuel is not metallic, but ceramic uranium oxide, enriched to just above two percent.[31] This reactor type is also graphite-modified and cooled with carbon dioxide. While the Windscale AGR was shut down in April 1981, the remaining 14 reactors remain operative, and produce a great deal of the United Kingdom’s total electricity supply. Windscale AGR was a further development of the Magnox reactors. www.bellona.no /en/energy/nuclear/sellafield/wp_5-2001/21675.html   (387 words)

nuclear reactor Heat is removed from the reactor by a coolant of liquid sodium. There are various types of reactor in use, all using nuclear fission. The safest system allows for the emergency cooling of a reactor by automatically flooding an overheated core with water. www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0026314.html   (589 words)

Westinghouse Electric Company Products & Services The Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) is unique to the UK and is the second type of nuclear reactor to be run in theUK. The method we use to separate them is the 'gas centrifuge process' which involves spinning the uranium as a gas (uranium hexafluoride) in a 'centrifuge'. Enriched fuel can reach much higher temperatures in a reactor and is more efficient in generating electricity. www.westinghousenuclear.com /C1a7.asp   (440 words)

Advanced Nuclear Power April 2003 Advanced gas reactors will take 10 years to develop too, but the payoff is much bigger. The good news is advanced reactors can do both – produce large volumes of hydrogen at low cost and do it without emitting any greenhouse gas or other air pollution (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide or mercury). Later advanced reactors which operate at 850-950¼C (1,562-1,742¼F), compared to today’s light water reactor operating at 315¼C (599¼F), are hot enough to split water into hydrogen and oxygen in a process called thermo-chemical splitting. www.framatech.com /envision/industry_insights_02.htm   (916 words)

Reactor types The AGR (Advanced Gas cooled Reactor) is a development from MAGNOX: the cladding is not Magnox and the fuel is slightly enriched. The newest gas cooled reactor type is the HTGR (High Temperature Gas cooled Reactor), which is cooled by helium and moderated by graphite. The gas-graphite reactors operate using graphite as moderator and some gas (mostly CO2, lately helium) as coolant. www.npp.hu /mukodes/tipusok/gr-e.htm   (167 words)

BNES YGN: Schools » Glossary The reactor will be helium cooled and graphite moderated with fuel consisting of enriched uranium in coated particles embedded in graphite spheres. After shutdown of a nuclear reactor the decay heat must be removed to prevent damage to the core. A nuclear reactor fuelled with uranium dioxide pellets in steel cladding. www.bnes.com /ygn/schools/glossary.html   (480 words)

High-temperature gas-cooled reactor (from nuclear reactor) --  Encyclopædia Britannica Types of reactors > Power reactors > High-temperature gas-cooled reactor Natural gas is a mixture of flammable gases, mainly the hydrocarbons methane and ethane, that occurs beneath the surface of the Earth. There are two competitive designs of this reactor type: (1) a German system that uses spherical fuel elements of tennis-ball size loaded into a graphite silo and (2) an American version in which the fuel is loaded into precisely located graphite hexagonal prisms. www.britannica.com /eb/article-45779   (830 words)

themen.txt The fluidised bed thermal nuclear reactor investigated in this paper is an innovative reactor design in which 1 mm diameter TRISO-coated fuel particles are fluidised by helium gas coolant in a 2,5 m diameter and 6 m high cylindrical bed. The main difficulty in modelling such a reactor is that its reactivity is a sensitive function of the fuel particle distribution inside the inner fluidised bed reactor cavity. Application of the reactor would permit the continued growth of plutonium to cease and the stocks of depleted uranium already mined would sustain a large fleet of such reactors indefinitely. www.kernenergie.de /atw/en/topics/2003/10/themen.txt   (1640 words)

NEI Science Club: 4 Your Class Project Liquid metal-cooled reactor (also known as a fast breeder or breeder reactor because it generates new fuel as it operates) Both designs are members of the family of light water reactors—plant designs that use ordinary water as a coolant (the substance circulated through the reactor to carry the heat away) and as a moderator (to increase the likelihood of fission by slowing down the speed of neutrons in the reactor). U.S. nuclear power plants are based on two designs: the pressurized water reactor (PWR) and the boiling water reactor (BWR). www.nei.org /scienceclub/4yourclassproject/4ycp_nppdesigns.html   (229 words)

Shaw Moisture Meters - A Guide to Typical Applications The Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (ARG) uses carbon dioxide gas to transfer heat from the nuclear fission core to the water boiler for steam generation. The gas is then dried to prevent damage to the compressors, and used to carbonate the beer after fermentation. The excess gas is usually sold as an extra 'cash crop'. www.shawmeters.com /co2.html   (131 words)

Welcome to Project WAGR Core1 - Graphic showing the top of the core and the Remote Dismantling Machine at Windscale's Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor This phase of Project WAGR follows hard on the heels of the removal of the 90-tonne neutron shield which, during reactor operation, absorbed the radiation and helped to shield workers. WAGR is one of four separate reactor decommissioning projects in progress across Europe, linked through the EC Nuclear Fission Programme. www.ukaea.org.uk /wagr/mar03.htm   (485 words)

Reactor types Greenpeace International The older Magnox-type reactors are vulnerable to loss of coolant accidents whereas the Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) has a design flaw which could lead to water intrusion into the core, followed by a violent reaction of steam and the graphite used as moderator. Gas-cooled reactors use carbon dioxide or helium as a coolant, and either natural or enriched uranium as fuel. Worldwide, the most common nuclear power stations are light-water reactors, which use low enriched uranium as fuel and water as coolant. www.greenpeace.org /international/campaigns/nuclear/nuclear-power/reactor-types   (274 words)

Nuclear Engineering Internship - University Programs - INEEL The fast reactor, which can generate electricity and breed additional fissile material for future fuel stocks, is a resource that will be needed when economic uranium supplies for the advanced light water reactors or other thermal-spectrum options diminish. The concept is simple: gas with particles is captured in an accumulation tank in which a condensable vapor (in our case, water) is injected so that a slightly supersaturated atmosphere exists. The NGNP neutronics methods team is engaged in the development of codes and methods for high temperature reactor physics analysis, with a particular emphasis on pebble bed reactors. education.inel.gov /university/ne-positions.asp   (2517 words)

BNFL.com - Corporate Responsibility Report 2004 New generation of Advanced Pressurised Water Reactors (PWR) designed by Westinghouse. A new type of reactor currently being developed by a group of companies led by the South African utility company Eskom and involving BNFL. Pressurised Water Reactor – common type of nuclear reactor used throughout the world. www.bnfl.com /CSR2005/glossary.htm   (384 words)

Magnox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia These were carbon dioxide cooled graphite reactors with natural uranium metal fuel, very similar in design and purpose to the British Magnox reactors except that the fuel cladding was magnesium-zirconium alloy. The Magnox reactors have a considerable degree of inherent safety because of their sturdy design, low power density, and gas coolant. As the coolant is already a gas, explosive pressure buildup from boiling is not a risk, as happened in the catastrophic steam explosion at the Chernobyl accident. www.vacilando.org /_cliextra/baghdadmuseumorg/includepage.php?title=Magnox&action=edit   (1477 words)

UKAEA Annual Review 2001/02 The dismantling of the Windscale Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (WAGR) is a demonstration project which is proving that decommissioning of power reactors can be carried out safely and according to plan. A series of successful campaigns have enabled engineers to begin removing the reactor core and associated structures, a process expected to be complete by 2007. Pile Two is being prepared for a period of long term care and maintenance, but options for decommissioning the Pile One reactor – damaged by fire in 1957 – are still being evaluated. www.ukaea.org.uk /about/ar_2002/document/windscale.htm   (240 words)

Power Technology - Sellafield Windscale's Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (WAGR) - Nuclear Reactor Decommissioning When it became operational in 1962, Windscale's Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (WAGR) was the prototype of a family of new nuclear reactors. This is one of the reactors built in the 1950's and 1960's which require safe decommissioning. As the European demonstration project for nuclear reactor decommissioning in the UK, Project WAGR aims to show that a full-size reactor can be dismantled safely and cost effectively, with minimum risk to the environment. www.power-technology.com /projects/sellafield   (634 words)

AGR This allows the size of the reactor core to be the smaller than that of the Magnox reactor, but necessitates the use of 2-3% enriched uranium fuel. Carbondioxide gas is heated by passing over the fuel in the core. Because of the high temperatures, the AGR stations are of the single-pressure type. www.nuke.hun.edu.tr /~lo/agr.html   (208 words)

Nuclear Reactors Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor (created in the UK) Water or gas is used as a coolant to transport the heat into a boiler. The rods can be used for about 4 years, they then have too great a build up of spent-fuel and must be re-processed. users.aber.ac.uk /sit3/react.htm   (136 words)

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