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	Roots
		Root hairs extend the absorptive surface of roots that is in contact with moist soil several thousand-fold.
		Root hairs are short-lived, single-celled extensions of the epidermal cells near the growing root tip.
		Roots generally grow away from the light, and light inhibits root growth in corn, wheat, peas, and rice.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/landau/roots.htm (1093 words)

	Root Development of Vegetable Crops: Chapter XXV
		They produce roots more nearly uniform in size and shape and are free from some of the sweet-potato diseases that are carried from the seed bed to the field on the slips.
		Many of the roots that extended downward from the root cutting were dry in the hard, fissured soil layer which occurred at a depth of 21 inches.
		On the main roots, in addition to a few short rootlets, to a depth of 2.5 feet, there were one or two roots per inch that extended almost horizontally 6 to 8 inches and then ran downward to about 3 feet.
	www.soilandhealth.org /01aglibrary/010137veg.roots/010137ch25.html (3804 words)

	Locating Ponds by Trees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Stem girdling roots are roots that because of their location, end up getting in the way of the growth of the tree’s trunk or roots.
		In the case of the adventitious roots, roots that are often running along side of the trunk of the tree, the tree trunk ends up strangled.
		These roots end up strangling the tree when the tree’s trunk gets bigger and the adventitious roots are in the way of the trunk.
	www.mnwgs.org /articles/BldPonds.htm (986 words)

	Types of Roots
		Roots are the principal water-absorbing organs of a plant.
		Adventitious roots are the ones that form from shoot tissues, not from another (parent) root.
		Aerial roots: roots that are formed in and exposed to air, e.g., by epiphytes and hemiepiphytes; in some species, aerial roots grow downward from the tropical tree canopy toward the ground as extremely long, unbranched roots.
	www.botgard.ucla.edu /html/botanytextbooks/generalbotany/typesofroots (1286 words)

	Roots
		Roots are equally important in plant growth as leaves and stems because they provide the chlorenchyma cells of stems and leaves with a steady supply of water and dissolved minerals.
		In a lot of plants, adventitious roots are a primary means of vegetative reproduction; prairie grasses and forests of aspen are often a single clone spread by adventitious roots.
		Root hairs increase the absorptive surface area of the root several thousandfold and are usually less than a millimeter long.
	www2.mcdaniel.edu /Biology/botanyweb/becky/Roots.html (1273 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Adventitious
		The tap root systems of most dicots and gymnosperms develop from the primary root but even they often develop some adventitious roots when the old roots or lower stem is wounded.
		Adventitious roots and buds usually develop near the existing vascular tissues so they can connect to the xylem and phloem.
		Adventitious roots and buds are very important when people propagate plants via cuttings, layering, tissue culture.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Adventitious (941 words)

	Full Text - Root induction in radiata pine using Agrobacterium rhizogenes
		Root induction using Agrobacterium rhizogenes was conducted in hypocotyl explants, intact seedlings, de-rooted seedling cuttings and adventitious shoots of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.
		Moreover, both the rooting percentage and mean root number in the treatments with the bacterium could be enhanced by the supplement with IBA in the medium (Table 1).
		Adventitious roots frequently formed from the infection site (Figure 1A left seedling), but roots appearing from above and below the infection site were also observed in some inoculated seedlings (Figure 1A the second seedling).
	www.ejbiotechnology.info /content/vol6/issue3/full/9/index.html (2793 words)

	Roots
		Roots are equally important in plant growth as leaves and stems because they provide the chlorenchyma cells of stems and leaves with a steady supply of water and dissolved minerals.
		In a lot of plants, adventitious roots are a primary means of vegetative reproduction; prairie grasses and forests of aspen are often a single clone spread by adventitious roots.
		Root hairs increase the absorptive surface area of the root several thousandfold and are usually less than a millimeter long.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/PlantsStructure/Roots/Roots.htm (1295 words)

	Roots
		Roots form a passage way for water and dissolved substances from the root into the stem and also for foods from the stem down into the root.
		The outer cells of the root cap are continuously being worn away and new cells are added to the inner portion.
		The epidermis is the outer layer of the cells of the young root.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /sci_ed/grade10/anatomy/roots.htm (1027 words)

	roots
		Roots may be of two types which differ both morphologically and anatomically (Lierau, 1888; Porsch, 1911), either for anchoring the plant to the substrate or for feeding (Tieghem, 1867; Went, 1893).
		In contrast to the anchoring roots the feeder roots (Fig.
		Fresh root coloration (ranging from whitish to green to brownish), length, diameter and texture (smooth, coarse or even warty) as well as the dried color and degree to which they are fissured or folded are all features which may be recorded.
	www.aroid.org /genera/Philodendron/roots.htm (634 words)

	Plant Roots
		Root Tip: the end 1 cm of a root contains young tissues that are divided into the root cap, quiescent center, and the subapical region.
		The root cap cells are derived from the rootcap meristem that pushes cells forward into the cap region.
		Epidermis: the epidermis is derived from the protoderm and surrounds the young root one cell layer thick.
	facweb.furman.edu /~lthompson/bgy34/plantanatomy/plant_root.htm (929 words)

	LABROOT
		Adventitious roots are produced from a variety of tissues in organs other than roots (i.e., stems or leaves).
		Prop roots on corn stems are another example of adventitious roots produced by nodal tissue of a stem.
		Roots of a dicot are characterized by a central vascular cylinder or stele, containing the xylem, phloem, and pericycle.
	lifesciences.asu.edu /plb306/LABROOT.html (1582 words)

	Plant Roots, Too, Know How to "Seize the Moment" / March 30, 2004 / News from the USDA Agricultural Research Service
		Adventitious roots grow from a different cell layer than the regular, lateral roots, so a plant that has used up the tissue available to grow regular roots can still grow adventitious roots.
		These roots can sprout on larger roots whose lateral roots have long since died back, enabling the plant to access water and nutrients that have recently become available in those sections of the soil that would otherwise be out of reach.
		This information could also help scientists introduce adventitious roots to a crop like cotton that apparently is one of the few plants that doesn't have them, as a more efficient way for the crop to grow new roots when rain comes after a dry spell.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/pr/2004/040330.htm (400 words)

	Botany online: Features of Flowering Plants - Roots
		Roots, the lower, underground part of a plant are characterized by their lack of leaves.
		Adventitious roots are roots originating directly from the stem.
		Among the prominent types of roots are the tap roots where the primary root is dominant while the side-roots are hardly developed at all.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e02/02b.htm (356 words)

	The formation of adventitious roots on root axes is a widespread occurrence in field-grown dicotyledonous plants -- ...
		The branch root is judged to have formed in the pericycle of the parental root because the insertion of the branch axis penetrates the woody cylinder of the parental axis.
		Trace to adventitious root in transverse section of chichory attached opposite ray in the secondary xylem of the parental axis.
		The latter trace served a defunct root, and the destruction of the trace was not being compensated for by the addition of new xylary elements.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/89/9/1361 (6922 words)

	Deep Roots of Landscape Trees—Alteration of Root Architecture in Field-grown Liners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Since the root system has already been established for a year before cutting back, the new growth is rapid and the stem can be trained into a single straight trunk in one year.
		Roots are regenerated from the cut end of the primary root.
		The roots regenerated from the cut primary root are adventitious roots, induced by pruning.
	www.mortonarb.org /research/roots/nursery_liner.html (565 words)

	Structure of Roots
		Root tissues are produced by cell division in the root apex and cell expansion in subapical regions.
		Roots of this plant are sparsely colonised by VAM fungi (10% of root length).
		Roots that arise from the seminal root or adventitious roots.
	www.ffp.csiro.au /research/mycorrhiza/root.html (4137 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: THE FORMATION OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS ON ROOT AXES IS A WIDESPREAD OCCURRENCE IN FIELD-GROWN ...
		It was determined that adventitious rooting was the predominant form of rooting once the parent roots began to mature, and that this development can be extremely fast (within 3-4 hours of a rainfall event).
		Anatomical features diagnostic for the recognition of adventitious roots were applied to confirm the occurrence of adventitious roots on roots of 22 species from 12 families in nine orders of dicotyledonous plants.
		Adventitious roots may play an important role in replenishing fine roots as part of root turnover in the soil.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=132442 (283 words)

	Vegetative Terminology (Part 1)
		Note: The sweet potato storage root is not a modified stem as in the potato tuber; however, it is often referred to as a tuberous root.
		Aerial roots of the strangler fig (Ficus citrifolia) wrapped around the trunk and limbs of a swamp tree called "wing-nut" (Pterocarpus officinalis) on the island of Dominica.
		Unlike positively geotrophic roots, the pneumatphores (called "aerial roots") are negatively geotrophic and grow upward out of the mud and away from gravity.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /ecoph30.htm (1552 words)

	Welch, Jaime, Beth Doris, James L. Seago, and Leland C. Marsh. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)*
		Old stalks and their connected rhizomes with active buds were harvested from a freshwater marsh during winter and trimmed by removing old roots and portions of rhizomes and by cutting off most of the old sterile stalks; the specimens were cleaned and washed free of debris.
		These pieces of short rhizome segments, old sterile stalks, and attached buds were allowed to grow in nutrient solution until their buds and new adventitious roots had grown for 7 or 10 days.
		Adventitious roots exposed to high salt concentrations immediately ceased elongation, but lateral root primordia continued to emerge for 1-2 days; no new adventitious roots emerged from plants in the highest salt concentrations.
	www.botany2002.org /section2/abstracts/21.shtml (246 words)

	RHIZOPON - 61. The development of the adventitious root system of black spruce (picea mariana (mill) b.s.p.) seedlings ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The aim of this work is to study the evolution of the root system of natural fl spruce seedlings during their first ten years of life.
		The percentage of seedling having developed at least one adventitious root increases gradually with the depth of stem buried.
		The formation of an adventitious root system seems to be an opportunistic adaptation of the species to its environment in order to allow it to keep its root system close to the surface of the ground.
	www.rhizopon.nl /rootformation/edit.61.Thedevelopmentoftheadventitiousrootsystemofblacksprucepiceamarianamillb.s.p.seedlingsafterforestfires.shtml (315 words)

	RHIZOPON - 9. Improved adventitious root formation of nitrogen-rich chrysanthemum cuttings is associated with increased ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The number and length of adventitious roots subsequently formed by unstored and stored cuttings was positively correlated with initial total nitrogen concentrations, and to a lesser extent with initial nitrate concentrations in whole cuttings.
		Whereas rooting was not limited by pre-rooting concentrations of carbohydrates in the different cutting parts, the enhanced rooting capability with increased nitrogen concentrations, a stronger nitrogen response of ‘Cassa’, and higher rooting at a particular harvest date, were associated with higher sucrose:starch ratios in leaves at harvest.
		By using this characteristic in a linear regression model, total variability of root numbers, ranging from 3—35 per cutting, could be predicted to 57% for the unstored and to 40% for all cuttings.
	www.rhizopon.com /rootformation/edit.9.Improvedadventitiousrootformationofnitrogen-richchrysanthemumcuttingsisassociatedwithincreasedpartitioningofcarbohydratestowardsassimilateexport.shtml (322 words)

	roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Roots are the first organs to emerge from the seed.
		D. The roots of epiphytes are exposed directly to the atmosphere and have special adaptations to accommodate the consequent environmental insults that accrue from this.
		Its stem produces strong adventitious roots which encircle tree trunks, and allow the vine to grow to the top of the canopy where it can intercept maximal levels of light for photosynthesis.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/webb/BOT410/410Labs/LabsHTML-99/Roots/LABROT99.html (2194 words)

	Roots
		Root hairs are found in the region of early maturation in the epidermis.
		As the epidermal cells mature, the root hairs atrophy, and are replaced by newer cells with root hairs in the early stages of maturation.
		Contractile roots are roots which help to pull stem tissue into the soil to provide additional support and anchoring of the plant, and provide more stable temperature conditions in the soil for the dormant period.
	scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu /rkr/Botany110/lectures/Roots.html (1204 words)

	Wetlands_US Army Corps of Engineers_Wetlands Delineation Manual
		Sometimes referred to as "water roots," Adventitious roots occur on plant stems in positions where roots normally are not found.
		For example, aerial roots on woody vines are not normally produced as a response to inundation or soil saturation.
		Thus, species having the ability to concentrate malate instead of ethanol in the root system under anaerobic soil conditions are adapted for life in such conditions, while species that concentrate ethanol are poorly adapted for life in anaerobic soil conditions.
	www.wetlands.com /coe/87manapc.htm (1565 words)

	ICOM II Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The rooted cuttings were inoculated during potting, with fresh mycorrhizal inoculum comprising fresh mycorrhizal roots and soils from A.
		After 6 months growth at tropical conditions, cuttings inoculated with the mycorrhizal inoculum, were found to have 78% of their root tips infected, while none of the control cuttings were found to be infected or contaminated.
		It is envisaged that, ectomycorrhizae formed between edible mushroom cultures and rooted cuttings obtained from old tree truncheons, might achieve fruiting of the mushrooms in much shorter periods, compared to seedlings.
	www-icom2.slu.se /ABSTRACTS/Magingo.html (259 words)

	Mycorrhizal Citations
		Concentrations of proteins and amino acids in cuttings at the beginning of the experiment were positively correlated with adventitious rooting, while concentrations of reducing sugars and nonreducing sugars were not correlated with rooting.
		These results suggests that nitrogen-containing compounds play an important role in adventitious rooting, and that changes in amino acids associated with AMF inoculation were potentially different than those that occurred when cuttings were treated with rooting hormone alone.
		Carbohydrate concentrations in cuttings were not strongly related to initiation of adventitious roots, but reducing sugar may play a role in regulating part of the response of cuttings to AMF.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/latest04/04_10scage1.htm (305 words)

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