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Topic: Aegean Sea (oil spill)

	Untitled Document
		Predominantly, an oil spill is related to the spills caused due to accidents involving tankers, causing a serious impact on coastal activities and on those who exploit the resources of the sea.
		Oil spills, whether or not they are petroleum-based, pose an immediate threat to the environment and require quick and thorough responses.
		Oil spills cleanup techniques depend largely on the type of oil, the conditions present at the location and during the time of the spill.
	www.temple.edu /environment/review_oil_spills.htm (2433 words)

	The Mariner Group -- Oil Spill History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Some 6 1/2 miles of oil containment booms were positioned in the river and at the entrance to several creeks, and an estimated 80,000 gallons of spilled oil were recovered in 24-hour-a-day operations since the leak occurred.
		The cause of the spill is the USS Mississinewa, a 553-foot Navy oiler sunk in 1944 by a one-man Japanese suicide submarine.
		The spill was caused by a leak in a Kuwaiti tanker carrying 160,000 tonnes of crude, after it collided with a dredger further south on December 14.
	www.marinergroup.com /oil-spill-history.htm (8323 words)

	Oil Spill K-12 Experiments for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		An oil spill is the intentional or unintentional release of oil (generally, petroleum) into the natural environment as a result of human activity.
		Oil is also released into the environment from natural geologic seeps on the seafloor, as along the California coastline.
		Oil from the Exxon Valdez and Gulf War oil spills, while weathering over time, have persisted along the shoreline for years after the spill.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/environment/oilspill.html (1024 words)

	Aegean Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The sea was traditionally known as the Archipelago (Greek: Î‘ÏÑÎ¹ÏÎÎ»Î±Î³Î¿Ï), the general sense of which has since changed to refer to the Aegean Islands and, generally, to any island group because the Aegean Sea is remarkable for its large number of islands.
		The Aegean Sea was later invaded by Persians and the Romans, and inhabited by the Byzantine Empire, the Venetians, the Seljuk Turks, and the Ottoman Empire.
		The Aegean Islands are found within its waters, with the following islands delimiting the sea on the south (generally from west to east): Kythera, Antikythera, Crete, Karpathos, and Rhodes.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Aegean_Sea (527 words)

	Oil Spills
		An example is the IXTOC I oil well blowout in the Bay of Campeche, Mexico, June 1979 to March 1980, which released 476,000 tonnes of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico.
		Oil spills from oil tankers operating at sea world-wide account for only 7.7% of oil in the ocean, yet large spills attract far more attention than other much larger sources of oil pollution.
		Simply, the effects of oil on marine life, are caused by either the physical nature of the oil (physical contamination and smothering) or by its chemical components (toxic effects and accumulation leading to tainting).
	oceanworld.tamu.edu /resources/oceanography-book/oilspills.htm (1076 words)

	Aegean Sea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Aegean Sea (Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος, Aeyéo Pélagos; Turkish: Ege Denizi) is a sea arm of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively.
		In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus.
		The Aegean Sea was later invaded by Persians and the Romans, and inhabited by the Byzantine Empire, the Venetians, the Seljuk Turks, and the Ottoman Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aegean_Sea (536 words)

	Background - Oil Pollution
		Sea transport of oil is on a steady increase, and oil spill accidents still happen despite the increased security regulations demanding oil carriers to have double walls.
		Minor spills may cause local damage, where the extension of the damage is decided by factors such as type of oil, time of year, weather conditions, local vegetation and the alert stage of the emergency measures.
		In the early stages of an oil spill, large numbers of sea birds and mammals may be killed by coming in contact with the freshly spilled oil.
	www.gogis.dk /oil/back.htm (985 words)

	oil news archive 1-4 at abelards news and comment
		Despite the patch, oil is still leaking at the same overall rate as previously (125 tonnes/day) through the remaining 14 cracks.
		The oil, broken up by wind and waves, is being tricky to collect from the sea, although the French method using two trawlers and a special net is having results.
		Fuel oil from that spill, of only about 10,000 metric tonnes, is still being found on beaches on the north-west of France.
	www.abelard.org /news/archive-oil1-4.htm (3154 words)

	IDS: Oil spill creates hazard (World, 11/20/2002) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The spill caused friction between Portugal and Spain over which government would be responsible for the clean-up, but prevailing winds put Spain's coast at a greater risk for damage from the spill.
		Salvage company workers said the oil containers seemed to hold as the ship sank, and there was a chance they would remain intact as they settled on the sea floor, 11,800 feet down.
		Sea birds floated helpless in the flened waves and fish washed ashore.
	www.idsnews.com /news/print.php?id=13301 (808 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Oil spill contaminates Spanish coast
		A weather front moving threatened to spread the spill even farther south, and Spanish authorities reported new slicks as high winds shifted directions and moved the oil around.
		The remaining 20.5 mm gallons of toxic fuel oil -- nearly twice the load of crude oil lost by the tanker Exxon Valdez off the coast of Alaska in 1989 -- is sunken nearly 12,000 feet on the ocean floor.
		If the tanker doesn't leak on the ocean floor, the spill will be less damaging to the environment than the Valdez, which was considered the fourth-worst tanker oil spill.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/nte25068.htm (806 words)

	Ocean-Going News 2003 Prestige Oil Spill
		The sinking of the oil tanker Prestige has again highlighted the risks that are taken with the marine environment and the potentially disastrous effects that may occur should the environment, and those communities reliant upon the resources it provides, be dealt a losing hand.
		Recent catastrophic oil spills include the Erika (North French coast, 1999), Braer (Shetland, 1993) and Aegean Sea (Coruna, Spanish Coast, 1992), all of which were single-hulled vessels.
		ORCA is also concerned at the close proximity of the spill to areas within the Bay of Biscay that are known to support a significant number of the world's whale and dolphin species.
	www.orcaweb.org.uk /ognews2003prestigeoilspill.htm (632 words)

	Best Relations - THE AEGEAN SEA 's OIL SPILL - Ignasi Vendrell
		Prior to the spill, tourism to the Galician area was expected to create an economic windfall for the local population.
		Their spokesperson emphasized the Aegean Sea 's excellent safety record, ignoring the fact that it didn't have a double hull and had had two major accidents in its history.
		In March 1993, as a result of the Aegean Sea and Braer oil spills, EC institutions approved six new directivas and one code regarding transportation, fleet renewal, control, crew training, ship inspections, and radar controls.
	www.bestrelations.es /html/articulos/aegean_sea.htm (2586 words)

	Boston.com / Latest News / World
		Fuel oil, a heavy, viscous blend gathered from the bottom of tanks at the end of the refining process, can be far more toxic and difficult to clean up than crude oil, experts said.
		The Oil Spill Response Center in Southampton, England, a nonprofit organization owned by the international oil industry, sent a team to help Spanish officials deal with the spill.
		Sea birds floated helplessly in the flened waves and fish washed ashore.
	www.boston.com /news/daily/19/spain_tanker.htm (1263 words)

	USATODAY.com - 'Black tide' swamps Spain coast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		NOIA, Spain (AP) — Waves of fl sludge from a major oil spill washed ashore amid high winds and driving rain Thursday, tarring new stretches of northwest Spain's scenic coastline and further threatening the region's multimillion-dollar fishing industry.
		The miles of oil barriers deployed in recent days were ineffective against rough Atlantic seas, and the government lacks other resources — such as oil-skimming ships — to control the spill effectively.
		Officials and environmentalists were hopeful the oil that sank with the Prestige would solidify in the frigid cold and high pressure more than two miles down on the ocean floor.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2002-11-21-spain-oil_x.htm (759 words)

	Oil Spill Pollutes Delaware River
		The spill later covered 20 miles downstream, and the river was closed to traffic.
		However, Athos is also the name of a mountain island in the Aegean Sea at 24 N., for Satan's strategic attack on Israel, and 40 E., for maximum divine discipline.
		The nasty oil spill on the Delaware River south of Philadelphia correlates to the election fiasco in Kiev, Ukraine.
	www.biblenews1.com /history4/20041127.htm (813 words)

	Tecnociencia : Especial Vertidos
		The Amoco Cadiz oil spill in 1978, and the Aegean Sea oil spill in 1992, affected soft-bottom communities, respectively from the Bay of Morlaix (western English Channel) and from the Ria de Ares and Betanzos in the northwestern Iberian peninsula.
		The effects of the spills were identical in both areas with the disappearance of the amphipods especially those from the amphipod genus Ampelisca with a very low colonization of these species during the four years after the spill.
		Oil pollution produced by natural or human causes is of great importance to both the environment and the economy, and it is a subject of increasing public concern.
	www.tecnociencia.es /especiales/vertidos/9.htm (4399 words)

	Oil Tanker Prestige Carrying 800,000 gallons of Oil Breaks Apart off Spain Major Eco-Threat AL WEBB / UPI 19nov02
		Some 5,000 tons of the vessel's cargo were spilled shortly after the Prestige's tanks were ruptured in rough seas and gale-force winds off Spain's Galician coast six days ago, spreading what the WWF said was an oil slick 20 miles long.
		He said there was a chance some of the oil compartments could remain in tact and plunge to the sea floor, moderating the spill damage.
		The spill killed an estimated 3,500-5,500 sea otters out of a total population in the region of approximately 35,000.
	www.mindfully.org /Water/Oil-Tanker-Prestige19nov02.htm (1466 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Comparing the worst oil spills (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Environmentalists are warning that if all 70,000 metric tons of fuel oil escape from the Prestige which broke up off the Spanish coast it could rank as one of the worst environmental disasters.
		The Exxon Valdez spilled 38,800 tons of crude oil into Prince William Sound in Alaska in 1989 and it took many years for the area to recover.
		Dr Santillo said that although it was a large-scale spill, the impact was lessened by the severe weather which broke up and dispersed the slick at sea.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/2491317.stm (627 words)

	Aegean Sea (oil spill) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On December 13th, 1992, the double bottom Greek-flag tanker, Aegean Sea, en-route to Repsol refinery in A Coruña, Spain suffered an accident off the Galician coast.
		The ship broke off and exploded under the Tower of Hercules, causing 50 m.
		tall flames and spilling more than 70.000 tons of oil into the ocean.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aegean_Sea_(oil_spill) (136 words)

	Oil company has recovered but Alaskans feel lingering effects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The tanker Aegean Sea spilled 23.8 million gallons off the coast of Spain in 1992; a year later, the tanker Maersk Navigator spilled 78 million gallons off Indonesia; and the Brer sent 26 million gallons into waters off the Shetland Islands on the north coast of Scotland.
		And the oil was loosed upon a stormy coastline where containment was impossible even if the Alyeska Pipeline Co. had been able to get cleanup equipment quickly onto the spill.
		The spill spread out of Prince William Sound down a 470-mile-long southwesterly trajectory, oiling a thousand miles of inlets, islets and outcroppings on the Kenai Peninsula and Kodiak Island, and extending down the Alaska Peninsula to such sanctuaries as Katmai National Park.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /local/exon191.shtml (2512 words)

	Oil slicks plague Coast of Death / Spanish aquarium threatened by tanker's spill
		The breakup of the tanker Aegean Sea stained the region's beaches and cliffs, killed scores of birds and devastated lucrative coastal fishing and harvest of shellfish.
		One official from the government Hydrographic Institute said that oil is surfacing from the wreck, which still holds about 80 percent of its 20 million-gallon cargo.
		The viewing area is decorated in the style of Hollywood's version of the Nautilus, the submarine of Jules Verne's fantasy "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea": A plush sofa, a 19th century gilt mirror and an Oriental rug decorate the interior.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/11/23/MN106234.DTL (598 words)

	LME 62: Black Sea
		Increased salinity in the Sea of Azov, due to the reduction of freshwater inflow related to irrigation, appears to have affected species structure.
		Dolphins (common, harbor porpoise and bottlenose) are down to a population of 500,000 due to accidental killings, gill net fishing, the destruction of coastal ecosystems and various forms of pollution.
		The Black Sea and Danube Basin countries are collaborating in an effort to uncover the needed policy, institutional, and legal reforms in each country.
	na.nefsc.noaa.gov /lme/text/lme62.htm (2078 words)

	USATODAY.com - Workers scramble to fend off threat from oil spill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Prestige has spilled about 1.6 million of its 20-million gallon load of heavy fuel oil, a total twice the size of the Exxon Valdez crude-oil spill off Alaska in 1989.
		The same area of northwest Spain suffered a disastrous spill 10 years ago when the Greek tanker Aegean Sea ran aground near A Coruna and lost 21.5 million gallons of oil.
		In 1999, an oil spill from the tanker Erika polluted 250 miles of French coastline.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2002-11-19-spain-tanker_x.htm (958 words)

	OIL SPILL RESPONSE IN TURKEY
		The sea may be considerably polluted by accidents as well as by discharges of ballast and bilge water.
		The sea, the air and the living species are under threat from accidents involving large vessels, particularly tankers.
		Additional oil spill cleaning equipment is available at the oil companies in Turkey.
	pims.ed.ornl.gov /blacksea/Workshops/Constanta_turkey_pres.htm (913 words)

	Aegean Sea
		On 3 December 1992, the Greek ore carrier the Aegean Sea was entering the harbour of La Coruna at 5 am, as a heavy storm was brewing, when she was steered off course and ran aground.
		However a large part burnt in the fire or was dispersed in the sea.
		As the situation returned to normal, the various bans in the affected area were gradually lifted between January and September 1993 and despite a certain amount of reluctance on the consumers' behalf about the quality of the produce, the industry gradually returned to normal.
	www.cedre.fr /uk/spill/aegean_sea/aegean_sea.htm (609 words)

	surfrider environmental surfline spanish oil tanker article
		It is hoped that the oil will remain in the ship's tanks and congeal into a waxy mass that stays 11,000 feet down, at the bottom of the very cold ocean.
		Large amounts of oil are still appearing on the surface of an increasingly stormy north Atlantic and heading towards shores of Spain and Portugal.
		Regardless of the decision, a great deal of oil was destined to foul the Spanish coast, but perhaps far less would have leaked had the ship been able to get to calmer waters.
	surfermag.com /features/oneworld/oilspill (975 words)

	Largest Oil Spills
		Most of the oil spills occurred in the late 1970s or early 1980s.
		When the Exxon Valdez oil spill happened, many people were shocked and horrified.
		That shows that not all major oil spills receive great publicity, and media coverage is hardly proportional to the total amount of damage done.
	library.thinkquest.org /26026/Statistics/largest_oil_spills.html (445 words)

	Homarus Ltd - www.homarusaquafish.co.uk
		Assessment of pollution risk to fish farms and inshore fisheries from the fuel oil and zinc concentrate cargo from a vessel which grounded and sank at the Summer Isles, Scotland.
		On-site investigations of damage to sea bass and bream farms in Kos, Greece, following a grounding and oil spill.
		Rapid quantification of effort within the whelk and crustacean sub-sectors through counting and marking of 39,000 pots on land and at sea in the spill area.
	www.homarusaquafish.co.uk /?id=pollution (2632 words)

	Untitled Document
		A list of the shipname, year, location and oil loss of the oil spills according to year.
		There's also a worldmap to show the exact location of each oil spill.
		Information and map on this page are derived from that on the
	library.thinkquest.org /C004218/OilLoc.htm (58 words)

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