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Topic: Aequorea victoria

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	Bioluminescence of Aequorea
		Bioluminescence of Aequorea, as in most species of jellyfish, does not look like a soft overall glow, but occurs only at the rim of the bell (the localization of bioluminescence in jellyfish appears to be genus- or species-specific), and would appear as a string of nearly-microscopic fusiform green lights, given the right viewing conditions.
		The luminescent light produced by Aequorea is actually bluish in color, attributable to a molecule known as aequorin, but in a living jellyfish it is emitted via a coupled molecule known as GFP, or green fluorescent protein, which causes the emitted light to appear green to us.
		Aequorea aequorea (Forskal, 1775) was originally applied to specimens in the Mediterranean and then in the North Atlantic.
	faculty.washington.edu /cemills/Aequorea.html (3579 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins
		Mutagenesis efforts in the original Aequorea victoria jellyfish green fluorescent protein have resulted in new fluorescent probes that range in color from blue to yellow, and are some of the most widely used in vivo reporter molecules in biological research.
		Likewise, Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein is thought to participate in a tetrameric complex with aequorin, but this phenomenon has only been observed at very high protein concentrations and the tendency of jellyfish fluorescent proteins to dimerize is generally very weak (having a dissociation constant greater than 100 micromolar).
		The first is to perfect and fine-tune the current palette of blue to yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Aequorea victoria jellyfish, while the second aim is to develop monomeric fluorescent proteins emitting in the orange to far red regions of the visible light spectrum.
	www.microscopyu.com /articles/livecellimaging/fpintro.html (6322 words)

	Aequorea victoria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A Ca2+-binding protein, aequorin, can be found in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria umbrella's outer margin.
		Aequorea victoria is a luminescent jellyfish found off the west coast of America.
		This jellyfish is capable of producing flashes of blue light by a quick release of calcium which interacts with the photoprotein aequorin.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/a/ae/aequorea_victoria.html (109 words)

	GFP Cloned and Sequenced
		In the cnidarian Aequorea, the photoprotein aequorin excites the GFP by an unknown mechanism to release green light.
		In this study, the Aequorea GFP gene and its cDNA have been isolated and characterized in pursuit of elucidating the mechanism of energy transfer between aequorin and GFP as well as addressing evolutionary relationships in coelenterate bioluminescence.
		victoria genomic DNA used for the genomic library was isolated from a large number of jellyfish (collected at Friday Harbor, Washington), the three gfp genes are representative of the Aequorea population as opposed to individual jellyfish.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /Courses/molbio/restricted/02GFPseq/GFPseq.html (2673 words)

	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Fluorescent Protein Fluorophore Interactive Java Tutorials
		Although DsRed shares only approximately 26 percent sequence homology with the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein, enough critical amino acid motifs are conserved to form a similar very stable three-dimensional beta-can barrel structure.
		One of the most unique features of the ZsYellow fluorescence emission spectrum is that the peak (538 nanometers) occurs almost midway between those of GFP (508 nanometers) and DsRed (583 nanometers), presenting an opportunity to investigate proteins emitting fluorescence in the yellow portion of the visible light spectrum.
		Although eqFP611 shares only approximately 23 percent sequence homology with the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein, enough critical amino acid motifs are conserved to form a very stable three-dimensional beta-can barrel structure, a consistent motif in fluorescent proteins.
	www.olympusconfocal.com /java/fpfluorophores (1186 words)

	Green Fluorescent Protein - The GFP Site
		Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has existed for more than one hundred and sixty million years in one species of jellyfish, Aequorea victoria.
		GFP is not responsible for the glow often seen in pictures of jellyfish - that "fluorescence" is actually due reflection of the flash used to photograph the jellies.
		In Aequorea victoria a protein called aequorin releases blue light upon binding with calcium.
	www.conncoll.edu /ccacad/zimmer/GFP-ww/GFP-1.htm (301 words)

	Protocol for Quantitation of GFP and GFP Variants
		In the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria, light is produced when energy is transferred from the Ca2+ activated photoprotein aequorin to GFP.(5, 6, 7).
		Prasher, D.C., Eckenrode, V.K., Ward, W.W., Prendergast, F.G., and Cormier, M.J., © 1992, Primary structure of the Aequorea victoria green-fluorescent protein.
		Ward, W.W., Cody, C.W., Hart, R.C., and Cormier, M.J., © 1980, Spectrophotometric identity of the energy-transfer chromophores in Renilla and Aequorea green-fluorescent proteins.
	www.thelabrat.com /protocols/GFP1.shtml (1469 words)

	Biocompare - Product Literature Center
		Aequorea GFP forms weak homodimers at moderate to low concentrations, and is often cytotoxic.
		The emission spectra show a single peak at 506 nm for the cloned protein, compared with the reported maximum of 509 nm for the native protein (data not shown).
		Cells were infected at an equivalent multiplicity of infection with one or the other virus, and then passaged for several weeks in the absence of any selection.
	www.biocompare.com /techart.asp?id=102 (961 words)

	Clontech Laboratories, Inc. - Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Roth, A. (1985) Purification and protease susceptibility of the green-fluorescent protein of Aequorea victoria with a note on Halistra ura.
		Amsterdam, A., Lin, S. & Hopkins, N. (1995) The Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein can be used as a reporter in live zebrafish embryos.
		(1996) Aequorea green fluorescent proteinSimultaneous analysis of wild-type and blue-fluorescing mutant by flow cytometry.
	www.clontech.com /clontech/gfp/GFPRefs.shtml (4583 words)

	GFP introduction
		Originated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, GFP has now become one of the most widely studied and exploited proteins in biochemistry and biology.
		Primary structure of the Aequorea victoria green-fluorescent protein.
		Extraction, purification and properties of Aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea.
	userpages.umbc.edu /~jili/ench772/intro.html (156 words)

	Practical three color live cell imaging by widefield microscopy
		Fluorescent protein technology using aequorea victoria fluorescent protein (AFP) derivatives has become an established and essential tool for the cell biology laboratory (1).
		Enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) has been mutated to enhanced cyan (eCFP) and yellow (eYFP) fluorophores (2), to allow the simultaneous observation of two protein fusions in live cells for co-localization studies and to use the biophysical properties of these fluorophores to detect protein-protein interactions and conformational changes by FRET and FRET-FLIM (3, 4).
		A colourless green fluorescent protein homologue from the non-fluorescent hydromedusa Aequorea coerulescens and its fluorescent mutants.
	www.biologicalprocedures.com /bpo/arts/1/119/m119.htm (2551 words)

	Green Fluorescent Protein Tagging: A Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Green flourescent protein (GFP) was discovered by chance as scientists were extracting and isolating the photophores of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria.
		They were fascinated by this transparent hydromedusa that produced bright green flashes in response to external stimuli.
		Highly purified GFP (2 mg, A400 nm/A280 nm = 1.3) in 0.3 ml of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.1 M NaCl was placed in a 0.5-ml Slide-A-Lyzer cassette with a float and dialyzed overnight against 500 ml of deionized water contained in a borosilicate glass beaker at 4°C with slow stirring.
	www.goshen.edu /~sashamd/GFP (992 words)

	American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We have examined the oxygen regulatory characteristics and ability to survive anoxia of the scyphomedusa Aurelia labiata and the hydromedusa Aequorea victoria in southern Puget Sound in order to estimate the impacts of low oxygen on these important zooplankters.
		Measured critical oxygen partial pressures (Pc) indicate that A. labiata and A. victoria are able to regulate oxygen consumption despite diminishing oxygen concentration.
		Critical oxygen partial pressures for A. labiata and A. victoria were, 14.17 and 24.63 ±7.14 mmHg, respectively.
	aslo.org /meetings/albuquerque2001/574.html (228 words)

	Molecular Neurobiology - Lund University
		Aequorea victoria is one of the most famous bioluminescent organisms often refered to as a jellyfish from the northwest Pacific ocean.
		From Aequorea victoria the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has been extracted and cloned and is now a commonly used protein valued for its green glow.
		However in real life the jellyfish does not glow, but insted the GFP is located in small spots around the rim of the bell.
	www.mphy.lu.se /mnb/MNBnew/webpages/staff/Niclas/interestbiol.html (181 words)

	ExactAntigen aequorea victoria
		(2004) Fusion of Aequorea victoria GFP and aequorin provides their Ca(2+)-induced interaction that results in red shift of GFP absorption and efficient bioluminescence energy transfer Biochem Biophys Res Commun 320:703-11.
		(1999) Examination of Listeria monocytogenes intracellular gene expression by using the green fluorescent protein of Aequorea victoria Infect Immun 67:1844-52.
		(1997) Deletions of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein define the minimal domain required for fluorescence J Biol Chem 272:28545-9.
	www.exactantigen.com /taxonomy/animal/a/aequorea-victoria.html (378 words)

	Chemical & Engineering News: Books - A Light When All Other Lights Go Out
		Fluorescent proteins have intrinsic value to jellyfish, but for humans their use is quite different, giving us the ability to image events in living cells and organisms.
		Efforts to identify the molecular basis for bioluminescence, a property most commonly found in marine organisms, focused historically on fireflies, where an enzyme they produce, luciferase, catalyzes the light-emitting reaction of oxygen with adenosine triphosphate and luciferin.
		This led to the discovery of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein in jellyfish that produces light in the presence of calcium, oxygen, and coelenterazine.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/books/83/8343books.html (1320 words)

	Chick transfection with GFP
		Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is responsible for the bioluminescence of the Pacific Northwest jellyfish, Aequorea victoria.
		In A.victoria, the 27-kDa protein absorbs blue light from a photoprotein that is activated by calcium and emits green light (2).
		GFP was isolated from A. victoria and the cDNA was originally cloned in 1992 by Douglas Prasher (1).
	www.swarthmore.edu /NatSci/sgilber1/DB_lab/Chick/chick_ashley_GFP.html (220 words)

	TRANSGENIC ART by Eduardo Kac
		Among the most common domesticated of mammals, the dog is a quintessentially dialogical animal; it is not self-centered, it is empathic, and it is often prone to extroverted social interaction [3].
		GFP stands for Green Fluorescent Protein, which is isolated from Pacific Northwest jellyfish (Aequorea Victoria) and which emits bright green light when exposed to UV or blue light [4].
		Wild type Aequorea GFP absorbs light maximally at 395 nm and the fluorescence emission spectrum peaks at 510 nm [5].
	www.ekac.org /transgenic.html (4467 words)

	SCOP: Protein: Green fluorescent protein, GFP from Jellyfish (Aequorea victoria)
		SCOP: Protein: Green fluorescent protein, GFP from Jellyfish (Aequorea victoria)
		Protein: Green fluorescent protein, GFP from Jellyfish (Aequorea victoria)
		Mainly antiparallel beta sheets (segregated alpha and beta regions)
	scop.berkeley.edu /data/scop.b.e.ee.b.b.b.html (61 words)

	Two types of excretory pores in the hydrozoan medusa Aequorea victoria (Murbach and Shearer, 1902) -- Aria and Chan 11 ...
		Two types of excretory pores in the hydrozoan medusa Aequorea victoria (Murbach and Shearer, 1902) -- Aria and Chan 11 (3): 609 -- Journal of Plankton Research
		Two types of excretory pores in the hydrozoan medusa Aequorea victoria (Murbach and Shearer, 1902)
		Aequorea victoria medusae possess radial canal excretory pores
	plankt.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/11/3/609 (167 words)

	Practical three color live cell imaging by widefield microscopy
		Live cell fluorescence microscopy using fluorescent protein tags derived from jellyfish and coral species has been a successful tool to image proteins and dynamics in many species.
		Multi-colored aequorea fluorescent protein (AFP) derivatives allow investigators to observe multiple proteins simultaneously, but overlapping spectral properties sometimes require the use of sophisticated and expensive microscopes.
		Here, we show that the aequorea coerulescens fluorescent protein derivative, PS-CFP2 has excellent practical properties as a blue fluorophore that are distinct from green or red fluorescent proteins and can be imaged with standard filter sets on a widefield microscope.
	www.biologicalprocedures.com /bpo/arts/1/119/m119abst.htm (276 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Fusion of Aequorea victoria GFP and aequorin provides their Ca{sup 2+}-induced interaction that results in red shift of GFP absorption and efficient bioluminescence energy transfer
		The bioluminescence emitted by Aequorea victoria jellyfish is greenish while its single bioluminescent photoprotein aequorin emits blue light.
		Second, it is a red shift of GFP absorption toward better overlapping with aequorin bioluminescence induced by the interaction of aequorin with GFP.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=20596866 (462 words)

	Biotechnology News and Information Portal, biotech jobs and career resources Resources. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A further agreement with\r\nBioImage A/S has enabled Amershams ability to license the\r\nRedistribution patent portfolio to Lilly.\r\nAmersham plc LSE.NYSE, OSE: AHM is a world leader in medical\r\ndiagnostics and in life sciences.
		Utilizing the advanced imaging quality and speed of the IN Cell Analyzer 3000 system in conjunction with the Aequorea Victoria GFP and Redistribution helps speed cellular screening capability and, ultimately, aid the discovery of new pharmaceuticals by examining disease-related targets in an informative biological context.
		Following a series of strategic alliance deals with BioImage A/S, Columbia University and Invitrogen IP Holdings, Inc. (the successor to an agreement originally with Aurora Biosciences Corporation), Amersham Biosciences is able to offer the intellectual property rights necessary to utilize Aequorea victoria GFP.
	www.bioexchange.com /news/news_page.cfm?id=18819 (1466 words)

	GFP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		GFP is a 27 kDa protein from the pacific jellyfish Aequorea victoria.
		A number of mutations have been introduced into GFP to make it more thermotolerant - by making it more soluble at higher temperatures - and to alter its excitation and emission spectra.
		My thanks to Dr Claudia Mills for allowing me to use her Aequorea victoria photograph.
	www.gurdon.cam.ac.uk /~pineslab/Projects/gfp.htm (273 words)

	GFP-like Proteins as Ubiquitous Metazoan Superfamily: Evolution of Functional Features and Structural Complexity -- ...
		Aequorea victoria, these entries are more than likely the result
		Chemical structure of the hexapeptide chromophore of the Aequorea green-fluorescent protein.
		Crystal structure of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/21/5/841 (5411 words)

	National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure: Archives
		UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO — Like many species of hydromedusae, the Pacific Northwest jellyfish Aequorea victoria is bioluminescent, a characteristic attributed to green fluorescent protein (GFP).
		When disturbed, Aequorea emits a green fluorescent light around the circumference of its bell (see Figure 1), which originates from GFP's transduction of the protein aequorin's blue chemiluminescence.
		The bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria emits a green fluorescent light.
	www.npaci.edu /online/v4.14/gfp.html (1398 words)

	Investigating signal transduction with genetically encoded fluorescent probes: Delivered on 22 October 2002 at the 28th ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Aequorea victoria, a jellyfish, sheds light on cell signalling
		Aequorea GFP is a photoactivatable GFP (PA-GFP) [55], which
		Prasher, D.C., Eckenrode, V.K., Ward, W.W., Prendergast, F.G. and Cormier, M.J. (1992) Primary structure of the Aequorea victoria green-fluorescent protein.
	content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/full/270/11/2343 (6845 words)

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