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Topic: Aerial bombardment

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	Sudan Peace Act Report--Section 11
		During the year 2002, aerial bombardment of civilian and military targets was heavily employed in Equatoria in June, apparently in anticipation of an SPLM/A offensive, and throughout southern Sudan in September, after the SPLM/A captured Torit.
		According to reports from various sources of varying reliability, there were approximately 85 instances of aerial bombardment by fixed-wing aircraft in the year 2002, of which approximately 35 were reported to have caused human casualties, resulting in an estimated 200 civilians killed.
		In many cases of aerial bombardment, it is difficult to determine to what extent civilians were deliberately targeted, harmed as a consequence of indiscriminate bombing, or accidentally harmed in the course of an attack specifically directed against a military target.
	www.state.gov /p/af/rls/rpt/19792.htm (3681 words)

	Bombing civilians from the air
		In 1915 the British began the aerial bombardment of Pathan villages on India’s North-West Frontier.
		Aerial bombardment had proven to be a satisfactory method of mass killing.
		The British military certainly took to aerial bombardment with gusto as a means of spreading mass terror.
	infowars.net /articles/december2006/211206Bombing.htm (838 words)

	USAFPatches.com SAC Unit Mission and History Summaries: Wings
		Since the 19th Bombardment Group was a component of the wing, the history and honors of the group were temporarily bestowed on the wing when the group was subsequently inactivated.
		The wing must be able to conduct worldwide long-range bombardment and aerial refueling operations by maintaining assigned units in a state of readiness to permit immediate operations as outlined in current emergency plans and related operations orders.
		The 410th Bombardment Wing, Heavy, was activated and assigned to SAC on 1 February 1963, at K.I. Sawyer AFB, Michigan, assuming the history and battle honors of the 410th Bombardment Group and absorbing the personnel and resources of the 4042d Strategic Wing.
	www.usafpatches.com /sacwgs.shtml (15128 words)

	The Hague Rules of Air Warfare
		THE RULES OF AERIAL warfare apply to all aircraft, whether lighter or heavier than air, irrespective of whether they are, or are not, capable of floating on the water.
		Aerial bombardment for the purpose of terrorizing the civilian population, of destroying or damaging private property not of a military character, or of injuring non-combatants is prohibited.
		Aerial bombardment for the purpose of enforcing compliance with requisitions in kind or payment of contributions in money is prohibited.
	lawofwar.org /hague_rules_of_air_warfare.htm (3490 words)

	xymphora: Losing the war in Iraq
		Aerial bombardment is completely useless against the resistance, who are highly mobile and simply evacuate the area, leaving the women and children and old men to die under American bombs.
		The increasing American reliance on the war crime of aerial bombardment reflects the desperation of an army that is out of answers.
		Each case of aerial bombardment increases the fury of the Iraqi people, and thus the size and determination of the resistance.
	xymphora.blogspot.com /2004/09/losing-war-in-iraq.html (939 words)

	Bombs Away? - By Inigo Thomas - Slate Magazine
		Aerial bombardment as a doctrine of war was first outlined by the British mathematician and military strategist F.W. Lanchester in his 1915 book, Aircraft in Warfare.
		Aerial bombardment has obviously advanced since 1915; a nuclear bomb renders the question of firemen quite obsolete, and massive retaliatory power hasn't always prevented unprovoked attacks.
		That said, the effectiveness of aerial bombardment against an army as unconventional as the Taliban's is not certain.
	www.slate.com /id/116603 (373 words)

	National Case Law - Shimoda et al. v. The State, Tokyo District Court, 7 December 1963
		Against the defended city and place, indiscriminate bombardment is permitted, while in the case of an undefended city and place, bombardment is permitted only against combatant and military installations (military objectives) and bombardment is not permitted against non-combatant and non-military installations (non-military objectives).
		Therefore, we can safely say that the prohibition of indiscriminate aerial bombardment on an undefended city and the principle of military objective, which are provided for by the Draft Rules, are international customary law, also from the point that they are in common with the principle in land and sea warfare.
		Of course, it is naturally anticipated that the aerial bombardment of a military objective is attended with the destruction of non-military objectives or casualty of non-combatants; and this is not illegal if it is an inevitable result accompanying the aerial bombardment of a military objective.
	www.helpicrc.org /ihl-nat.nsf/46707c419d6bdfa24125673e00508145/aa559087dbcf1af5c1256a1c0029f14d?OpenDocument (7196 words)

	Synonym for aerial attack (n) - Thesaurus - MSN Encarta
		Synonym for aerial attack (n) - Thesaurus - MSN Encarta
		Synonyms: air raid, aerial bombardment, air attack, bombing, air strike, air offensive, attack, raid, offensive
		Synonyms: air strike, aerial bombardment, bombing, air raid, air offensive, attack, raid, offensive
	encarta.msn.com /thesaurus_561594279/aerial_attack.html (104 words)

	War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		To say that the civilian deaths from aerial bombardment are unintentional is sophistry, because if there is a probability that the bombs will hit civilian targets, then ipso facto the civilian deaths are not unintentional.
		For the first act of aerial bombardment only took place on 26 October 1911 when the Italian air force bombed Tripoli in their war against Turkish North Africa.
		If resort is had to this form of inhuman barbarism during the period of the tragic conflagration with which the world is now confronted, hundreds of thousands of innocent human beings who have no responsibility for, and who are not even remotely participating in, the hostilities which have now broken out, will lose their lives.
	www.zmag.org /aerialprashad.htm (1171 words)

	CD Baby: FREE RADICALS: Aerial Bombardment
		Aeriel Bombardment is the best arguement for indie music there is. These 50 (no kidding fiv...tea)musicians didn't sit around Houston waiting for anyones permission to release a 32 track instrumental CD about the military industrial complex.
		With their newest CD, Aerial Bombardment, drummer Nick Cooper and his cronies eschewed traditional songwriting for more improvisational development, and yet it represents their most cohesive effort yet.
		Their third CD, Aerial Bombardment, is a unique masterwork helmed by percussionist Nick Cooper and featuring 50 different musicians and vocalists, mostly from H-tizzle.
	www.cdbaby.com /cd/freeradicals (650 words)

	IEER: Strategic Bombing, from Target Japan
		This appendix is a brief history of the theories of aerial bombardment, of the early weak diplomatic efforts to prevent or limit such bombardment, and of the practice of "strategic" bombing in World War II.
		Theories of aerial bombardment of an enemy's cities and economic infrastructure flourished in the early part of this century.
		Gradually restrictions on the aerial bombardment of civilian populations were totally ignored by the combatants as each side vowed to retaliate for previous air strikes against its cities by the enemy.
	www.ieer.org /comments/bombing.html (2328 words)

	International Law - Bombing of Civilians
		In sieges and bombardments all necessary steps should be taken to spare as far as possible edifices devoted to religion, art, science, and charity, hospitals, and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided they are not used at the same time for military purposes.
		In sieges and bombardments all necessary steps must be taken to spare, as far as possible, buildings dedicated to religion, art, science, or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals, and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided that they are not being used at the time for military purposes.
		(4) In the immediate neighborhood of the operations of land forces, the bombardment of cities, towns, villages, dwellings or buildings is legitimate provided that there exists a reasonable presumption that the military concentration is sufficiently important to justify such bombardment, having regard to the danger thus posed to the civilian population.
	www.dannen.com /decision/int-law.html (3030 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - First Aerial Bombardment
		The very first aerial act of aggression occurred during the Italian-Turkish War of 1911-1912 in North Africa.
		Lt. Gavotti was flying his Taube monoplane at an altitude of 600 ft (185 m) when he took four small 4.5 lb (2 kg) grenades from a leather pouch, screwed in the detonators he had carried aboard in his pocket, and threw each bomb over the side by hand.
		Although no one was injured and little damage was done, Lt. Gavotti earned his place in history for conducting the first aerial bombing raid ever recorded.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/history/q0061a.shtml (269 words)

	Dear Kitty. Some blog :: Aerial bombing from World War I to Iraq :: October :: 2006
		Strategic Terror: The Politics and Ethics of Aerial Bombardment by Beau Grosscup
		GEOFF SIMONS navigates his way through this compact history of aerial bombardment from the 20th century to the present day.
		THIS is an ambitious attempt to chart the politics of strategic bombing from the start of the 20th century to the present day.
	dearkitty.blogsome.com /2006/10/01/aerial-bombing-from-world-war-i-to-iraq (349 words)

	Khartoum again intensifies its aerial bombardment of civilian targets in Southern Sudan, July 25, 2001 :: ...
		The Government of Sudan is again escalating its deliberate aerial bombardment of civilian and humanitarian targets in southern Sudan.
		The sad truth is that such high-minded phrases have done little more than give a fig-leaf of rhetorical cover to oil development and other commerce with a regime that carries out attacks on innocent civilians and humanitarian workers, in the air and on the ground.
		Indeed, Khartoum’s ongoing aerial assault on civilians has an even larger significance: it indicates, in yet another fashion, that they are simply not interested in peace negotiations.
	www.sudanreeves.org /Sections-index-req-viewarticle-artid-362-page-1.html (1627 words)

	Psychological Effects of Aerial Bombardment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Attempts to exploit the psychological impact of aerial bombardment have a long history and remain central to Air Force doctrine.
		In the Second World War, the German bombardment again came as a surprise, but--according to Quester--British civilians were encouraged by the fact that poison gas was not used and that the effects of the bombing were much less severe than they had been led to expect.
		Evidently, if aerial bombardments are to cause a civilian population to rebel against its government, then the ferocity and destructiveness of those attacks must exceed the population's expectations.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/fracker.html (4467 words)

	Global Insight // Same-Day Analysis
		It is hoped that the halt in aerial bombardment of Lebanon could pave the way towards a more comprehensive settlement.
		Rice has said that there is an “emerging consensus” for an urgent ceasefire as well as a lasting political settlement; a UN resolution is expected by the end of this week.
		The prospect of a halt in aerial bombings has also raised hopes that a political breakthrough may be in the offing.
	www.globalinsight.com /SDA/SDADetail6485.htm (1018 words)

	Aerial bombardment exposes the vulnerability of LTTE \| Asian Tribune
		Aerial bombardment exposes the vulnerability of LTTE
		Which true leader in the history began a war without massing food supplies instead waiting for looting the food supllies and fuel transported to their very own people that they say represent as the sole owners.
		Aeriel bombardment is not only a calamity for LTTE but also for any terror outfit today.
	www.asiantribune.com /index.php?q=node/1735 (1678 words)

	Khartoum Continues Aerial Bombardment. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The continuation of aerial bombardment of civilian targets is therefore seen by the SPLM/SPLA as a blatant rejection by the GOS of the search for ways and means to bring to an end the war in the Sudan with the United States acting as a catalyst.
		The aerial bombing is also a direct impediment to the NGOs working in the area which are trying to alleviate the enormous suffering of civilian population.
		The aerial bombardments of Malual Kon is furtherevidence of non commitment by the GOS to these confidence building measures.
	www.sudan.net /news/press/postedr/55.shtml (473 words)

	Shunpiking Online Vo.3 No.6 Israel escalates aerial bombardment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The bombardment began as an attack on the newly rebuilt infrastructure of Lebanon, particularly in the south and in the part of Beirut where Shiite Muslims live known as the Suburb.
		During the 1982 invasion, known as "Operation Peace for Galilee," Beirut was razed to the ground by two months of daily aerial bombardment.
		Many anticipate that this may be the next step after this phase of the aerial campaign.
	www.shunpiking.com /ol0306/0306-NA-Isl-escal.htm (577 words)

	The Scientist : A Liberating Aerial Bombardment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The laboratory was totally unprepared for any form of aerial attack.
		The director, Stanley Kemp, adopted the view that (a) there would be no bombing from the air in this war, and (b) if there was aerial bombing Plymouth would escape it.
		Because it was an open secret that the oil storage tanks had been emptied, the docks were insignificant and Plymouth was not on one of the main air lanes.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/7747 (1069 words)

	TamilNet: Aerial bombardment tantamounts to undeclared war, says Thamilchelvan
		"Aerial bombardment is interpreted as undeclared war on the Tamil nation," he told media after concluding a meeting with the Norwegian Ambassador Hans Brattskar, clarifying the LTTE's response to Norway's five questions.
		By rejecting the parity of status, Colombo was pushing the Tigers to provoke a war, diplomatic circles in Colombo said.
		"Aerial bombardment by Colombo, under the pretext of limited response, is aimed at provoking the Tiger leadership," a diplomat said.
	www.tamilnet.com /art.html?catid=13&artid=18583 (578 words)

	USAID Sudan: Bombardment of Civilian & Humanitarian Targets
		In 1999, there were 65 confirmed aerial bombings of civilians in southern Sudan, however, the number of such attacks more than doubled in 2000 to 132 and tripled in 2001 to 195 confirmed bombings.
		In addition to the direct threat to non-combatants from these aerial bombings, there are addition humanitarian issues associated with the Government's tactic of bombarding civilian and humanitarian targets.
		Furthermore, GOS aerial bombardments raise significant security concerns with OLS officials that often lead to the UN suspending operations to an insecure area.
	www.usaid.gov /locations/sub-saharan_africa/sudan/bombardment.html (849 words)

	Press Releases: Lebanon, Lebanon: Heavy exchanges of fire continued, 28 Jul 2006
		Intensive aerial bombardment was also reported in the general area of At Tiri, Brashit, and Tibnin, north of Bint Jubayl.
		The number of troops in some Ghanaian battalion positions is somewhat reduced because of the increased safety risk for the troops due to frequent incidents of Hezbollah firing from the vicinity of the positions, and shelling and bombardment close to the positions from the Israeli side.
		It was decided to relocate temporarily all unarmed military observers of the Observer Group Lebanon (OGL) from the patrol bases in the area of Marwahin and Markaba to UNIFIL positions.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EGUA-6S5RRL?OpenDocument (696 words)

	CNN.com - Chance: Northern Alliance bombardment - October 7, 2001
		CHANCE: I can tell you that according to commanders of the Northern Alliance, the order has been given here to begin a bombardment of Taliban positions -- positions north of Kabul here, that is -- and in the last few minutes, that bombardment has well and truly gotten underway.
		Back to this artillery bombardment (by Northern Alliance forces of Taliban positions just north of Kabul), it appears to have gone quiet for the moment, but it's sporadic.
		And (the personnel of the alliance forces) say they're working under the direct order of their political leadership of the Northern Alliance.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/10/07/chance.north.alliance.otsc/index.html (433 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - First Aerial Bombardment in the US
		Your question is somewhat vague in that it doesn't ask whether the bombing was in anger, an act of war, or simply a military test.
		However, there are two earlier non-military incidents that have been claimed to be the first aerial bombardments in anger on US soil.
		Even so, there are indications that some sort of aerial bombardment may have occurred which would make Tulsa the site of the earliest known "bombing raid" on American soil.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/history/q0118.shtml (1583 words)

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