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Topic: Aerial warfare

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	Is Aerial Warfare Doomed?
		Cities and enemy military positions are to be demolished with bombs and poison gas hurled from the sky, with the odds for victory 100 per cent in favor of the aerial attacking forces.
		They close their eyes to the fact that no aerial bombing can be effective unless the aviators can clearly see the target they are trying to hit it is a well-established fact that any bomb-dropping from an altitude of more than about 4000 feet is notoriously inaccurate.
		The aerial bomb is dropped at a target and hitting the target is largely a matter of guesswork.
	rwebs.net /avhistory/history/doomed.htm (2454 words)

	The Hague Rules of Air Warfare
		THE RULES OF AERIAL warfare apply to all aircraft, whether lighter or heavier than air, irrespective of whether they are, or are not, capable of floating on the water.
		Aerial bombardment for the purpose of terrorizing the civilian population, of destroying or damaging private property not of a military character, or of injuring non-combatants is prohibited.
		In accordance with the principles of Article LIII of the Land Warfare Regulations, neutral private aircraft found upon entry in the enemy's jurisdiction by a belligerent occupying force may be requisitioned, subject to the payment of full compensation.
	lawofwar.org /hague_rules_of_air_warfare.htm (3490 words)

	Aerial warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aerial warfare is the use of military aircraft and other flying machines for the purposes of warfare.
		Having developed from using unpowered observation hot air balloons in the 18th century, aerial warfare has become a high-technology affair that has led to many advances in techniques such as propulsion, radar, and carbon fibers.
		Some minor warfare use was made of balloons in the infancy of aeronautics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aerial_warfare (3810 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Despite the stark absence of specific rules on aerial warfare, the airman is bound by the general principles of customary international law, from which were drawn the detailed regulatory regimes applicable to land and naval warfare.
		In that traditional milieu of warfare, “undefended” or “unfortified” (as in a similar 1874 draft article) areas referred to those in the immediate locale of ground operations, which were therefore subject to uncontested seizure and occupation, techniques unavailable to the airman.
		That practice cannot be explained solely by reference to reprisals adopted by the Allies against Germany, on account either of her own practice of aerial warfare or the unprecedented lawlessness of her conduct in relation to the civilian population in occupied territory.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1975/nov-dec/terry.html (6669 words)

	PsyWar.Org - PsyWar & PSYOP
		The PsyWar.Org photograph library has been updated with a selection of new photos related to psychological warfare and aerial propaganda leaflet dropping, including this sequence of pictures relating to the Korean War.
		We have just completed a major update to the PSYOP during the Israeli-Lebanon War 2006 article which includes English translations of all known aerial propaganda leaflets dropped by the Israeli Defense Force over Lebanon and other fascinating details of psychological operations conducted during this brief conflict.
		Here is a brief article on the origins of the terms "PSYOP", "PsyWar", and "Political Warfare" written by the esteemed psychological warfare historian William E. Daugherty.
	www.psywar.org (2295 words)

	War
		To say that the civilian deaths from aerial bombardment are unintentional is sophistry, because if there is a probability that the bombs will hit civilian targets, then ipso facto the civilian deaths are not unintentional.
		This is tantamount to saying that a drunk driver who did not intend to kill someone in an "accident" should be set free for good motives; US law prosecutes drunk drivers regardless of whether they have been in an accident, because it recognizes that drunk driving is an inevitable accident.
		As a reaction to the violent turn of air warfare and the fear that it would be turned against each other, the powers committed to end aerial bombardment, but the treaty they penned did not come into effect.
	www.zmag.org /aerialprashad.htm (1171 words)

	The Law of Air Warfare
		In other words, the rules of war on land would apply to air warfare when it was being waged over land or in support of ground forces, and the rules of war at sea would apply when the air force was fighting over the sea or in support of the navy.
		In principle, it could be said that air warfare is a set of offensive and defensive aerial operations carried out using the air force with the intention of imposing one’s will on the adversary by achieving a sufficient degree of aerial superiority.
		Although aerial tactics must be capable of successfully carrying out a course of action decided by the commanding officer, they must also remain within the framework defined by the law of armed conflict and therefore the following points must be taken into account.
	www.icrc.org /web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList200/42F64C9A4212EA07C1256B66005C0BF1 (5024 words)

	Stratfor Report: Military Doctrine, Guerrilla Warfare and Counter-Insurgency
		Contemporary warfare was forged during World War II when the three dominant elements of the modern battlefield reached maturity: the aircraft carrier-submarine combination in naval warfare, the fighter and bomber combination in aerial warfare and the armored fighting vehicle-self-propelled artillery combination on land.
		The neatly structured echelons in each sphere of warfare were designed not only to manage and maintain the equipment, but also to facilitate their orderly deployment on the battlefield.
		The essential problem is that the basic unit of guerrilla warfare is the individual and the squad.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article4483.htm (1857 words)

	Hostilities
		Although neither phrase has an agreed definition, means of warfare traditionally has been understood to refer to the effect of weapons in their use against combatants, while method of warfare refers to the way weapons are used in a broader sense.
		Aerial bombardment may be the most likely form of combat which will, in the ordinary course, be utilized by the major powers.
		Aerial bombing and other means of attack from the air was envisioned even before the development of heavier than air vehicles.
	lawofwar.org /Hostilities.htm (10645 words)

	Preface
		The emerging debate over information warfare and the information component of national power has frequently emphasized technological issues with scant regard for the legal environment in which the Information Age is occurring, yet this may obscure some very real and unsettling legal issues that will have to be solved in order to wage information warfare.
		One of the persistent trends in the related histories of the law and warfare is that whenever war, or civil society in general, has extended into a new environment, such as underwater or the aerospace, the law has had to "play catch-up" to the technology.
		To the theater campaign or operations planner who must wrestle with "here and now" issues regarding the use of information warfare and protection from the enemy's potential use of it, theoretical discussions of information warfare and the law are a thin gruel when weighed against the need for firm guidelines, rules of engagement, and policy.
	www.iwar.org.uk /law/resources/iwlaw/iwilpreface.htm (795 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Aerial warfare
		camouflage CAMOUFLAGE [camouflage], in warfare, the disguising of objects with artificial aids, especially for the purpose of making them blend into their surroundings or of deceiving the observer as to the location of strategic points.
		Legal and policy constraints on the conduct of aerial precision warfare.
		Defense work burgeons in Sierra Vista: Firms developing everything from warfare electronics to unmanned aerial vehicles.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Aerial+warfare (634 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Op-ed > Techwar -- Unmanned aerial vehicles fight a new war
		The aggressor had hoped to overwhelm its island neighbor with a surprise aerial assault launched at midnight local time on the island's air defense network and a quick achievement of air superiority over the 175-kilometer strait that divided them.
		Something like this scenario may be played out, or a variation of it in another place or time, because of watershed developments in unmanned air vehicles that had their genesis in San Diego.
		One of the ways we hope to regain the sense of stability and security we enjoyed prior to 9/11 is to reshape our military to better meet the threats of the 21st century and to take advantage of emerging technology to stay ahead of any potential adversary.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/op-ed/techwar/20030216-9999_main2.html (2414 words)

	"Modern" Emergency Parachuting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Warfare was changed radically when airplanes of opposing national military forces appeared in the skies over Europe during the "Great War" of 1914-1918 (later known as "World War One").
		When balloons were put to use in more widespread general warfare, they more rapidly led to proving the worth of parachutes as life saving devices.
		The high-floating gasbags, usually tethered by a thin steel cable to the winch of a truck - the truck used for fairly quick mobility -- soon became "clay pigeons" to enemy gunners on the ground and in the air.
	www.aero.com /publications/parachutes/9606/pc0696.htm (2781 words)

	Remote-Control Warplanes May Be Future Of Aerial Warfare
		A generation of children raised on shoot-em-up computer games are set to become the fighter aces of the future when a flat screen, keyboard, and mouse will replace joysticks, firing buttons and the illusory chivalry of one-on-one aerial combat.
		The British attitude was also slightly coloured by the fact that six Tornado fighter-bombers had been shot down by Iraqi guns and missiles during the early phase of the Gulf war in 1991.
		The new unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) has the potential to solve the problem at a fraction of the cost.
	www.rense.com /general15/remotecontrol.htm (609 words)

	Dog-Fight: Aerial Tactics of the Aces of World War I Air & Space Power Journal - Find Articles
		According to Norman Franks, Dog-Fight "is the story of the development of aerial warfare in 1914-18" (p.
		Consequently, the narrative emphasizes aerial victories, thus losing sight of which side achieved aerial superiority and its operational effect on the campaign.
		Air Force professionals interested in the development of fighters and their role in aerial warfare during this period are better served by Richard P. Hallion's Rise of the Fighter Aircraft, 1914-1918 (Annapolis: Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1984).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0NXL/is_3_18/ai_n6361656 (409 words)

	The New Atlantis - The Paradox of Military Technology - Max Boot
		This essay is adapted from War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of Modern History, 1500 to Today by Max Boot.
		To understand the future of warfare, we need to understand both sides of this paradox: specifically, how information technology has increased America’s conventional military supremacy (in land, sea, air, and space), and how this military edge may be subverted by determined radicals armed with new technologies of death.
		The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is working on aerial vehicles the size of an insect or a hummingbird that could hover undetected and perch on a telephone pole or a window ledge.
	www.thenewatlantis.com /archive/14/boot.htm (7280 words)

	IHLRI Air and Missile Warfare Project
		One such principle is the principle of distinction—requiring the attacker to direct attacks against military objectives and to distinguish between military objectives and the civilian population and civilian objects.
		In this context, relevant issues include assessment of the proportionality of attacks causing collateral damage; the evaluation of State’s obligations to use their highest technologies; and the consideration of whether the standards are different between the “immediate battlefield and the extended battlefield”.
		In determining the legality of the attacks it is suggested that the attacker must consider whether an effective contribution is made to military action by attacking the dual use facility and whether its destruction provides a definite military advantage.
	www.ihlresearch.org /amw/topics.php (824 words)

	The Sun Online - News: Aerial warfare over tree
		Andrew’s tree was hacked from the 30ft pride and joy of his garden to a bare 12ft stump.
		They would only be able to prosecute HIM — because the aerial breaches planning laws and is on his land.
		The incident is the latest in more than two years of abuse since the 55 gipsies moved in on a three-acre field in the village of Minety, Wilts, causing property prices to plunge 40 per cent.
	www.thesun.co.uk /article/0,,2-2006220182,00.html (381 words)

	Air Power:Aerial Warfare and the Spanish Civil War
		While military thinkers of the time were debating the validity of aerial bombing, the German troops in Spain were obtaining practical experience.
		Of all the bombing raids, it was the attack on Guernica, a city in the north of Spain, which came to symbolize the horrors of aerial bombing.
		Guernica was the center of Basque identity and culture, boasting the parliament building and an oak tree under which Basque leaders annually swore to uphold the liberties of the people.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Air_Power/Spansh_CW/AP18.htm (1504 words)

	Photograph, Aerial Reconnaissance of Bombed German Trenches near Remenauville, France, 1918 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		World War I was famous for the trench warfare tactics used by both sides fighting in the conflict.
		It was almost impossible for one side to attack the other without sustaining heavy casualties.
		One solution to this problem was in the use of aerial bombardment, a tactic new to warfare.
	www.uwm.edu /Library/arch/digital/recon2.html (144 words)

	The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare - Book Review Military Review - Find Articles
		In The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare, Michael Russell Rip and James M. Hasik explore the evolution, emergence, and dominance of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology in modern warfare.
		From the inception of using rudimentary precision weaponry during the Vietnam war to the contemporary employment of advanced navigational technology during ongoing military operations, Rip and Hasik offer their analysis of the revolution by targeting modern conflict.
		The result, while often open to debate, is a well-researched and written exploration of the effects and potential of precision weaponry in modern warfare.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PBZ/is_1_84/ai_116732480 (485 words)

	International Law - Bombing of Civilians
		Instead, they are intended to illustrate the general principles involved, especially in relation to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
		Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare, The Hague, February 1923
		It is the duty of the besieged to indicated the presence of such buildings or places by distinctive and visible signs, which shall be notified to the enemy beforehand.
	www.dannen.com /decision/int-law.html (3030 words)

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