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Topic: Aerodynamic heating

	Aerodynamics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of gas flows, first analysed by George Cayley in the 1800's.
		The solution of an aerodynamic problem normally involves calculating for various properties of the flow, such as velocity, pressure, density, and temperature, as a function of space and time.
		Lift is defined as the aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the relative airflow and drag is defined as the aerodynamic force acting parallel to the relative airflow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aerodynamics (1075 words)

	Aerodynamic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Aerodynamics is the study of the flow of gases.
		Lift is defined as the aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the direction of travel of the aircraftrelative to the surrounding air, and drag is defined as the aerodynamic force acting parallel to the direction of travel.
		Hypersonic aerodynamics are characterized by viscous interaction phenomena, that is, the viscosity of the flow significantly affects the external flow, including shock waves.
	www.therfcc.org /aerodynamic-135090.html (1124 words)

	X-15 Research Results: Chapter 5
		Whereas consideration of aerodynamic forces was basically an extension of previous experience, aerodynamic heating of an airplane by the airflow was a completely new factor.
		This energy is imparted to the molecules in the form of heat, which raises the air temperature an amount proportional to the square of the velocity.
		Heat flow is also a function of air pressure, and the regions of highest heating are found on frontal and lower surfaces that encounter the full impact force of airflow.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-60/ch-5.html (3265 words)

	Encyclopedia: Aerodynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		For a solid object moving through a fluid or gas, drag is the sum of all the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces in the direction of the external fluid flow.
		Mach number (Ma) (pronounced as mock in the American English pronunciation) is defined as a ratio of speed to the speed of sound in the medium in case.
		Statistical mechanics is the application of statistics, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Aerodynamics (2344 words)

	Aerodynamic heating (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Mean Aerodynamic Chord Calculation software for computing the mean aerodynamic chord on a multi panel wing, and locating the center of lift.
		Holmes Heating Holmes Heating is a heating and air conditioning specialist serving Ottawa, Nepean, Kanata, Orleans and Gloucester.
		Aerodynamic Design of Maglev Vehicles Engineering and design of vehicles focused on aerodynamic aspects based on concurrent engineering, multidisciplinatory design optimization and the research of Joseph P. Schetz.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Aerodynamic_heating.html (296 words)

	Aerodynamic Design - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Aerodynamic Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		For maximum efficiency, the aim is usually to design the shape of an object to produce a streamlined flow, with a minimum of turbulence in the moving air.
		The behaviour of aerosols or the pollution of the atmosphere by foreign particles are other aspects of aerodynamics.
		Excessive kinetic heating constrains hypersonic vehicles to fly relatively high; in fact, a safe ‘corridor’ exists for such vehicles, with a lower boundary determined by structural temperature and an upper boundary set by the available lift.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Aerodynamic+Design (678 words)

	Aerodynamics - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of gas flows.
		Lift is defined as the aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the direction of travel of the aircraft relative to the surrounding air, and drag is defined as the aerodynamic force acting parallel to the direction of travel.
		The curved shock waves chemically alter the surrounding air or gas, creating a partially ionized plasma with their high temperatures (caused in part by significant aerodynamic heating of the body).
	www.free-definition.com /Aerodynamics.html (1209 words)

	Aerospace Science and Technonlogy Dictionary A Section
		To carry away; specifically, to carry away heat generated by aerodynamic heating, from a vital part, by arranging for its absorption in a nonvital part, which may melt or vaporize, then fall away taking the heat with it.
		The homing of an aerodynamic or space vehicle in which energy waves (as radar) are transmitted from the vehicle to the target and reflected back to the vehicle to direct the vehicle toward the target.
		Aerodynamic structural shells that attach to, or comprise a portion of, the exterior of an aerospace vehicle or space probe; especially such structures that support atmospheric entry, aerobraking, aeroassist, or hypersonic flight.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/hqlibrary/aerospacedictionary/aerodictall/a.html (10653 words)

	Aerodynamics (Mechanics of Flight) (Science Tracer Bullet - Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)
		Aerodynamics is the science that deals with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids, and with the forces acting on solid bodies when they move through gaseous fluids, or when gaseous fluids move against or around solid bodies.
		Aerodynamics also comes into play when air is flowing through ducts or other enclosed spaces such as wind tunnels, jet and rocket engines, and pipes.
		The movement of air can result in certain aerodynamic effects, such as heat that is generated and transferred to the surfaces of a solid body with which the air comes in contact.
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/aerodynamicstb.html (1910 words)

	Aerodynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Improving aerodynamics is the key factor to improving the fuel economy of Class 8 trucks and is going to be a major focus of trucking research and development...
		Once the flow pattern is understood it becomes possible to calculate or approximate the forces and moments acting on bodies in the flow.
		For instance, evaluating the lift and drag on an airplane, the shock waves that form in front of the nose of a rocket, and the flow of air over a hard drive head are examples of external aerodynamics.
	www.wikiverse.org /aerodynamics (1314 words)

	Patent 5942682: Apparatus to simulate aerodynamic cooling and heating effects on aircraft/missile equipment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In contrast, the present invention has, as one object, the goal of accurately producing the convective heat transfer coefficient produced by the air stream in cases where the air stream is used to cool the electronic equipment which has a surface or surfaces exposed to the air stream for this purpose.
		In this manner, the aerodynamic heating and cooling effects of the air stream 21 on the equipment 22 are accurately simulated for the specified operating flight conditions.
		During the simulated aerodynamic cooling and heating tests it will be advantageous to have a dear optical path to allow the transmission of energy and measurement in the case of optical transmitters or the reception of energy in the case of optical sensors.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5942682.html (5872 words)

	AERADE subject listing for AERODYNAMIC HEATING AND HEAT TRANSFER - Aerodynamic heating and heat transfer. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The phenomenon of aerodynamic heat transfer is discussed and the associated quantities stagnation temperature, temperature recovery factor and recovery temperature are introduced, together with equations for their evaluation.
		Heat transfer by forced convection between a two-dimensional laminar boundary layer and a smooth flat plate, with application to wedges, cylinders and cones.
		Heat transfer by forced convection between a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer and a smooth flat plate, with application to wedges, cylinders and cones.
	www.aerade.aero /subject-listing/esdu/ES79.html (1428 words)

	Project Mercury - A Chronology. Part 1 (A)
		Two of these areas were aerodynamic heating and the achievement of stability and control at very high altitudes and speeds.
		Of the two, Langley considered aerodynamic heating to be the more serious, and, until this problem was resolved, the design of practical spacecraft impractical.
		It was believed that such a vehicle could not only resolve some of the aerodynamic heating problems, but also that the altitude objective would provide an environment with a minimum atmospheric density, representing many problems of outer space flight.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4001/p1a.htm (3957 words)

	NACA UK Mirror report description page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		An analysis of the steady-state aerodynamic heating problem at high-supersonic speeds is made for two-dimensional flows with laminar boundary layers.
		The aerodynamic heating is shown to be reduced substantially by injecting a small amount of coolant through a porous surface into the boundary layer.
		The analysis includes calculations of the cooling requirements and equilibrium surface temperatures for flat plates and for an equilibrium surface temperatures for flat plates and for flat porous surfaces with several rates of fluid injection at Mach numbers from 5 to 15 and altitudes from sea level to 200,000 feet.
	naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk /report.php?NID=4113 (122 words)

	Analysis of Multilayer Thermal Insulation for Reentry
		A paper presents a study of multilayer thermal insulations for protecting spacecraft against aerodynamic heating during reentry into a planetary atmosphere.
		The radiation heat transfer in the fibrous insulation spacers was modeled using the two-flux method assuming isotropic scattering.
		Combined radiative and conductive heat transfer in such blankets were computed by use of a finite-volume numerical model.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Nov02/LAR16382.html (148 words)

	aerodynamic measurement equipment aviation aero component heating aircraft aerospace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		are component heating aircraft aerospace and honeycomb core aviation aero.
		Do researchers into materials research aircraft aerospace, aerodynamic measurement equipment aviation aero and agents and distributors hartwell fasteners aircraft aerospace check all the facts on pipe bending machines aviation aero or plugs and caps aircraft aerospace data before suggesting that life cycle costing military aircraft aviation aero is an
		aerodynamic measurement equipment aviation aero towing cable winches aviation aero headsets aviation aero rubber joints aviation aero seats pilot aviation aero chains aviation aero acrylic sheet aviation aero
	www.contact-aviation.co.uk /aerodynamic-measurement-equipment-aviation-aero.htm (172 words)

	Theory of Tumbling Bodies Entering Planetary Atmospheres with Application to Probe Vehicles and the Australian Tektites ...
		Abstract: The tumbling motion of aerodynamically stable bodies entering planetary atmospheres is analyzed considering that the tumbling, its arrest, and the subsequent oscillatory motion are governed by the equation for the fifth Painleve' transcendent.
		Results based on the asymptotic behavior of the transcendent are applied to study (1) the oscillatory behavior of planetary probe vehicles in relation to aerodynamic heating and loads and (2) the dynamic behavior of the Australian tektites on entering the Earth's atmosphere, under the hypothesis that their origin was the Moon.
		The tumbling motion of aerodynamically stable bodies entering planetary atmospheres is analyzed considering that the tumbling, its arrest, and the subsequent oscillatory motion are governed by the equation for the fifth Painleve' transcendent.
	www.stormingmedia.us /78/7815/A781593.html (231 words)

	Aerodynamic Vehicles \| Auto, Car and Truck Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		With its aerodynamic front profile, lower center of gravity, and aluminum construction, Cougar has an established reputation for its sleek look and ease of towing.
		These lightweight, aerodynamic, stealth machines are taking their rightful place on the...
		These bikes are one of the most aerodynamic performance vehicles available with a track record dan 15-05-05 A new survey by ACNielsen Australia shows the internet the most common source of health...
	www.fedcar.com /j/aerodynamicvehicles (905 words)

	Aerodynamic Wave Drag (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Wave drag in aerodynamics is drag associated with the shock wave and shock-induced separation.
		At transonic speeds some of the main concerns are: driving the drag divergence upward, removing the buffeting and the possible shock stall.
		At supersonic and hypersonic speeds a few peculiar problems appear: namely, aerotherodynamic heating, and structural stiffness compatible with volume distribution and wing thickness.
	www.aerodyn.org /Drag/wdrag.html (205 words)

	NEAR Aerodynamic Support of Pegasus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The aerodynamic design and analysis of Pegasus was conducted by NEAR without benefit of wind tunnel or flight tests using only computational aerodynamic and fluid dynamic methods.
		The overall objective of the Pegasus aerodynamic analysis was to use the highest level code required for a specific task.
		The aerodynamic analysis and support considered a number of different technical areas such as trajectory requirements, aerodynamic loading distributions, stability and control, and aerodynamic heating.
	www.nearinc.com /near/project/pegasus.htm (362 words)

	NASA - Dryden Technical Report Server
		Aerodynamic control was adequate throughout the flight, but at minimum dynamic pressure the airplane was lightly damped, which made precise control difficult.
		Because of the transient nature of the trajectory and the negligible load factors associated with the airplane oscillation, the pilot did not object to the poor dynamic characteristics of the airplane under these conditions and could satisfactory control the airplane along the trajectory.
		In conjunction with this purpose, a special flight was performed which maximized the heating rates and minimized the transient flight conditions.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/dryden/news/DTRS/1961/index.html (2345 words)

	Aircraft-Mounted Cloud-Water-Content Probe
		The sample stream containing the water vapor generated by aerodynamic heating would be routed to the associated first hygrometer, which would thus be made to measure the total water content (vapor, liquid, and ice) of the ambient air.
		The sample stream from the second probe would be routed to the associated second hygrometer, but, unlike the sample stream from the first probe, this stream would not contain the vapor from the water droplets and ice crystals; that is, its vapor content would consist solely of the ambient-air vapor.
		Of course, the cloud-water-content determinations made by use of the instrument depend largely on the assumption that all of the droplets evaporate and all of the ice crystals sublimate in the first probe as a result of aerodynamic heating (and, possibly, of impact upon the probe wall).
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Jun02/NPO20767.html (438 words)

	Aerodynamics
		A discussion of bridge aerodynamics, with particular emphasis on suspension bridges and the Tacoma Narrows disaster of 1940.
		Investigates the significance of pressure distribution on an aerodynamic body and the estimation of lift, drag and pitching moment of an aerofoil from the pressure around it in flight.
		Paper and plans describing the aerodynamics and structures of a 2m RES sailplane.
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Aerodynamic (2064 words)

	Viscous Aerodynamic Drag (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Viscous drag (or skin friction drag) is due to the stresses on the aerodynamic surfaces and in the boundary layer.
		Some of the physical aspects involved in the viscous drag loss are: presence of shear layers, turbulent transition, boundary layer separation.
		The are also the passive methods, such as vortex generators, along with appropriate design of the aerodynamic surfaces, by minimizing the wetted area and the volume.
	www.aerodyn.org /Drag/vdrag.html (191 words)

	NACA UK Mirror report description page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Motion of a ballistic missile angularly misaligned with the flight path upon entering the atmosphere and its effect upon aerodynamic heating, aerodynamic loads, and miss distance
		An analysis is given of the oscillating motion of a ballistic missile which upon entering the atmosphere is angularly misaligned with respect to the flight path.
		The history of the motion for some example missiles is discussed from the point of view of the effect of the motion on the aerodynamic heating and loading.
	naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk /report.php?NID=6910 (124 words)

	aerodynamic heating problems: ez-papers.com - easy access to quality free term paper, free college papers, custom ...
		Similarly, in a vertical gas-filled chamber, such as the air space between two window panes in a double-glazed, or Thermopane, window, the air near the cold outer pane will move down and the air near the inner, warmer pane will rise, leading to a circulatory motion.
		The heating of a room by a radiator depends less on radiation than on natural convection currents, the hot air rising upward along the wall and cooler air coming back to the radiator from the side of the bottom.
		Simply read the free college paper abstract on "aerodynamic heating problems” and click to download if this paper is the best match.
	www.ez-papers.com /term-papers/187/aerodynamic-heating-problems.html (387 words)

	X-1 program synopsis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Advanced X-1 series emphasized research in such areas as aerodynamic heating, pilot reaction control systems, and problems of supersonic flight.
		The plane was transferred to the NACA on 1 March 1955 but was destroyed in an explosion on 8 August 1955.
		The X-1B was modified for investigation of aerodynamic heating and characteristics of reaction controls and during a three-year test program provided NACA with data on heat flow, effects of internal heat sources and sinks, and the effects of boundary-layer transition and aerodynamic interference.
	www.wpafb.af.mil /museum/fta/x1gd.htm (415 words)

	NASA - Dryden Technical Report Server
		One side of the panel was heated to high temperature to simulate aerodynamic heating during hypersonic flight.
		Two types of surface heating were considered: (1) flat-temperature profile, which ignores the effect of edge heat sinks, and (2) dome-shaped-temperature profile, which approximates the actual surface temperature distribution associated with the existence of edge heat sinks.
		Longitudinal and lateral-directional estimates of the aerodynamic derivatives of the X-24B research aircraft were obtained from flight data by using a modified maximum likelihood estimation method.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/dryden/news/DTRS/1997/index.html (10918 words)

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