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	Aerogel - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Aerogel was first created by Steven Kistler in 1931, as a result of a bet with Charles Learned over who could replace the liquid inside a jam (jelly) jar with gas without causing shrinkage.
		Aerogel performance may be augmented for a specific application by the addition of dopants, reinforcing structures, and hybridizing compounds.
		Carbon aerogel is made from a resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogel by its pyrolysis in inert gas atmosphere, leaving a matrix of carbon.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Aerogel (1903 words)

	Aerogel Research at LBL
		Aerogels produced at LBL are 96-percent air mixed with a wispy matrix of silica.
		Aerogels were splendid insulators but in order for them to become a cost-effective alternative to existing products, they had to be made even more thermally resistant.
		Aerogels were transparent but they were not transparent enough to be used in double-paned windows.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/aerogel-insulation.html (3106 words)

	Stardust@home Update: Aerogel - What We Do \| The Planetary Society
		The aerogel survived it all, and returned to Earth in near pristine condition, practically unchanged from the day it was launched – except for the precious particles it brought back with it.
		Aerogel of the type used on Stardust is 99.8% empty space, which explains why it made the Guinness Book of Records in 2002 as the lightest known solid.
		Aerogel was used successfully on the Mars Pathfinder lander mission in 1997, and is also the primary insulator of the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, who landed on the Red Planet in January of 2004.
	www.planetary.org /programs/projects/stardustathome/aerogel.html (1879 words)

	Aerogel FAQs
		Aerogels are formed by dispersion of a gas in a solid or liquid.
		Attempts to prepare aerogels by converting the water in these gels to a supercritical fluid failed, but the scientists succeeded by converting the alcohol to a supercritical fluid and allowing it to escape.
		Beginning with this type of aerogel allows the researcher to control the pyrolysis conditions (temperature, atmosphere, time, etc.) during the processing of a carbon aerogel.
	www.connectexpress.com /~ips/aerogel/faq.html (1808 words)

	JPL.NASA.GOV: Feature Stories
		Aerogel is a silicon-based solid with a porous, sponge-like structure in which 99.8 percent of the volume is empty space.
		It is less dense at the impact face where the particle encounters the aerogel and yet has a gradually increasing density as the particle burrows deeper and slows to a stop.
		After the comet encounter, the aerogel collector will retract into a sample return capsule and return to Earth for logging and storage by scientists at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, where research scientists throughout the world will be able to study and analyze these unique particles.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /news/features.cfm?feature=490 (644 words)

	Aerogel and Its Applications to RICH Detectors
		Indeed aerogel is now currently produced in a sol-gel chemical process that provides a very transparent hydrophobic polymer gel structure while old aerogel was fabricated in a way to lead to seedy hydrophillic colloidal structures.
		Aerogel is then obtained by removing the solvent in a quite complicated way because if the liquid were simply left to evaporate, then adhesion and capillary forces would shrink the gel into a very dense material.
		This aerogel is hydrophobic, due to a treatment of the surface of the aerogel pores, and highly transparent, but it loses this property if a baking process is applied to improve its transmittance.
	www.slac.stanford.edu /pubs/icfa/fall98/paper3/paper3.html (2964 words)

	Silica Aerogels
		Kistler surmised, correctly, that the solid component of the gel was microporous, and that the liquid-vapor interface of the evaporating liquid exerted strong surface tension forces that collapsed the pore structure.
		Monsanto's Aerogel was used as an additive or a thixotropic agent in cosmetics and toothpastes.
		One using 1700 liters of silica aerogel in the TASSO detector at the Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg, Germany, and another at CERN using 1000 liters of silica aerogel prepared at the University of Lund in Sweden.
	eetd.lbl.gov /ECS/aerogels/aerogels.htm (1594 words)

	Aerogel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A one-inch thick Aerogel window has the same insulation value as 15 panes of glass and trapped air - which means a conventional window would have to be ten- inches thick to equal a one-inch thick Aerogel window.
		Aerogel is a good insulator because of the material's large internal surface area - which is folded over and over into what ever shape is needed.
		He explained that Aerogel is pure silicon dioxide and sand, just as is glass, but a thousand times less dense because it is 99.8 percent air.
	www.anomalies-unlimited.com /Science/Aerogel.html (444 words)

	Rare Aerogel Introduced in New Jewelry Line
		Aerogel has gained much notoriety earlier this year, when it returned from space on NASA’s Stardust mission, where it captured comet particles that were traveling at 6 times the speed of a bullet.
		Aerogel creates what is called a "Rayleigh scattering effect", which produces the same brilliant blue tint that creates the blue sky.
		The Aerogel pendants come in a variety of colors and include an abstract silver triangle dangle that is the symbol for air.
	www.prweb.com /releases/Aerogel/Pendants/prweb441015.htm (478 words)

	Aerogel Composite: Aerogel Based Nanocomposites.
		Aerogel Composite, Inc.'s primary objective is to develop and supply aerogel based composite materials for a wide variety of industries.
		Aerogel Composite has developed a carbon aerogel based electrocatalyst for use in the manufacturing of fuel cell electrodes.
		The role of additives is to enhance the properties of pure aerogels or to impart additional desirable properties depending on the application.
	www.aerogelcomposite.com (119 words)

	About Aerogel
		Aerogel creates what is called a "Rayleigh scattering effect", which produces the same brilliant blue tint that creates the blue sky.
		Aerogel is completely safe and has been used in everything from insulation and food additives - to toothpaste.
		The AeroView line is completely transparent, clearly showing the Aerogel inside, while the FusionX and FusionX Magnum have a hand wound helix casing (in 8 vibrant colors) around the Aerogel core.
	www.aerogem.com /about-aerogel.html (807 words)

	Stardust \| JPL \| NASA
		Aerogel is used on the STARDUST spacecraft to capture comet particles from Comet Wild 2.
		A flower is sitting on a piece of aerogel which is suspended over a bunsen burner.
		Aerogel has excellent insulating properties, and the flower is protected from the flame.
	stardust.jpl.nasa.gov /photo/aerogel.html (204 words)

	A Solid That's Light as Air
		Aerogel is the lightest solid known to science.
		"Aerogel is unique in having so many superlative properties, and a huge range of properties too," said Donald Brownlee, a University of Washington astronomer and the principal investigator for Stardust.
		Modern scientists make aerogel by pressurizing and heating an ordinary gel to its "supercritical" point, where the liquid's fluid and gaseous phases are indistinguishable, and then draining off the supercritical liquid.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/1,70268-1.html (647 words)

	NASA Silica Aerogel
		Aerogel is super expensive to make, and very difficult to acquire.
		It is less dense at the impact face where the particle encounters the Aerogel and yet has a gradually increasing density as the particle burrows deeper and slows to a stop.
		Aerogel's ability to withstand high temperatures on one side while remaining cool on the other.
	www.hightechscience.org /aerogel.htm (609 words)

	JPL.NASA.GOV: Feature Stories
		Aerogel is currently aboard the Stardust spacecraft, where it will collect and return samples of interstellar dust grains and particles of comets to Earth.
		Jones, accustomed to being approached by industry entrepreneurs with designs on aerogel as part of his technology transfer work, wasn’t shocked to hear that Tsui had her eye on the ghostly matter too.
		Her JPL mentor, Jones jokingly calls Tsui’s work with aerogel "bootlegging," since using it for art was never the motivation for making aerogel.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /news/features.cfm?feature=538 (719 words)

	Aerogels: Much Ado About 'Nothing'
		Some scientists expect aerogels will be used as catalysts within a few years because of their high surface area (an aerogel the size of a grape has approximately the same surface area as two basketball courts) and because metallic atoms can be placed in aerogels to cause reactions.
		Aerogel is composed of individual features only a few nanometers (billionths of a meter) in size, linked to a highly porous dendritic (tree-like crystal) structure.
		Aerogel is also aboard another NASA spacecraft; aerogel accompanied the Mars Pathfinder onto the surface of the Red Planet last summer, providing a lightweight, highly insulating environment to protect the Pathfinder Sojourner's electronics from the harsh, cold climate of Mars.
	home.earthlink.net /~douglaspage/id18.html (3477 words)

	What's an aerogel?
		More recently, NASA has used aerogels as insulation on the Mars Sojourner robot and as a medium to capture pure star dust, which was then returned to Earth for study.
		He calls aerogels the original nanotechnology because the hair-like structures are only a nanometer -- a billionth of a meter -- in diameter and separated by only 20 nanometers.
		His company has developed a method of incorporating silica aerogels in polyester batting, creating an aerogel blanket that is flexible and durable, while also preserving the insulating qualities of the aerogel.
	www.post-gazette.com /healthscience/20021021antarcticsidesci4p4.asp (512 words)

	CMS—Aerogels (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Aerogel, a translucent solid that looks much heavier than it is, was discovered in 1931 by Steven S. Kistler at the College of the Pacific in Stockton.
		Aerogels were first made to answer questions concerning the nature of gels in the 1930s.
		Lab-developed aerogels have previously been used in protecting the diminutive Sojourner rover against freezing temperatures on Mars, and they are being used in another NASA project, called STARDUST, a mission to capture comet dust and return it to Earth for analysis.
	www-cms.llnl.gov /s-t/aerogels_guinness.html (817 words)

	Aerogel Composite Technology
		Inorganic aerogels are obtained by supercritical drying of highly cross-linked and transparent hydrogels synthesized by polycondensation of metal alkoxides.
		Organic aerogels are synthesized by supercritical drying of the gels obtained by the sol-gel polycondensation reaction of resorcinol with formaldehyde in aqueous solutions.
		Aerogel Composite, Inc. has developed proprietary nanotechnology for the preparation of aerogel composites for a wide variety of applications.
	www.aerogelcomposite.com /technology/technology.html (206 words)

	Aerogel: Stardust's 'Butterfly Net'
		Aerogel is a solid, but the least dense solid known to humans.
		Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist Steven Jones said it will be like emptying a gun into a bale of hay when the particles strike the aerogel at a relative speed ranging from 6 to 16 miles (10 to 26 kilometers) a second, leaving a carrot-shaped trail.
		Atkins said the aerogel is strong, but clear enough so you can trace the tracks left by the streaking particles, allowing them to be extracted once the samples are returned to Earth in 2006.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/stardust_aerogel_000219.html (402 words)

	Aerogel
		Aerogel, commonly described as 'frozen smoke' and included in the series as 'Foamed Glass' to be used to collect stardust.
		A one-inch thick Aerogel window has the same insulation value as 15 panes of glass and trapped air - which means a conventional window would have to be ten-inches thick to equal a one-inch thick aerogel window.
		Dr. David Noeyer a member of Marshall's three-man aerogel experiment team, believes results from recent space research indicate that they are on the right track to making the hazy material transparent enough to see through clearly when made on the ground, it has a hazy or smoky appearance.
	www.tonyboon.co.uk /aerogel/aerogel.htm (1732 words)

	Stardust \| JPL \| NASA
		Aerogel is not like conventional foams, but is a special porous material with extreme microporosity on a micron scale.
		Aerogel is made by high temperature and pressure-critical-point drying of a gel composed of colloidal silica structural units filled with solvents.
		When hypervelocity particles are captured in aerogel they produce narrow cone-shaped tracks that are hollow, and can easily be seen in the highly transparent aerogel by using a stereomicroscope.
	stardust.jpl.nasa.gov /tech/aerogel.html (599 words)

	'Aerogel' set to star at science show
		It is aerogel and, unlike conventional foam, this sponge-like material has extreme porosity and is composed of a network of interconnected nano-particles.
		Aerogel is a low-density solid-state material derived from gel in which the liquid component has been replaced with gas.
		Onboard Stardust, aerogel captured comet samples and interstellar dust that were smaller than grains of sand.
	www.nationmultimedia.com /2006/08/08/national/national_30010594.php (444 words)

	John Glenn will conduct experiments with 'aerogel' on STS-95
		Current aerogels, as produced on the ground, however, are not completely transparent, but instead have a slight blue haze to them.
		Aerogel may also have a role to play in keeping the atmospheric line clear, the thin air gap that Glenn described more than 35 years ago.
		Not only is aerogel of scientific interest to reduce the energy load, but also to capture waste and polluting gases before they reach the atmosphere.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/msad26oct98_1.htm (964 words)

	United Nuclear - Aerogel
		Aerogel (also called 'frozen smoke' because of its hazy blue appearance), is a truly remarkable material.
		Aerogel is composed of 99.8% air and is chemically similar to ordinary glass.
		A large panel of Aerogel was most recently used by NASA in the Stardust mission, which successfully collected collect comet and interstellar dust samples and returned them to Earth.
	www.unitednuclear.com /aerogel.htm (418 words)

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