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Topic: Aesthenosphere

	Astronomy 340 Term Paper: Tectonic Activity on Earth and Venus: A Comparison
		Without the aesthenosphere, plate motions would grind to a halt, as there would be no lubricating layer to enable their movement across the surface.
		The aesthenosphere would thus be directly coupled to the mesosphere and the motions of the plates woul d be directly dependent upon them.
		New oceanic crust is extruded at the spreading centers of the sea floor, presumably at upwellings of convection cells in the aesthenosphere.
	www.abde.net /journalog/astrterm.html (4124 words)

	Plate Tectonics
		The aesthenosphere is kept plastic (deformable) largely through heat generated by radioactive decay.
		Nevertheless, because of the insulating properties of the Earth's rocks this is sufficient to keep the aesthenosphere plastic in consistency.
		The plates of the lithosphere and convection in the aesthenosphere
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/earth/tectonics.html (497 words)

	Plate Tectonics and the Scientific Method
		AESTHENOSPHERE = the soft, plastic, flowing portion of the mantle directly beneath the mantle lithosphere.
		The aesthenosphere lies directly below the lithosphere and provides the lubrication for the tectonic plates to move.
		The plates move with respect to one another, sliding on the plastic aesthenosphere.
	instruct.westvalley.edu /lopez/ocean/ocean_que/tectonics_notes.html (1109 words)

	Currents in the Earth's System
		The aesthenosphere (70 ~ 250 km) is part of the mantle, the middle sphere of the Earth that extends to 2900 km.
		Large convection currents in the aesthenosphere transfer heat to the surface, where plumes of less dense magma break apart the plates at the spreading centers, creating divergent plate boundaries.
		Because ocean plates are denser than continental plates, when these two types of plates converge, the ocean plates are subducted beneath the continental plates.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /education/dynamic/session1/sess1_earthcurrents.html (403 words)

	OptIPuter Outreach
		Explanation of concepts – The Theory of Plate Tectonics developed from both the Continental Drift Theory and the Sea Floor Spreading Theory.
		Plate tectonics tells us that the Earth's rigid outer shell (lithosphere) is broken into a mosaic of oceanic and continental plates which can slide over the plastic aesthenosphere, which is the uppermost layer of the mantle.
		Where they interact, along their margins, important geological processes take place, such as the formation of mountain belts, earthquakes, and volcanoes.
	education.sdsc.edu /optiputer/teachers/platetectonics.html (1410 words)

	The Session: Shop - Product info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The basic premise is that the plates of the Earth's crust ride on a layer of magma.
		The plates move on top of the aesthenosphere, which is quite solid.
		To the person who claims a university page said the aesthenosphere was liquid, may I suggest a trip to the dictionary.
	www.thesession.org /shop/display.php/0064451283 (433 words)

	Geodesy - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Geodesy, branch of earth science that deals with determining precise positions on the surface of Earth, the size and shape of Earth, the motions of...
		Theories of continental drift and seafloor spreading have been integrated with the concept of plate tectonics—the theory that plates of the earth's rigid lithosphere (rocky outer shell), including the crust and upper mantle, move above and upon a less viscous zone called the aesthenosphere,...
		Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Geodesy.html (99 words)

	Visionlearning Glossary
		The semi-molten layer of the earth which starts at ~70-200 km depth and ends at 660 km depth.
		The aesthenosphere is part of the mantle, and is composed primarily of the rock peridotite.
		The aesthenosphere can flow very slowly, allowing rigid pieces of the lithosphere to move around on top of it.
	www.visionlearning.com /library/glossary.php (771 words)

	Sample Chapter for Hough, S.E.: Earthshaking Science: What We Know (and Don't Know) about Earthquakes.
		Because laboratory results show that zones of partial melting are characterized by slow wave velocities and high attenuation, the aesthenosphere is thought to be a zone of partial melting.
		The basaltic magma that rises to the earth's surface at the mid-ocean ridges is thought to be derived primarily from the 1-10 percent of the aesthenosphere that exists as a melt.
		The weak aesthenosphere, extending to a depth of about 370 kilometers, accounts for the mobility of the solid overriding lithospheric plates.
	press.princeton.edu /chapters/s7251.html (8114 words)

	Ocean Drilling Program: Leg 197 Preliminary Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This composition (confirmed with other isotopic and elemental ratios) is unprecedented in the Hawaiian hotspot-produced volcanism to the south, but is consistent with the interpretation from plate reconstructions that the hotspot was located close to a spreading ridge at ˜80 Ma.
		The seamount magmas, then, appear to be derived from a mixture of plume ("enriched") and predominantly aesthenosphere ("depleted") mantle sources.
		Thus, the thickness of the lithosphere could determine how much aesthenosphere contributes to hotspot volcanism or how possible isotopic heterogeneities within the plume itself are expressed through partial melting.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/prelim/197_prel/prel6.html (1539 words)

	Untitled Document
		The lithosphere is the rigid upper part of the Earth and consists of the crust plus the upper ~100 km of mantle.
		The lower, rigid part of the mantle (700-2900 km deep) is called the aesthenosphere.
		Old oceanic lithosphere actually sinks into the aesthenosphere, pulling the rest of a plate along with it.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~rfreeman/sfs_pt_questions.html (4266 words)

	Did the earth move for you?: ThePost.ie
		The earth's rigid outer shell, the lithosphere, is broken up into an extraordinary mosaic of oceanic and continental plates.
		Just underneath is another layer: a more fluid, plasticky surface, called the aesthenosphere.
		More typically, the plates are in constant slow motion, sliding glacially and peacefully over the liquidy aesthenosphere.
	archives.tcm.ie /businesspost/2001/07/22/story697149828.asp (1257 words)

	Untitled Document
		Aesthenosphere is a region or partially melted mantle
		Within the mantle at a depth of 100-300 km is the aesthenosphere, a region where the mantle rock is partially molten and, as a result, weaker than the mantle rocks above and below it.
		The aesthenosphere underlies the lithosphere and is mantle that has been partially melted.
	www.ocean.uni-bremen.de /EInfo/materialien/elemOc/top1-5/topic3.html (1278 words)

	Earth Science Today (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A plate includes all of the Earth's crust and that part of the upper mantle that is rigid.
		Below this lithospheric plate is the aesthenosphere, a portion of the mantle which is partially melted and deforms plasticly, allowing it to flow over geological time periods.
		The plates move on this weaker, viscous aesthenosphere.
	www.mnstate.edu /colson/est/est2b7.html (110 words)

	MOUNTAINS FIRMLY FIXED
		The surface of the earth is broken into many rigid plates that are about 100 km in thickness.
		These plates float on a partially molten region called aesthenosphere.
		Mountain formations occur at the boundary of the plates.
	www.islamisforyou.com /static/EEkAEullEkTxmgYxDm.shtml (106 words)

	A New Look at Transition Zone Processes and the Evolution of the Earth II - Study of Earth's Deep Interior [DI]
		The aesthenosphere, the relatively fluid region beneath the rigid lithosphere, is inferred to be the mechanical decoupling zone that allows plates to move relatively unimpeded over the surface of the Earth.
		An activation volume of 20 cc/mol for olivine flow will introduce as much as an order of magnitude in viscosity between 20 million year old ocean basin and 100 million year old material since the decoupling zone will be deeper and at higher pressure in the older region.
		These observations suggest that the lateral variation of the aesthenosphere viscosity is not age dependent and only weakly dependent on the effects of water and partial melting.
	www.agu.org /meetings/fm05/fm05-sessions/fm05_DI43A.html (2750 words)

	in-depth - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The animals and the communities resemble nothing known before to biological oceanographers, and they have spawned a number...
		Theories of continental drift and seafloor spreading have been integrated with the concept of plate tectonics—the theory that plates of the earth's rigid lithosphere (rocky outer shell), including the crust and upper mantle, move above and upon a less viscous zone called the aesthenosphere,...
		During December 1977-January 1978 a U.S.-Japanese team of investigators found fragments of 20-50 meteorites in the Transantarctic Mountains of Victoria Land in Antarctica.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/searchdetail.aspx?q=in-depth&pg=15&grp=art (507 words)

	Our Changing Continent
		Geophysicists have determined the thickness of the layers by measuring velocities of earthquake waves.
		Under the crust is a layer known to scientists as the aesthenosphere.
		The continents float on this aesthenosphere, which is a layer in the upper portions of the mantle that is partially melted.
	platetectonics.pwnet.org /story_tectonics/theory/inside_the_earth.htm (330 words)

	View topic - NEW THEORY! Jesus Christ Forums
		The crust is thin, varying from a few tens of kilometers thick beneath the continents to to less than 10 km thick beneath the many of the oceans.
		The aesthenosphere is only 'plastic' now, but when there was a combination of the short and long half life elements all decaying at the same time, this would have driven vast amounts of water from the early earth material.
		The heating continued, but at a slower pace, in the earth's interior, driving more water out of the rocks, melting more material, and causing the aesthenosphere to become downright slippery with the combination of a high water content and hot magma.
	www.freejesus.net /home/viewtopic.php?t=5555 (4408 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Glossary aesthenosphere (aestheno means to flow) — The aesthenosphere is a part of the mantle below the lithosphere.
		The upper portion of the aesthenosphere is a region with a plastic, semisolid consistency that bends and flows in response to pressure.
		plate, tectonic — A tectonic plate is a large, relatively rigid segment of the Earth’s lithosphere; these plates move around in relation to other plates because they “ride” on the plastic aesthenosphere.
	www.fema.gov /plan/prevent/earthquake/txt/fema-159-13-glossary.txt (1415 words)

	CAMP
		Given the aesthenospheric origin of modern mid-ocean ridge basalts, it is likely that the initial continental rift tholeiites were also melted from or near the base of the lithosphere.
		Their ages tend to be significantly younger than the ocean crust they intrude, and the alkaline-enriched nature of their magmas indicates a different source and depth of mantle melting than the mid-ocean ridge tholeiites.
		The alkaline magmas are similar in both continent and ocean occurrences, thus indicating a source unrelated to the different lithospheres and probably aesthenospheres as well.
	www.mantleplumes.org /CAMP.html (3851 words)

	Moving Plates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Beneath these plates is something called the aesthenosphere.
		The aesthenosphere is not so brittle, that's why it can flow.
		When the aesthenosphere moves, the plates which are floating on top of it also move.
	www.upd.edu.ph /HomePages/ismed/public_html/agham/archive/9th/extras/joanne/tempo2.htm (424 words)

	[No title]
		It is circulation of the air in the _______ that causes lower temperatures at higher altitudes.
		A. aesthenosphere B. troposphere C. corona D. stratosphere E. mantle 7.
		At a given temperature, the lighter molecules in a planet's atmosphere _______, which allows them to escape more easily.
	physics.bgsu.edu /~stoner/A212/a212e3.txt (1218 words)

	The Surface of the Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The plates consist of the crust and the upper, rigid part of the mantle (the lithosphere).
		They rest on top of the more plastic lower mantle (the aesthenosphere).
		Convection in the aesthenosphere causes them to move.
	lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us /lpc/murray/astro10/lectures/Earth2/tsld010.htm (56 words)

	The Land of Costa Rica
		These plates are in continual motion, ponderously inching along on endless journeys across the surface of the earth, powered by forces originating deep within the earth.
		They ride on a viscous layer called the aesthenosphere, with a molten component welling up to the earth's surface on great convection currents fueled by heat from the core of our planet.
		As the plates move, they pull apart or collide, unleashing titanic geological forces.
	centralamerica.com /cr/moon/moland.htm (3390 words)

	Hotspot - Low Resolution Program
		The word "tectonic" comes from the Greek word for builder, and these plates are the building blocks of the surface of the Earth.
		The tectonic plates sit above a semi-molten layer in the mantle called the aesthenosphere.
		The tectonic plates move slowly, which scientists think is a result of temperatures being greater in the deeper layers than in the upper layers of the aesthenosphere.
	www.windowsintowonderland.org /hotspots/low/LRProgram.aspx?pn=19 (235 words)

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