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| | Northumbria Encyclopedia Article @ Thereupon.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04) |
 | | Bernicia and Deira were first united by Aethelfrith, a king of Bernicia who conquered Deira around the year 604. |
 | | He was, however, himself defeated by an alliance of the exiled king of Gwynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan and Penda, king of Mercia, at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633. |
 | | In 655, Penda launched a massive invasion of Northumbria, aided by the sub-king of Deira, Aethelwald, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of an inferior force under Oswiu, Oswald's successor, at the Battle of Winwaed. |
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