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	Aetolia - LoveToKnow 1911
		In the 4th century the Aetolians began to take a greater part in Greek politics, and, in return for helpingEpaminondas (367) and Philip of Macedon (338), recovered control of their sea-board, to which they annexed the Acarnanian coast and the Oeniadae.
		It may be ascribed partly to the wealth and influence acquired by Aetolian mercenaries in Hellenistic courts, but chiefly to the formation of a national Aetolian league, the first effective institution of this kind in Greece.
		In the War of Independence the Aetolians by their stubborn defence, culminating in the sieges of Missolonghi, formed the backbone of the rebellion.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Aetolia (1283 words)

	222. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Peace of Naupactus was negotiated between the discouraged Aetolians and Philip, who wanted freedom to act against Rome and secure Illyria.
		The Aetolians declared war on Rome and secured the support of Antiochus III with a small force.
		The Romans drove Antiochus back to Asia in the Battle of Thermopylae (191), and the Aetolians were finally made subject allies of Rome by M. Fulvius Nobilior (189).
	www.bartleby.com /67/211.html (613 words)

	Ethics of the Hellenistic Era by Sanderson Beck
		At Argos Pyrrhus was trapped between the armies of the Macedonians and the Spartans and killed by a tile thrown by a woman from a rooftop in 272 BC.
		The Acarnanians declared their independence, but were invaded by the Aetolians and so appealed to Demetrius for help; he recommended the Illyrians, who were known for their piracy and now turned to conquest, extending their control south to the Corinthian Gulf and even taking Corcyra until they were stopped by the Romans.
		Unhappy with the settlement, the Aetolians allied with Nabis in Sparta and invited Seleucid Antiochus III to liberate Greece.
	www.san.beck.org /EC23-Hellenistic.html (20398 words)

	Aetolia
		The country was originally inhabited by Curetes and Leleges[?], but was at an early period colonized by Greeks from Elis, led by the mythical Aetolus.
		They continued for a long time a rude and uncivilized people, living to a great extent by robbery; and even in the time of Thucydides (410 BC) many of their tribes spoke a language which was not Greek, and were in the habit of eating raw flesh.
		The Aetolians took the side of Antiochus III against the Romans, and on the defeat of that monarch, 189 BC, they became virtually the subjects of Rome.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ae/Aetolia.html (293 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 204 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Aetolians in the battle of Lamia were assisted by 1000 Romans, whom Galba had sent to them, while.he himself was stationed at Naupactus.
		When Philip appeared at Dyme, on his march against Elis, Galba had landed with fifteen of his ships on the northern coast of Peloponnesus, and his soldiers were ravaging and plundering the country ; but Philip's sudden arrival compelled them to return to their station at Naupactus.
		The Romans afforded no efficient assistance to the Aetolians, not even after the fall of Hasdrubal, which considerably lessened their care about the safety of Italy.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1312.html (1117 words)

	Gutenkarte » The History of the Peloponnesian War » Chapter 11
		Being neighbours of the Aetolians and armed in the same way, it was thought that they would be of great service upon the expedition, from their acquaintance with the localities and the warfare of the inhabitants.
		Meanwhile the Aetolians had been aware of his design from the moment of its formation, and as soon as the army invaded their country came up in great force with all their tribes; even the most remote Ophionians, the Bomiensians, and Calliensians, who extend towards the Malian Gulf, being among the number.
		Assuring Demosthenes that the Aetolians were an easy conquest, they urged him to push on as rapidly as possible, and to try to take the villages as fast as he came up to them, without waiting until the whole nation should be in arms against him.
	www.gutenkarte.org /section/7142/11 (3618 words)

	History of Sparta
		A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians[?] to cross the Corinthian Gulf[?] and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest.
		In reality this Dorian immigration probably consisted of a series of inroads and settlements rather than a single great expedition, as depicted by legend, and was likely aided by the Minoan elements in the population, owing to their dislike of the Achaean yoke.
		The 3rd Century B.C. Twenty-two years later the city was attacked by an immense force under Pyrrhus, but Spartan bravery had not died out and the formidable enemy was repulsed, even the women taking part in the defence of the city.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/History_of_Sparta.html (3019 words)

	Appian's Roman History: The Macedonian Wars
		The Aetolians also had repented of their treaty, and they complained of Philip's bad faith toward them and asked to be inscribed again as allies.
		The Romans reproached the Aetolians for their recent defection, but they sent ambassadors to the kings ordering Antiochus not to invade Egypt, and Philip not to molest the Rhodians, or the Athenians, or Attalus, or any other ally of theirs.
		When the Rhodians, the Aetolians, and Amynander, king of the Athamanes, made their complaints against Philip, Flamininus ordered him to remove his garrison from Phocis, and required both parties to send ambassadors to Rome.
	www.livius.org /ap-ark/appian/appian_macedonia2.html (1492 words)

	The History of Rome, Vol. V
		The Aetolian Council had been summoned to meet at Heraclea to decide the strength of the contingent which was to follow the Roman general to war, and he waited at Thermopylae for a couple of days to learn the result.
		Both sides were greatly hampered in their movements by the nature of the ground, which was thickly planted with trees, and by the gardens which are usually found in suburban districts, the roads being enclosed between walls and in some cases blocked.
		The demand of the Aetolians that Pharsalus and Leucas should be restored to them in accordance with treaty rights was referred to the senate, but the commissioners acting under the authority of their decree united Phocis and Locris thus reverting to the former state of things.
	www.brainfly.net /html/books/brn0131e.htm (22737 words)

	Index of names: Ae
		268/2_ The Aetolians annex the Aenianians and Doris.
		246/30a SIG_443, a decree of Chios in honour of the Aetolians.
		192/12 Nabis is assassinated by a detachment of Aetolians.
	www.attalus.org /names/ae.html (1964 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 255 (v. 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This period is accordingly taken up with incursions of the Aetolians, ;he unsuccessful opposition of Aratus, and the trial yhich followed.
		As the time for the ex-dration of Aratus' office arrived, the Aetolian gene-als Dorimachus and Scopas made an attack on ^harae and Patrae, and carried on their ravages up o the borders of Messene, in the hope that o active measures would be taken against them ill the commander for the following year was tiosen.
		218, it appears that Aratus regained his influence by an exposure of the treachery of his opponents; and the effects of his presence were shewn in a victory gained over the combined forces of the Aetolians, Eleans, and Lacedaemonians.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/0264.html (1015 words)

	History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
		Being neighbours of the Aetolians and armed in the same way, it was thought that they would be of great service upon the expedition, from their acquaintance with the localities and the warfare of the inhabitants.
		Meanwhile the Aetolians had been aware of his design from the moment of its formation, and as soon as the army invaded their country came up in great force with all their tribes; even the most remote Ophionians, the Bomiensians, and Calliensians, who extend towards the Malian Gulf, being among the number.
		Assuring Demosthenes that the Aetolians were an easy conquest, they urged him to push on as rapidly as possible, and to try to take the villages as fast as he came up to them, without waiting until the whole nation should be in arms against him.
	www.4literature.net /Thucydides/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/58.html (816 words)

	Livy's History of Rome
		When the day came and Amynander was on the frontier with 1000 Aetolians, the Macedonian garrisons were simultaneously driven out of the four cities, and letters were sent to all the other cities urging them to shake themselves free from the tyranny of Philip and win back their ancestral and legitimate monarchy.
		A force of 1000 Aetolians was despatched against him and by taking direct roads they were able to meet him at whatever point his fleet had, in its cruising in and out of the indented coast, tried to effect a landing.
		On their informing him that the Aetolian Council accepted the conditions of peace, he told them to go to Rome to appear before the senate; the Rhodians and Athenians were also allowed to go to plead for them; and the consul also allowed his brother, C. Valerius, to accompany them.
	mcadams.posc.mu.edu /txt/ah/Livy/Livy38.html (20729 words)

	Aetolia, the Midnight Age
		Aetolians rejoiced today as the Crystalism, Devotion, and Domination skillsets received their much needed updates.
		The Aetolians were able to blow the berserking decorations to pieces, and peace settled once more.
		Spurred by dreams of Magi and Mhuns, a group of Aetolians helped the Great Mhunna assemble a box made of molyvdian, a rare and heavy ore, and piece together a ritual that he hoped would raise Laasen, the Mhun spirit of pure earth and stone.
	www.aetolia.com /news.shtml (5317 words)

	Commentary on Daniel - Volume 2 \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		They boasted themselves to be the liberators of Greece; they used the help of the Romans, but professed to be the principal leaders in the war, and when they saw Chalcis and other cities held by the Romans, the spirit of envy took possession of them.
		Titus Flaminius withdrew his garrisons from their cities, but yet the AEtolians were not satisfied; for they wished for the sole pre-eminence and the entire departure of the Romans.
		When the AEtolians were puffed up by the large promises which he brought back, they expected to produce peace throughout Greece without the slightest trouble.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/calvin/calcom25.vi.xxii.html (968 words)

	Roman Soldiers (III-II cent.)
		This general judged me worthy to be appointed centurion of the 1st century of hastati.
		I enlisted for the third time, again as a volunteer, in the army sent against the Aetolians and King Antiochus.
		When King Antiochus had been driven out [Battle of Thermopylae] and the Aetolians had been crushed, we were brought back to Italy.
	www.csun.edu /~hcfll004/soldiers.html (593 words)

	D
		During the first Macedonian war the Romans concluded an alliance, almost certainly in 211, with the Aetolian League, the effect of which was to keep Philip of Macedon occupied while securing for the Romans a good deal of saleable booty (notably, the inhabitants of the captured cities).
		If Romans and Aetolians together take any of these cities, let it be permitted, as far as concerns the demos (of the Romans) for the Aetolians to have these cities and lands; whatever they take besides the city, let it belong to both together.
		It was resolved also to write to the Aetolians about the wrongs that have occurred among you, in order that they might now seek out and restore to you everything that has been taken away, and that nothing (of the kind) may occur in the future.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/classics/bagnall/3995/readings/b-d2-1d.htm (2933 words)

	The Internet Classics Archive \| Flamininus by Plutarch
		But whilst with these and the like rumours the Aetolians laboured to shake the Roman confederates, Philip, making overtures of submission of himself and his kingdom to the discretion of Titus and the Romans, put an end to those jealousies, as Titus, by accepting them, did to the war.
		Some few there were whom the Aetolians were beforehand with, and had so wholly perverted that he could do no good with them; yet these, however angry and exasperated before, he saved and protected when the engagement was over.
		But as he happened to stand then in view of the besieged, they no sooner spied him out, but they call to him from their wall, they stretch forth their hands, they supplicate and entreat him.
	classics.mit.edu /Plutarch/flaminin.html (4046 words)

	Macedonia - United Macedonians Organization of Canada
		The Aetolian and Achaean leagues, expecting to be liberated, exchanged one tyrant for another and now found themselves under Roman control.
		Philip flatly refused the Aetolian offer, remembering that not too long ago they were calling for his removal from the throne.
		In the meantime, the Aetolians attacked and began to loot Sparta, which immediately drew in the Achaean league.
	www.unitedmacedonians.org /macedonia/stefov28.html (8433 words)

	Syrian War
		As a result the Aetolians especially, a Roman ally against Philip were becoming unsettled with the spread of Roman influence in Greece.
		The Aetolians then went to Antiochus and inspired him to invade Greece, as they convinced him that the Greeks were ready to be rid of the Roman yoke.
		Without Syrian support, the Aetolians were all too happy to comply at this point and shed persistant Roman scrutiny.
	www.unrv.com /empire/syrian-war.php (1116 words)

	Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, Book 29
		Changes in the kingdoms of Syria, Cappadocia, Egypt; Lycurgus at Sparta; Hannibal at Carthage; conduct of Philip, who attacks the Aetolians, I.
		But afterwards, when news was brought to the Romans that Philip was preparing to transport troops into Italy, they despatched the praetor Laevinus, with a well appointed fleet, to hinder him from crossing.
		Laevinus, sailing over to Greece, prevailed on the Aetolians, by making them numerous promises, to take up arms against Philip, who, on his side, solicited the Achaeans to go to war with the Romans.
	www.forumromanum.org /literature/justin/english/trans29.html (918 words)

	Plutarch: Life of Aratus (2) - translation
		However, as many powerful states were combining against the Achaeans, Aratus hastened to make peace with the Aetolians, which he not only effected with the assistance of Pantaleon, one of the most powerful men amongst them, but likewise entered into an alliance offensive and defensive.
		For the Aetolians had refused the assistance which he requested, and the city of Athens, though well inclined to serve him, was prevented by Eurycleides and Micion.
		After the death of Antigonus, the Aetolians despised the inactivity of the Achaeans : for, accustomed to the protection of foreign arms, and sheltering themselves under the Macedonian power, they sank into a state of idleness and disorder.
	www.attalus.org /old/aratus2.html (6397 words)

	Ancient coins of Aetolia
		The Aetolians, notwithstanding their ancient heroic fame, were in historical times the most turbulent and uncivilized people of Hellas.
		Before the age of Alexander there is no trace of Aetolian money, nor was it until after the consolidation of the Aetolian League, brought about by the invasions of Aetolia by the Macedonians (B.C. 314-311) and by the Gauls (B.C. 279), that the Federal coinage began.
		The few bronze pieces with Aetolian types were probably struck by cities in alliance with the Aetolians outside the boundaries of Aetolia proper, or not actual members of the Confederacy, such as Oeta in Thessaly, Amphissa, and Oeantheia in Locri Ozolae, Thronium in Locri Epicnemidii, and Apollonia near Naupactus.
	www.snible.org /coins/hn/aetolia.html (450 words)

	Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, Book 28
		Proceedings in Epirus; the Acarnanians request aid from the Romans against the Aetolians, I.
		A marriage was accordingly solemnized, by which Demetrius gained the love of a new wife, and the hatred of his former one; who, as if divorced, went off to her brother Antiochus, and excited him to make war upon her husband.
		But the Aetolians listened to the embassy of the Bo-mans with haughtiness, upbraiding them with their fortune against the Carthaginians and Gauls, by whom they had been fearfully slaughtered in so many wars, and saying that “their gates, which the terror of the Punic war had closed,
	www.forumromanum.org /literature/justin/english/trans28.html (1126 words)

	Walbank Chapter 13
		But if the Romans and the Aetolians take any of these cities together, as far as the Roman people is concerned the Aetolians may keep the cities and their territory; but whatever they take other than the city, both shall possess it jointly.
		The two currents converged and in 192 the Aetolians rashly resolved 'that Antiochus should be summoned to liberate Greece and to arbitrate between the Aetolians and the Romans' (Livy, xxxv, 33, 8).
		The Aetolian defeat reinforced Roman influence in Greece proper (though the Romans still made no annexations) and the settlement in Asia banished the Seleucids from all districts west of the Taurus range.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~jgaughan/courses/306/Walbankch13.htm (7013 words)

	Detail Page
		the Aetolians remained rugged Greek "highlanders," divided by tribal feuds and known for carrying weapons in public for self-defense.
		During the Peloponnesian War, Aetolia was invaded by the Athenian general Demosthenes (2), who hoped to seize the eastward mountain route into enemy Boeotia.
		Aetolian towns shared a common citizenship, representative Assembly, and a war captain, elected annually; the capital city was Thermon.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=GRE0021 (282 words)

	Polybius on Second Punic War
		Subsequently, after some notice of the unification and pacification of the Peloponnese and of the growth of the Rhodian State, I shall bring the whole narrative of events to a conclusion, narrating finally the expedition of Antiochus Epiphanes against Egypt, the war with Perseus, and the abolition of the Macedonian monarchy.
		Now having given a summary of the most important events, with the object of conveying to my readers a notion of this work as a whole and its contents in detail, it is time for me to call to mind my original plan and return to the starting-point of my history.
		The legates, as they saw that Antiochus was lending an ear to the Aetolians and was disposed to go to war with Rome, paid many attentions to Hannibal, wishing to make Antiochus suspicious of him, as in fact they succeeded in doing.
	www.uvm.edu /~bsaylor/classics/polybius3.html (2377 words)

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