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Topic: Afferent signal

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	Signal
		Signal generator A signal generator is a box with a variable frequency dial, a waveform selector an attenuator, and a le...
		Signal Mountain, Tennessee Signal Mountain is a town located in 2000 census, the town had a total population of 7,429.
		Signal reflection When a signal is transmitted along a transmission medium, such as a copper cable or an VSWR with a VSW...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/signal.html (1106 words)

	PART D DETAILED MODELING OF THE OVERALL VISUAL PROCESS
		It may be useful to subdivide this stage to clarify the fundamental difference in the signal manipulation occurring in the Pretectum from that occurring in the LGN and that occurring in the cerebral cortex.
		Following the generation of all of the primary signals to be delivered to the higher processing centers, luminance, chrominance and appearance, the signals are n-ary encoded primarily by the ganglion cells of the retina which constitute the initial elements of stage 3 processing.
		The detailed signal manipulation function, signal regeneration, performed by the active circuits known as Nodes of Ranvier are shown to be virtually identical to that of the ganglion cells of the retina.
	www.4colorvision.com /files/part-d.htm (3463 words)

	Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The efferent signal is the impulses from the brain to muscle or organ tissue.
		The afferent signal is the sensation that transmits the state of peripheral body parts to the brain.
		The afferent signal corresponds to the feedback signal from the sensors; the efferent signal corresponds to the motion command; and these signals interact in a hierarchical manner that realize a parameter adaptation mechanism.
	www.nada.kth.se /~danik/abs-koichi.html (182 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Thereby, by addition of white noise, the weak signal is conveyed over a barrier which is greater than the signal itself.
		The basic requirement for modelling cochlear SR is the identification of the geometric pattern of spontaneous spike trains as white noise signals characterized as sets of independently distributed random variables with a maximum of entropy, in this way clearly differentiated from acoustically driven deterministic random point processes of the cochlea 15,16.
		Consequently, the OHC are not only involved in the active mechanical signal preprocessing 24,26,32 but also in an active mechanical and/or electrotonical tuning mechanism for the IHC as a basic requirement for a successful cochlear SR., driving and determining different intensity resolution characteristics of individual cochlear afferent neurons.
	tph.tuwien.ac.at /~svozil/publ/stores~1.txt (1986 words)

	Nerve - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Afferent nerves convey sensory signals to the brain, for example from skin or organs, while efferent nerves conduct stimulatory signals from the brain to the muscles and glands.
		These signals, sometimes called nerve impulses, are also known as action potentials : Rapidly traveling electrical waves, which begin typically in the cell body of a neuron and propagate rapidly down the axon to its tip or "terminus." The signals cross over from the terminus to the adjacent neuron through a gap called the synapse.
		Referred pain occurs because when a nerve is damaged, signalling is defective from all parts of the area which the nerve receives input, not just the site of the damage.
	www.grohol.com /wiki/Nerve (416 words)

	Activation of visceral afferents by bradykinin and ischemia: independent roles of PKC and prostaglandins -- Guo et al. ...
		Signal transduction in activation of ischemically sensitive abdominal visceral afferents: role of PKC.
		Bradykinin-mediated activation of ischemically sensitive abdominal visceral afferents: contributions from the phosphoinositide and cyclooxygenase pathways.
		Activation of ischemia and reperfusion-sensitive abdominal visceral C fiber afferents: role of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/6/H1884 (4086 words)

	Muscle afferent contributions to the cardiovascular response to isometric exercise -- Fisher and White 89 (6): 639 -- ...
		Muscle afferent and central command contributions to the cardiovascular response to isometric exercise of postural muscle in patients with mild chronic heart failure.
		Responses in muscle afferent fibres of slow conduction velocity to contractions and ischaemia in the cat.
		Contribution of muscle afferents to the haemodynamic, autonomic, and ventilatory responses to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure.
	ep.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/89/6/639 (4230 words)

	NERVES
		An axon is the length of the neuron is the structure that carries the action potential signal from one area of the body to another.
		The signal moves much faster in myelinated fibers because as the signal jumps from node to node it is traveling at the speed of electricity rather than waiting for protein conformational changes and diffusional processes.
		Transmission of a signal across a synapse (which depends upon diffusional processes) is relatively slow compared to transmission of action potentials down an axon.
	www.mrs.umn.edu /~goochv/AnimalPhys/nerves/nerves.html (1408 words)

	Cerebellar Climbing Fibers Modulate Simple Spikes in Purkinje Cells -- Barmack and Yakhnitsa 23 (21): 7904 -- Journal ...
		Ebner TJ, Bloedel JR (1981) Role of climbing fiber afferent input in determining responsiveness of Purkinje cells to mossy fiber inputs.
		Kevetter GA, Perachio A (1986) Distribution of vestibular afferents that innervate the sacculus and posterior canal in the gerbil.
		Reichenberger I, Dieringer N (1994) Size-related colocalization of glycine and glutamate immunoreactivity in frog and rat vestibular afferents.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/21/7904 (7496 words)

	Nonrenewal Statistics of Electrosensory Afferent Spike Trains: Implications for the Detection of Weak Sensory Signals ...
		This afferent had a mean ISI of 2.9 EOD cycles and coefficient of variation (CV (1)) of 0.47.
		For each afferent fiber, a binomial model B was constructed from the p (per-cycle probability of firing) value of the fiber.
		For the afferent, signal detection performance at 90% (dashed line) is possible with as few as 2-3 spikes over the baseline of 35 spikes.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/20/17/6672 (7165 words)

	American Obesity Association - Tax Breaks
		Signals from the ingestion of food can act to reduce future short-term food intake by one of several mechanisms, including hormones, nutrients, or neuronal signals.
		Nutrients may trigger signals transmitted over the vagus or sympathetic nerves as nutrients are absorbed from the gastrointestinal track or pass through the liver.
		Afferent messages from the vagus nerve enter the vagal center and are relayed to the hypothalmus.
	www.obesity.org /subs/tax/irs97.shtml (11619 words)

	Norepinephrine and beta 2-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation Regulate CD4+ T and B Lymphocyte Function in Vitro and in ...
		Signal 1 to the B cell occurs upon stimulation of the B cell receptor (BCR) by antigen (Ag).
		Following signal 1, the B cell prepares to produce antibody (Ab) and awaits signal 2, which is delivered in the form of cytokine receptor stimulation.
		In later studies, the role of the vagus nerve in transmitting IL-1-induced signals to the CNS was further explored.
	pharmrev.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/4/487 (7684 words)

	Nutrition Reviews: function of leptin in nutrition, weight, and physiology, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Leptin is an adipocyte hormone that functions as the afferent signal in a negative feedback loop regulating body weight.
		In aggregate, these data establish leptin's role as hormonal signal in a feedback loop modulating the size of adipose tissue mass and indicate that body weight to a significant extent is under endocrine control.
		The possibility that falling plasma leptin levels signal nutrient deprivation is further suggested by the observation that exogenous leptin attenuates the neuroendocrine responses to food restriction.13 Fasted wild-type mice receiving leptin continue to ovulate, whereas fasted controls given PBS experience an ovulatory delay of several days.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3624/is_200210/ai_n9091216 (1180 words)

	A presynaptic mechanism contributes to depression of autonomic signal transmission in NTS -- Chen et al. 277 (4): 1350 ...
		Dynamics of sensory afferent synaptic transmission in aortic baroreceptor regions of nucleus tractus solitarius.
		NMDA receptors contribute to primary visceral afferent transmission in the nucleus of the solitary tract.
		Metabotropic glutamate receptors depress vagal and aortic baroreceptor signal transmission in the nucleus of the solitary tract.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/277/4/H1350 (6405 words)

	Modification of Smooth Pursuit Initiation by a Nonvisual, Afferent Feedback Signal -- Weir and Knox 42 (10): 2297 -- ...
		signal of the movements of the eyes that may be used to modify
		an afferent signal from the periphery to act in their control.
		Afferent signals from the EOM are known to carry
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/42/10/2297 (4341 words)

	Primary Faculty, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics @ University of Florida
		Leptin, synthesized by white adipose tissue (WAT), is an afferent signal molecule that interacts with the appetite and satiety centers in the brain to regulate body weight, and this hormone contributes to the regulation of both food intake and energy expenditure.
		Studies focus on leptin signal transduction in the hypothalamus and identifying downstream components of the leptin signal transduction cascade both in the brain and in peripheral tissues.
		Third, we are attempting to reverse or prevent the development of obesity with diet or age with gene delivery techniques aimed at both circumventing the leptin resistance and independently activating energy expenditure mechanisms.
	www.med.ufl.edu /pharm/Scarpace.html (229 words)

	Receptors and Transmission in the Brain-Gut Axis: Potential for Novel Therapies: I. Receptors on visceral afferents -- ...
		subtype in sensory signal transduction in the visceral realm (9).
		in sensory signal transduction in the gastrointestinal tract in
		Extensive sprouting of sensory afferents and hyperalgesia induced by conditional expression of nerve growth factor in the adult spinal cord.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/5/G787 (5101 words)

	A Test of Nerves - April 2003 - Rehab Management - The Interdisciplinary Journal of Rehabilitation
		Because of this, it is possible that cold may potentially impair neuromuscular function if the delivery of the afferent signal from the periphery or motor response has been slowed.
		In each of these studies, the authors suggest that the differences observed in the motor response were due to changes in the afferent signal from the mechanoreceptors.
		This is important, as any change in the afferent signal can in turn lead to a modification of the motor response.
	www.rehabpub.com /features/42003/3.asp (1743 words)

	Sensing vascular distension in skeletal muscle by slow conducting afferent fibers: neurophysiological basis and ...
		Examples of responses of group IV afferent fibers with receptive field in the triceps surae of the cat during electrically induced rhythmic contractions (A) and during static contractions (B and C).
		This afferent fiber responds after a delay, which was associated with a second rise in blood flow.
		Contraction-sensitive skeletal muscle afferents inhibit arterial baroreceptor signalling in the nucleus of the solitary tract: role of intrinsic GABA interneurons.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/96/2/407 (8269 words)

	Modification of Visually Guided Saccades by a Nonvisual Afferent Feedback Signal -- Knox et al. 41 (9): 2561 -- ...
		signal of the movements of the eyes that is used to produce
		Ashton, JA, Boddy, A, Dean, SR, Milleret, C, Donaldson, IML (1988) Afferent signals from cat extraocular muscles in the medial vestibular nucleus, the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi and adjacent brainstem structures Neuroscience 26,131-145
		Knox, PC, Donaldson, IML (1995) The effect of afferent signals from extraocular muscles on visual responses of cells on the optic tectum of the pigeon Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 259,285-291
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/41/9/2561 (3220 words)

	APStracts 6:0286N, 1999. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The function of the translational vestibulo-ocular reflex (tVOR) and the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) is to stabilize images on the retina during translational and rotational motion respectively.
		It is known that the eye plant requires signals in phase with velocity and position.
		We propose that the velocity signal is obtained directly from the neural integrator, while the position signal is obtained directly from the primary afferents synapsing onto the oculomotor nuclei.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1999/jn/July/286n.html (189 words)

	Vagal afferent responses to fatty acids of different chain length in the rat -- Lal et al. 281 (4): 907 -- AJP - ...
		Devazepide failed to attenuate the afferent nerve response to sodium butyrate infusion.
		Devazepide attenuated the afferent nerve response to sodium oleate infusion.
		Responses of celiac and cervical vagal afferents to infusions of lipids in the jejunum or ileum of the rat.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/4/G907 (6471 words)

	APStracts 4:0049R, 1997. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Elimination of baroreceptor afferent input to the brain produced by chronic lesion of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) does not alter vasopressin (VP) release during hypotensive hemorrhage in conscious rats.
		In rats with NTS lesions and renal denervation hemorrhage induced the expression of Fos in hypothalamic magnocellular VP neurons, in a pattern similar to that of hemorrhage in intact rats.
		Furthermore, in the absence of the NTS and renal nerves another signal generated by hypotensive hemorrhage continues to stimulate VP neurons.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1997/regulatory/January/49r.html (267 words)

	[No title]
		When you stand quickly, vessels are still dilated, so blood pools in feet and legs, so return to heart to lowered dramatically, and stroke volume decreases.
		Baroreceptors detect lower pressure, send afferent signal to medulla, and efferent message goes out to increase heart rate and TPR by vasoconstriction, in response, MAP returns to normal.
		Afferent signal is sent to brain, efferent message goes to release anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and to stimulate thirst 4.
	members.cox.net /tmccabe_2/SEASAND/NervousSystem.doc (287 words)

	CO2 does not affect passive exercise ventilatory decline -- Bell and Duffin 95 (1): 322 -- Journal of Applied Physiology
		of respiratory neurons in the medulla by ascending signals
		afferent signal at the level of the receptors were to adapt,
		Discharge properties of group III and IV muscle afferents: their responses to mechanical and metabolic stimuli.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/95/1/322 (3863 words)

	Electrophysiological Assessment of the Cutaneous Arborization of Adelta -Fiber Nociceptors -- Peng et al. 82 (3): 1164 ...
		Cervero, F., and Sann, H. Mechanically evoked responses of afferent fibres innervating the guinea-pig's ureter an in vitro study.
		Jyväsjärvi, E., and Kniffki, K.-D. Afferent C fibre innervation of cat tooth pulp: confirmation by electrophysiological methods.
		Perl, E. Myelinated afferent fibres innervating the primate skin and their response to noxious stimuli.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/82/3/1164 (8616 words)

	Neural Network Model of the Efferent Auditory System
		A good example an afferent signal (toward the brain) is the sense of touch.
		Efferent signals (away from the brain), on the other hand, exist where the brain wants to perform an action, like activating muscles that pull your hand back from heat or fire.
		Efferent signals take advantage of the fact that by tightening the muscle surrounding a section of hair cells, those hair cells can no longer move freely and are held rigid.
	www.patrickkellogg.com /school/papers/efferent (2921 words)

	Afferent signal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		In nervous systems, afferent signals or nerve fibers carry information toward the brain.
		Efferent nerves and signals carry information away from the brain.
		In the peripheral nervous system, nerves are dedicated exclusively to either afferent or efferent signalling.
	www.phatnav.com /wiki/index.php?title=Afferent (119 words)

	Publications at the Graybiel Lab
		Illing, R.-B. and Graybiel, A.M. (1986) Complementary and non-matching afferent compartments in the cat's superior colliculus: Innervation of the acetylcholinesterase-poor domain of the intermediate gray layer.
		Graybiel, A.M. and Berson, D.M. (1980) Histochemical identification and afferent connections of subdivisions in the lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex and related thalamic nuclei in the cat.
		Gould, B.B. and Graybiel, A.M. (1976) Afferents to the cerebellar cortex in the cat: Evidence for an intrinsic pathway leading from the deep nuclei to the cortex.
	web.mit.edu /bcs/graybiel-lab/pub.html (5623 words)

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