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Topic: Affine cipher

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	[No title]
		This calculator enciphers and deciphers text using an affine cipher (such as the Caesar cipher) in which letters are encoded using the formula C=aP+b (mod 26) where a and b are whole numbers between 0 and 25 and a is relatively prime to 26.
		The calculator also supports general substitution ciphers in which each letter is replaced by a another letter in a given permutation.
		If you're trying to crack a cipher and you think you know a few of the substitutions, it often helps to "empty" the cipher and fill in only the letters you think you know.
	www.wiley.com /college/mat/gilbert139343/java/java12_s.html (329 words)

	Affine cipher
		The Affine cipher is a special case of the more general substitution cipher.
		This cipher is less secure than a substitution cipher as it is vulnerable to all of the attacks that work against substitution ciphers as well as other attacks.
		The cipher's primary weakness comes from the fact that if the cryptanalyst can discover (by means of frequency analysis, brute force, guessing or otherwise) the plaintext of two ciphertext characters then the key can be obtained by solving a simultaneous equations.
	www.wapipedia.com /wikipedia/mobiletopic.aspx?cur_title=Affine_cipher (152 words)

	[No title]
		affine cipher +------------------------------------------------------------ An affine cipher uses affine functions to scramble the letters in an alphabet of a secret message.
		A requently used Caesar cipher is "rot13" defined by f(x)=x+13 mod(13).
		More complicated versions of affine cyphers can be obtained by writing the to encoded text as a sequence of vectors x and then applying Ax+b on each vector.
	www.math.harvard.edu /~knill/sofia/data/k12.txt (3988 words)

	Shift Ciphers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thus the slope of a valid affine cipher is guaranteed to have an inverse.
		The slope of an affine cipher must be relatively prime to 26, or the code will not be 1-to-1.
		Another way of saying the same thing is that the slope of an affine cipher must have an inverse mod 26.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /~gawron/crypto/lectures/affine.htm (1438 words)

	Data Encryption - Computer Forensic
		A cipher is the algorithm that is used to encrypt the file.
		The private key ciphers are again classified as stream and block ciphers.
		In case of transposition ciphers the examples are Scytale, Grille cipher, as well as VIC cipher.
	www.computerforensics1.com /data-encryption.html (0 words)

	Ritter's Crypto Glossary and Dictionary of Technical Cryptography
		A common academic model for conventional block ciphers is a "family of permutations." The "permutation" part of this means that every plaintext block value is found as ciphertext, but generally in a different position.
		When used with a conventional block cipher, an AONT appears to increase the cost of a brute-force attack by a factor which is the number of blocks in the message.
		We are to attack a cipher which enciphers plaintext into ciphertext or deciphers the opposite way, under control of a key.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /GLOSSARY.HTM (0 words)

	Crytography
		We have shown that the Affine Cipher satisfies the first 3 properties of the definition of a cryptosystem and that it satisfies the need for a one-to-one encryption rule, but we still need an associate decryption rule in order to decrypt the ciphertext.
		Therefore, the affine cipher is indeed a cryptosystem.
		The Vigenere Cipher was invented in the sixteenth century, and is associated with the idea of adding a keyword of length m to the plaintext that is to be sent.
	www.math.ups.edu /~bryans/Current/Journal_Spring_2001/434_ALoveless_1_2001.htm (2176 words)

	Section 5.5: Going Farther: Affine Ciphers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In this section, we shall consider a generalization of the shift cipher called the affine cipher.
		We decode using the affine applet with the decoding key that we have found.
		The message recorded in the applet below was encoded using an affine cipher with key a = 59 and b = 34.
	www.math.mtu.edu /mathlab/COURSES/holt/dnt/lincong5.html (406 words)

	7 Twins and Triplets (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Of course, one could increase the security of an an affine cipher using a different one on each letter, as the Vigenère cipher discussed in section 4 does.
		However, because an affine cipher sends adjacent letters far apart, one way to improve the cipher is to work on multiple letters at a time, either in pairs, triplets, or larger groupings.
		using the same affine cipher as in section 6 (that is, with m=3 and b=20), but working with digraphs.
	www.mathlab.sunysb.edu /~scott/Papers/MSTP/crypto/7Twins_Triplets.html (508 words)

	: Class AffineKey
		This class represents a key for an Affine cipher.
		The key is entirely represented by two integers, a and b, which serve as variables in the Affine functions: encrypt(x) = ax + b mod 26 and decrypt(y) = inverse of (a) * (y - b) mod 26.
		This implementation of the Affine cipher is restricted to the alphabet ranges "az", "AZ", and "azAZ".
	starbase.trincoll.edu /~crypto/hcryptoj/docs1.2/hcrypto/engines/AffineKey.html (134 words)

	Affine cipher (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In affine ciphers the encryption function for a letter is e(x) = ax +b(mod m) where,
		This cipher is less secure than a substitution cipher asit is vulnerable to all of the attacks that work against substitution ciphers as well as other attacks.
		The cipher's primary weakness comes from the fact thatif the cryptanalyst can discover (by means of frequency analysis, brute force, guessing or otherwise) the plaintext of twociphertext characters then the key can be obtained by solving a simultaneous equations.
	www.therfcc.org /affine-cipher-274167.html (159 words)

	Cryptography Workshop Outline
		Breaking a cipher -- guessing the method and the key -- is quite different from simple decryption.
		Encryption and decryption of an affine cipher using Excel.
		This kind of cipher is well-suited to special tables or mechanical devices.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/quenell/s2002/crypto/outline.html (1561 words)

	Affine cipher (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This cipher is less secure than a substitution cipher as it is vulnerable to all of the attacks that work against substitution cipher s as well as other attacks.
		The cipher's primary weakness comes from the fact that if the cryptanalyst can discover (by means of frequency analysis, brute force, guessing or otherwise) the plaintext of two ciphertext characters then the key can be obtained by solving a simultaneous equation s.
		It uses material from the Wiktionary page "Affine".
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Affine_cipher.html (310 words)

	Affine cipher
		In affine ciphers the encryption function for a letter is where,
		The decryption function is where is the multiplicative inverse of in the group
		Since we know and are relatively prime this can be used to rapidly discard many "false" keys in an automated system.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/a/af/affine_cipher.html (161 words)

	Affine cipher Information
		It is one of the most confusing form of codes devised, the sender can easily determine how many numbers he/she wants to change the code by, but this makes it far harder for the receiver to decode the message.
		In affine ciphers the encryption function for a letter is e(x) = ax + b(mod m) where,
		Since we know a and m are relatively prime this can be used to rapidly discard many "false" keys in an automated system.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Affine_cipher (202 words)

	affine cipher Index - Computer-Technology-Find (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Use the applet to investigate affine encryption and decryption.
		The Affine cipher is a symmetric monoalphabetic cipher which expands on the idea presented in the shift cipher.
		cipher stent cipher stream cipher strength cipher substitution cipher symmetric cipher system cipher text cipher transposition
	www.computer-technology-find.com /Cipher/affine-cipher.html (567 words)

	Technical
		Mathematically defined, a cipher is a function which takes as input a plaintext message x and a key k, and returns an encrypted message y.
		A cryptosystem is often defined as a five-tuple (P,C,K,E,D) where P is the set of all possible plaintexts, C is the set of all possible ciphertexts, K is the keyspace, or the set of all possible keys, and E and D are encryption/decryption functions.
		Other monoalphabetic ciphers covered in this chapter include the Substitution Cipher (where each letter is represented by another letter; this is known as a permutation cipher) and the Affine Cipher (in which the encryption functions are restricted to the form e(x) = (ax + b) mod 26).
	books.vulcanears.com /html/technical.html (1550 words)

	EverCrack Open Source Cryptanalysis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Atbash Cipher relies on the secrecy of the method.
		The Affine Cipher is also a special implementation of a mono-
		Cipher [since in both these cases we have secret algorithm ciphers] but the
	evercrack.cjb.cc /crypto/muni.html (488 words)

	390 Codes, Ciphers, and Cryptography Homework 1
		Multiplicative cipher: This cipher works like the additive cipher, except instead of adding m, mod 26, you multiply by m, mod 26.
		Affine cipher: This cipher works in two steps.
		Is this a transposition cipher or a substitution cipher?
	www.bsu.edu /web/mkarls/390HW1.htm (408 words)

	affine cipher
		Now it is time to define the actual encryption function for the affine cipher while dealing with the basic english character set.
		The best way to crack the affine cipher is to use certain properties of the english language.
		What I mean by cracking the cipher is either gaining the plaintext without knowing the key or deriving the key and then decrypting in the normal fashion.
	www.stetson.edu /~fiji/crypto/affinecipher.html (0 words)

	Crypto Applets (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This applet performs both random and user-defined monoalphabetic encryption; in particular, affine ciphers and monoalphabetic keyword ciphers can be defined.
		The applet performs a Kasiski test for the cipher text; it gives a list of trigraph repetitions, their frequency, and the greatest common divisor of the distances between repetitions; a histogram of these greatest common divisors indicates the keyword length for a periodic polyalphabetic cipher.
		The applet can be used for cryptanalysis of polyalphabetic ciphers; the keyword length must first be determined using the Kasiski test; the keyword for a Vigenere cipher can be reconstructed using histograms for sections of the cipher text; finally the cipher text can be decrypted using a Vigenere cipher and a specified keyword.
	cobalt.rocky.edu /~hoenschu/CryptoApplets/main.html (177 words)

	Affine enciphering
		Thus, by the above, we can see that the affine encoding scheme will be just fine if the multiplicand a is relatively prime to the length of our alphabet (p).
		Henceforth, we will always take an alphabet whose length is a prime number, so we need not worry about this issue.
		Suppose we have a message that was encrypted with an affine cipher on an alphabet we also know.
	www.math.sunysb.edu /~shafikov/teaching/fall01/mat331/Book/Affine_enciphering.html (0 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Not currently clear how to find For ordinary arithmetic, (+ - *, integer division, % with same modulus) reduction mod m can be done at any point in the calculation, and result will be the same.
		Situation more complicated for exponentiation, Some Simple ciphers based on modulo arithmetic * We let integers mod 26, 0-25, represent letters a-z.
		Various generalizations * Recall trick for getting x from ascii: (int)(xchar - 'a'); (int)(xchar - 'A') Shift cipher (Caesar shift), rot13 E(x) = x + a % 26 D(x) = x - a % 26 * key is integer a, only 26 (25 useful) of them.
	www.cs.rochester.edu /u/brown/Crypto/lectures/nelson/lecture_01.txt (357 words)

	MAPLE Programs for Cryptology
		This uses the Vigenere cipher of Chapter 2 to encode the plaintext.
		This uses the Vigenere cipher of Chapter 2 to decode the ciphertext.
		This the text of the cipher example in Figure 2.2 all typed in.
	www.math.okstate.edu /~wrightd/crypt/maple (844 words)

	Amazon.com: "Affine Cipher": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Affine Cipher 95 They are the decryption functions for the individual characters of a ciphertext and satisfy the condition ds(...
		the cipher a Caesar cipher, for n > 1 and gcd(n, q) = 1 the resulting cipher is called an affine cipher.
		Such transformation is part of a larger category of classical ciphers that is referred to as affine ciphers.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Affine-Cipher (502 words)

	[No title]
		There are a total of 12x26 = 312 possible keys for the affine cipher.
		(There are 12 values in between 0 and 25 that have a gcd of 1 with 26.) Cryptanalysis of the Affine Cipher All you need to determine the key for an affine cipher is two matching plaintext-ciphertext characters.
		Here are some of the techniques people tried to make the substitution cipher more difficult to break: 1) Created a nomenclature, where some very common words in the plaintext are substituted by symbols.
	www.cs.ucf.edu /~dmarino/ucf/cis3362/lectures/Chapter2Notes.doc (677 words)

	Anton Betten, M360, cryptanalysis: substitution cipher (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is because arithmetic mod 26 isn't over a field, and hence congruences may have several solutions.
		You may try cryptanalyzing the following texts, which were obtained from an english text by an affine cipher.
		This tells us something about the security of affine ciphers: it is low.
	www.math.colostate.edu /~betten/courses/M360/FA05/affine.html (210 words)

	Affine cipher tokyo mew mew Affine cipher
		Shop and compare great deals on affine cipher and millions of other related products at MonsterMarketplace.
		In affine ciphers the encryption function for a letter is $e(x)=ax+b\pmod{m} where,$
		Since we know $a and m are relatively prime this can be used to rapidly discard many "false" keys in an automated system.$
	www.find-ask.com /Encyclopedia/Affine_cipher/Affine_cipher.html (380 words)

	Affine Ciphers
		Since there are two keys we undo them one at a time, in reverse order as they were applied to the message.
		To break this type of encryption we will need two suspected correlations between letters.
		Affine Encryption: Encrypt the following message with an additive key of 3 and a multiplicative key of 7.
	www.yorktech.com /department/science/craig/Other/encrypt/affine_ciphers.htm (441 words)

	Affine Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This time as the title says it the Affine cipher.
		I have to plain- cipher text pairs, how would i then break the key?
		Be gentle please, I have one example from Robert E Lewand's book Cryptological Mathemathics which i understand up untill the last step.
	www.newsfeeds.com /archive/sci-crypt/msg01232.html (69 words)

	ACTIVITIES INDEX
		Students practice simple arithmetic skills by encoding and decoding messages using an affine cipher.
		Students practice simple arithmetic skills by encoding and decoding messages to determine the form for an affine cipher.
		Students practice their reasoning and arithmetic skills by decoding messages to determine the form for an affine cipher.
	www.shodor.org /interactivate1.0/activities (0 words)

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