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Topic: Affirmative Action Around the World

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Affirmative action

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	Hoover Institution - Hoover Digest - Affirmative Action around the World
		One of the common dishonesties in the academic world is faculty rejection of affirmative action in anonymous polls and support of it when voting publicly in faculty meetings or commenting in the media.
		Affirmative action has meant almost a moratorium on recognition of the achievements of those designated as its beneficiaries, however few tangible benefits these groups may in fact have received.
		Another way in which affirmative action can be a negative-sum process is by a withdrawal of members of non-preferred groups and the loss of their contributions to the society at large.
	www.hoover.org /publications/digest/3010426.html (3494 words)

	Affirmative action - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From its outset, affirmative action was seen as a transitional strategy, with the intent that in a period, variously estimated from a generation to a century, the effects of past discrimination would be sufficiently countered that such a strategy would no longer be necessary: the power elite would reflect the demographics of society at large.
		Though affirmative action in the U.S. is primarily associated with racial issues, the American civil rights movement originally gave as its purpose the correction of a history of oppression against all working-class and low-income people, and women have figured as prominently as ethnic minorities among its beneficiaries.
		Some opponents view affirmative action as government-sanctioned racialism and reverse discrimination, and also believe that it’s demeaning to members of minority groups, that affirmative action wrongly sends a message to minorities that they are not capable enough to be considered on their own merits.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Affirmative_action (4410 words)

	Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study
		Thomas Sowell's latest book shows that affirmative action tends to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group, often to the detriment of the least fortunate among the non-preferred groups.
		Whichever term is used -- affirmative action in America, "positive discrimination" in India, preferences "reflecting the federal character of the country" in Nigeria, or "sons of the soil" preferences in Malaysia -- Dr. Sowell looks at the similarities in the rationale behind these countries' policies, and focuses especially on the actual outcomes.
		One of the most damaging outcomes of affirmative action in American higher education is the abysmal graduation rate of minority students admitted to elite colleges and universities under lowered admissions standards.
	www.intellectualconservative.com /article3873.html (895 words)

	Book Review: Affirmative Action Around the World by Thomas Sowell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Affirmative action has been arguably the most politically divisive topic of the post-Civil Rights era.
		Whichever term is used - affirmative action in America, "positive discrimination" in India, preferences "reflecting the federal character of the country" in Nigeria, or "sons of the soil" preferences in Malaysia - Dr. Sowell looks at the similarities in the rationale behind these countries' policies, and focuses especially on the actual outcomes.
		One of the most damaging outcomes of affirmative action in American higher education is the abysmal graduation rate of minority students admitted to elite colleges and universities under lowered admissions standards.
	www.townhall.com /bookclub/sowell4.html (928 words)

	[No title]
		Proponents of affirmative action cannot console themselves for their false assumptions on grounds that their intentions were good, because social quackery likewise substitutes for real efforts to deal with real problems that can tear a society apart.
		Bloody and lethal riots over affirmative action in India are the most obvious examples, but there have also been young brahmins who have died by setting themselves on fire in protest against policies which have destroyed their prospects.
		Despite verbal parallels between affirmative action and preferences for the privileged, when some rich student of modest ability does not make it through an elite college, that is neither a personal nor a social tragedy, given the range of options still available to that student.
	www.discoverthenetwork.org /guideDesc.asp?gid=89 (2026 words)

	Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study: Current Amazon U.S.A. One-Edition Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Whether called affirmative action in America, "positive discrimination" in India, preferences "reflecting the federal character of the country" in Nigeria, or "sons of the soil" preferences in Malaysia, Dr. Sowell looks at the similarities in the rationale behind the policies of these aforementioned countries, as well as their actual consequences.
		Proponents of affirmative action support it with various arguments: it is a temporary and limited program designed to right historic wrongs; it is a program by which equalities based on racism are balanced out; it helps those least fortunate in society; it eases ethnic/racial tensions.
		India has had an affirmative action program for longer than any other nation, and though it was originally designed to be limited in time (20 years) and scope (mainly untouchables and other similarly disadvantaged "backward classes"), it has now ballooned to encompass numerous other groups of people over numerous extensions of time.
	www.equuscommercialfinance.com /books-reviewed/0300101996.html (4117 words)

	Affirmative Action around the World by Thomas Sowell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Affirmative action has meant almost a moratorium on recognition of the achievements of those designated as its beneficiaries, however few tangible benefits these groups may in fact have received.
		Another way in which affirmative action can be a negative-sum process is by a withdrawal of members of non-preferred groups and the loss of their contributions to the society at large.
		The empirical consequences of affirmative action preferences and quotas have been paid remarkably little attention—with hard data being sparse to nonexistent in some countries—while controversies surrounding these policies have been discussed in terms of the vision and the rationale behind them and the counter-vision and counter-rationales of critics.
	www.hooverdigest.org /044/sowell.html (3493 words)

	Affirmative Action
		These predictions constitute the institution's affirmative action “goals,” and failure to meet the goals signals to the institution (and to the government) that it needs to revisit its efforts at eliminating exclusionary practices.There may still remain practices that ought to be modified or eliminated.
		Provided an affirmative action plan is precisely tailored to redress the losses in prospects of success [by fls and women] attributable to racism and sexism, it only deprives innocent white males of the corresponding undeserved increases in their prospects of success….
		The test of real world affirmative action lies in the urgency of its ends (preventing discrimination, promoting diversity or integration) and the aptness (moral and causal) of its means (racial, ethnic, and gender preferences).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/affirmative-action (10749 words)

	Saskatchewan: Land of Living Skies Bookstore - Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In all five of the countries Sowell discusses, affirmative action programs are supposed to be in effect for a limited time and cover a limited group of people, but they eventually take on a life of their own as the demands of the privileged groups become ever more radical.
		Finally, in probably the most damning indictment of affirmative action, contrary to arguments that ethnic/racial tensions are eased by such programs, it appears the exact opposite often occurs.
		Affirmative action assumes the government has the wherewithal to identify and correct historic wrongs committed against specific groups, because freedom and neutral policies cannot bridge that gap.
	www.livingskies.info /saskatchewanbooks/isbn0300101996.html (1988 words)

	Book Monitor (Current Edition)
		Affirmative action is, without a doubt, one of the most incendiary issues of our time.
		In Affirmative Action Around the World he focuses not on the philosophical arguments about affirmative action, but on the practical consequences of affirmative action in the real world.
		Like communism, the pure idea of affirmative action as philosophically expounded is granted such moral authority that it manages to shimmer and float high above the tragedy it causes below.
	www.americasfuture.net /bookmonitor/2005/2005-2-20.html (517 words)

	Pacific News Service > News > Around the World, Countries Grapple With Affirmative Action
		As the United States continues to wrestle with affirmative action, it is not alone.
		India, with one of the oldest affirmative action policies, created after the country gained independence in 1947, is tweaking its system.
		Singh's efforts to enforce affirmative action quotas led to mass dissension from upper castes faced with shrinking seats in government and educational institutions.
	news.pacificnews.org /news/view_article.html?article_id=3e26118fcdf4fba57da467da3eeb43d0 (1261 words)

	Amazon.com: Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study: Books: Thomas Sowell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Affirmative action is never rejected, however, because it is evaluated "in terms of its rationales and goals rather than its actual consequences." Invaluable argumentation, more accessible than usual for Sowell.
		In all five of the countries Sowell discusses, affirmative action programs are supposed to be in effect for a limited time and cover a limited group of people, but they eventually take on a life of their own as the demands of the privileged groups become ever more radical.
		Whether called affirmative action in America, "positive discrimination" in India, preferences "reflecting the federal character of the country" in Nigeria, or "sons of the soil" preferences in Malaysia, Dr. Sowell looks at the similarities in the rationale behind the policies of these aforementioned countries, as well as their actual consequences.
	www.amazon.com /Affirmative-Action-Around-World-Empirical/dp/0300101996 (2413 words)

	Affirmative Action Around the World - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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		Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study is a 2004 nonfiction work by economist Thomas Sowell, catalogued ISBN 0300101996.
		Already known as a critic of affirmative action or race-based hiring and promotion, Sowell, himself African-American, analyzes the specific effects of such policies on India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Nigeria, four countries with longer multiethnic histories and then compares them with the recent history of the United States in this regard.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Affirmative_Action_Around_the_World (272 words)

	AROUND THE WORLD IN 80 WAYS: Affirmative Action around the World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		I quote from Affirmative Action Around the World once again, "Since the middle of the 20th century, Sri Lanka has undergone a remarkable and catastrophic change in the relationship between its majority and minority populations." Explain.
		Affirmative action targeted in the United States originally at African-Americans who suffered the obvious historical disadvantage of centuries of slavery.
		So affirmative action is a reasonable thing, it's simply gotten out of hand or been permitted to be corrupted.
	www.uncommonknowledge.org /900/902.html (4202 words)

	Affirmative Action Has Not Served U.S. Well (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		While integration was the goal, affirmative action has tended to resegregate.
		Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study.
		“Whether the advantages that fl males acquire over white males, as a result of affirmative action, outweigh the disadvantages they have relative to white women is an empirical question.
	www.rppi.org /affirmativeaction.shtml (1524 words)

	H-Net Review: Kasturi DasGupta on Affirmative Action around the World: An Empirical Study
		In the minds of their original architects, affirmative action policies were temporary arrangements, which would be phased out when real gains in education and employment among the minority were made.
		When affirmative action policies, meant to "offset existing economic disadvantages," disproportionately benefit those who are least disadvantaged in the designated groups, it undermines the primary rationale of those policies (p.
		Most of the problems that Sowell cites as indictments against affirmative action, however, have to be considered in the context of shrinking economic and educational benefits for all of society.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=177381126885393 (1545 words)

	[No title]
		This book moves the discussion of affirmative action beyond the United States to other countries that have had similar policies, often for a longer time than Americans have.
		Not only has the internal distribution of compensatory benefits borne little relationship--or even an inverse relationship--to the degree of misfortune within the affected groups, such benefits have spread to other groups far beyond the scope of the moral rationale and far exceeding in size the intended beneficiary groups.
		Innumerable principles, theories, assumptions and assertions have been used to justify affirmative action programs--some common around the world and some peculiar to particular countries or communities.
	www.nyt-om-arbejdsliv.dk /2omtale.aspx?itemID=708 (553 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This book moves the discussion of affirmative action beyond the United States to other countries that have had similar policies, often for a longer time than Americans have.
		By focusing on the effects that Affirmative Action has had on society and economies, rather than offering political and fl supremacist rhetoric in its defence, this work has the potential to open the worlds eyes to one of the last bastions of racism - Affirmative Action.
		The most insidious application of Affirmative Action, a.k.a Affirmative Discrimination, is currently being applied in South Africa by the racist ANC government against South Africa's defenseless white youth.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0300101996 (743 words)

	Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		As the author notes, many of the question he seeks to answer with regard to the promised benefits of affirmative action are considered taboo in today's ultra-politically correct society.
		Yet as with all government programs, they inevitably take on a life of their own, instead of lasting only a few decades they live forever, and grow in scope as in the US from helping fls, to eventually helping every group that can lobby their way in from hispanics to native americans to white women.
		It is at this point that the real purpose of AA becomes all to clear, both in the US as in countries around the world, the wholesale purchase of minority votes at the expense of the entire country.
	www.jemsfurniture.com /BookStore/isbn0300101996.html (987 words)

	Quadrant Magazine
		Thomas Sowell, who has undertaken a detailed empirical study of affirmative action around the world, has confirmed Ye's analysis that the Chinese have done reasonably well in Malaysia, notwithstanding the government's affirmative action policy.
		The detailed statistics in Affirmative Action Around the World show that Chinese mean monthly incomes were twice those of Malays in 1970 just before the NEP was introduced and in 1999 they were still twice the monthly Bumiputera income.
		However, it is impossible not to have reservations about the policy of affirmative action, particularly in the light of the evidence adduced by Sowell that it has been of little benefit even to the advantaged group anywhere in the world (including in relation to women in Western countries).
	www.quadrant.org.au /php/archive_details_list.php?article_id=885 (1303 words)

	Affirmative Action - Index (Ohio ESL) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Proponents of affirmative action say that they want to make business and government institutions "look more like America" in an effort to compensate for centuries of racial, ethnic, and gender discrimination.
		Affirmative action programs try to promote economic justice by encouraging diversity in the classroom and/or workplace.
		Opponents of affirmative action fear that these programs simply replace one form of discrimination with another, one that discriminates in favor of minorities and women.
	www.ohiou.edu /esl/project/affirmative (80 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Affirmative Action Around the World by Thomas Sowell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Affirmative Action Around the World by Thomas Sowell
		Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study by Thomas Sowell Yale.
		...Groupthink Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study by Thomas Sowell Yale...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V117I4P75-1.htm (1542 words)

	Report: Affirmative Action Does More Harm Than Good (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Affirmative action produces no concrete benefits for minority students and actually has several harmful effects, according to a new report by the Cato Institute.
		Affirmative action does not significantly affect college access because most four-year schools are not selective, and will accept any student with a high school education.
		Affirmative action in fact results in harm to the minority community, Gryphon found, due to the "ratchet effect:" Preferences at a handful of top schools, including state flagship universities, can worsen racial disparities in academic preparation at other schools by luring away qualified minority students who might otherwise attend those schools.
	www.newsmax.com /archives/articles/2005/5/2/151355.shtml (699 words)

	Uncommon Knowledge: 2004-2005 Season (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the United States, affirmative action policies, first implemented to address the historical grievances of fl Americans, have long been controversial.
		But the debate over affirmative action has generally ignored such action as practiced by other countries around the world.
		In 1990 the United Nations forecast that world population would peak at around 11 billion by the middle of this century.
	www.uncommonknowledge.org /900 (3889 words)

	Powell's Books - Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study by Thomas Sowell
		In this important book, an eminent authority presents a new perspective on affirmative action, investigating its actual consequences in the United States and in other countries where it has been in effect.
		Evaluating his empirical data, Thomas Sowell concludes that race preference programs worldwide have not met expectations and have often produced the opposite of what was originally intended.
		With characteristic lucidity, erudition, and depth, Sowell examines the true effects of affirmative action around the globe.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=62-0300107757-0 (353 words)

	The Becker-Posner Blog: Response on Affirmative Action-BECKER
		I argued that affirmative action is less costly to...
		My argument about the harmful effects of using affirmative action to affect the quality of colleges attended by minority students of different abilities was one I first saw in an early article by Sowell.
		I concede the point that some European countries (sweden, UK, Belgium) do have affirmative action for women when it comes to political representation (at least x% of the people on the ballots should be female).
	www.becker-posner-blog.com /archives/2005/08/response_on_aff.html (2036 words)

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