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Topic: Affirmative action

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	Washingtonpost.com: Affirmative Action Special Report
		Affirmative action is the nation's most ambitious attempt to redress its long history of racial and sexual discrimination.
		But defenders of affirmative action say that the playing field is not level yet – and that granting modest advantages to minorities and women is more than fair, given hundreds of years of discrimination that benefited whites and men.
		Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education and contracting decisions.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/affirm.htm (434 words)

	Affirmative action - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Though affirmative action in the United States is primarily associated with race and gender, the American civil rights movement originally gave as its purpose the correction of a history of oppression against all working-class and low-income people; women have figured as prominently as ethnic minorities among its beneficiaries.
		Affirmative action in South Africa has a narrower focus, aiming at reversing primarily race-based and, to a lesser extent, gender-based discrimination.
		Affirmative action has historically been implemented in India in the form of reservation or quotas in government positions, employment and education for lower castes and minorities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Affirmative_action (2105 words)

	Affirmative Action - MSN Encarta
		Generally, affirmative action has been undertaken by governments, businesses, or educational institutions to remedy the effects of past discrimination against a group, whether by a specific entity, such as a corporation, or by society as a whole.
		Critics charge that affirmative action policies, which give preferential treatment to people based on their membership in a group, violate the principle that all individuals are equal under the law.
		Supporters contend that affirmative action policies are the only way to ensure an integrated society in which all segments of the population have an equal opportunity to share in jobs, education, and other benefits.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761580666/Affirmative_Action.html (1802 words)

	Affirmative Action Works! by Paul Kivel / In Defense of Affirmative Action / In Motion Magazine
		One indication that attacks on affirmative action are part of a white backlash against equality is that affirmative action in the form of preferences that primarily benefit white people are not being questioned.
		Initially, affirmative action was a policy primarily aimed at correcting institutional discrimination where decisions, policies and procedures that are not necessarily explicitly discriminatory have had a negative impact on people of color.
		Affirmative action policies address and redress systematic economic and political discrimination against any group of people that are underrepresented or have a history of being discriminated against in particular institutions.
	www.inmotionmagazine.com /pkivel.html (3088 words)

	Affirmative Action (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Affirmative action policy—by which I mean ethno-racial preferences in the allocation of socially valuable resources—is even more divisive and unsettled today than at its inception more than 30 years ago.
		Although California voters banned affirmative action in state programs, their politicians press the university system to jigger the admission criteria until it finds a formula that can skirt the ban and produce the "correct" number of the favored minorities (excluding Asians, who are thought not to need the help).
		Affirmative action in its current form, however well-intended, violates the distinctive, deeply engrained cultural and moral commitments to legal equality, private autonomy, and enhanced opportunity that have served Americans well—even though they have not yet served all of us equally well.
	www.brookings.edu /press/review/winter2002/schuck.htm (2496 words)

	Dennis Kucinich on Affirmative Action
		Affirmative action is necessary, affirmative action is right, and affirmative action must be preserved.
		To do nothing, to abolish affirmative action, is to use de jure means to fall back into the de facto segregation of the past, which made a mockery of democracy, equality, liberty and justice - the very values on which this nation was founded.
		Affirmative action is still essential, because a truly level playing field is still an elusive goal, not a reality.
	www.kucinich.us /issues/affiraction.php (341 words)

	Affirmative Action: Who Benefits?
		Affirmative action is a catchall phrase referring to laws, customs, and social policies intended to alleviate the types of discrimination that limit opportunities for a variety of demographic groups in various social institutions.
		Affirmative action policies have resulted in increases in the representation of women and minorities across all levels of employment in the United States and within organizations that were once exclusively male.
		However, the process of developing and implementing affirmative action policies that are perceived as being fair and equitable requires that Americans learn to discuss society's racial and cultural ills seriously, accept their responsibilities for either maintaining or eliminating discrimination, and identify all the true beneficiaries of affirmative action.
	www.apa.org /pubinfo/affirmaction.html (3717 words)

	CNN.com - How affirmative action helped George W. - Jan. 20, 2003
		Affirmative action for the son and grandson of alumni.
		Affirmative action for a boy from a fancy prep school.
		A legitimate criticism of affirmative action is that it politicizes life chances and focuses blame on race.
	www.cnn.com /2003/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/timep.affirm.action.tm (845 words)

	Racially Correct Definition of Affirmative Action
		This is the type of Affirmative Action contemplated by President Lyndon Johnson's Executive Order 11246, in which he sought to ensure that individuals have equal opportunity WITHOUT regard to their race, sex, or ethnicity.
		Under this defintion, Affirmative Action is comprised of programs and policies that grant favorable treatment on the basis of race or gender to government-defined "disadvantaged" individuals.
		Affirmative Action, Equal Opportunity, and Equal Employment Opportunity -- AA, EO, and EEO -- are used interchangeably and today all of these terms stand for "preferences" or "reverse discrimination" or "affirmative discrimination" -- take your pick.
	www.adversity.net /Terms_Definitions/TERMS/Affirmative_Action.htm (691 words)

	The Origins of Affirmative Action
		Affirmative action, the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, is under attack.
		The actual phrase "affirmative action" was first used in President Lyndon Johnson's 1965 Executive Order 11246 which requires federal contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin."
		Much of the opposition to affirmative action is framed on the grounds of so-called "reverse discrimination and unwarranted preferences." In fact, less than 2 percent of the 91,000 employment discrimination cases pending before the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission are reverse discrimination cases.
	www.now.org /nnt/08-95/affirmhs.html (542 words)

	Affirmative Action
		The purpose of affirmative action is to give our nation a way to finally address the systemic exclusion of individuals of talent on the basis of their gender, or race from opportunities to develop, perform, achieve and contribute.
		Affirmative action is an effort to develop systematic approach to open the doors of education, employment, and business development opportunities to qualified individuals who happen to be members of groups that have experienced long-standing and persistent discrimination.
		The AAAA firmly believes that affirmative action is a policy that must be maintained to assure that the progress made by women, ethnic minorities and people with disabilities is preserved.
	www.affirmativeaction.org /about.html (1117 words)

	Affirmative Action
		These procedures shall apply to all complaints, relating to Affirmative Action policies of the district, as stated in the Affirmative Action Plan (such plan is available in the school office) and the regulations of Title IX of the Education Amendment of 1972.
		Affirmative Action Officer The employee designated by the Moraine Park Technical College District Board who has the responsibility of coordinating the internal grievance procedure.
		No action relating to employment, termination, transfer, demotion or rates of pay for employees, or suspension or expulsion of a student can be taken until the grievance has been resolved, unless such action is decided necessary to the well-being of the grievant or to the function of Moraine Park Technical College.
	www.morainepark.edu /studentserv/righttoknow/action.shtml (2110 words)

	OWU Online \| Affirmative Action
		Furthermore, Ohio Wesleyan University asserts that affirmative action will be pursued to provide access to employment, benefits, programs, education, and facilities to qualified women and members of racial ethnic minorities.
		Ohio Wesleyan University believes that minimum or least-effort actions and procedures are ineffective in assuring equal employment and affirmative action as well as contrary to the intent of federal laws and guidelines.
		The plan for implementing the Affirmative Action policy is available at several locations on the Ohio Wesleyan Campus, including the Affirmative Action, Provost's, and Dean of Student Affairs offices.
	www.owu.edu /affirm.html (437 words)

	UnderstandingPrejudice.org: Ten Myths About Affirmative Action
		Many supporters view affirmative action as a milestone, many opponents see it as a millstone, and many others regard it as both or neither -- as a necessary, but imperfect, remedy for an intractable social disease.
		The mildest form of affirmative action selection occurs when a female or minority candidate is chosen from a pool of equally qualified applicants (e.g., students with identical college entrance scores).
		Although affirmative action is sometimes mistakenly equated with this form of preferential treatment, federal regulations explicitly prohibit affirmative action programs in which unqualified or unneeded employees are hired (Bureau of National Affairs, 1979).
	www.understandingprejudice.org /readroom/articles/affirm.htm (2141 words)

	Affirmative Action Timeline
		This landmark Supreme Court case imposed limitations on affirmative action to ensure that providing greater opportunities for minorities did not come at the expense of the rights of the majority—affirmative action was unfair if it led to reverse discrimination.
		Although two of the judges (Scalia and Thomas) felt that there should be a complete ban on affirmative action, the majority of judges asserted that "the unhappy persistence of both the practice and the lingering effects of racial discrimination against minority groups in this country" justified the use of race-based remedial measures in certain circumstances.
		As a result, the 5th U.S. Court of Appeals suspended the university's affirmative action admissions program and ruled that the 1978 Bakke decision was invalid—while Bakke rejected racial quotas it maintained that race could serve as a factor in admissions.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/affirmativetimeline1.html (1314 words)

	Affirmative Action (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		These predictions constitute the institution's affirmative action “goals,” and failure to meet the goals signals to the institution (and to the government) that it needs to revisit its efforts at eliminating exclusionary practices.There may still remain practices that ought to be modified or eliminated.
		Provided an affirmative action plan is precisely tailored to redress the losses in prospects of success [by fls and women] attributable to racism and sexism, it only deprives innocent white males of the corresponding undeserved increases in their prospects of success….
		The test of real world affirmative action lies in the urgency of its ends (preventing discrimination, promoting diversity or integration) and the aptness (moral and causal) of its means (racial, ethnic, and gender preferences).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/affirmative-action (10751 words)

	U.S. Department of Labor - Find It By Topic - Hiring - Affirmative Action
		For federal contractors and subcontractors, affirmative action must be taken by covered employers to recruit and advance qualified minorities, women, persons with disabilities, and covered veterans.
		Explains why people with disabilities should be included in affirmative action programs and what contractors' affirmative action obligations are pertaining to outreach and recruitment of people with disabilities.
		Affirmative Action and Nondiscrimination Obligations of Contractors and Subcontractors Regarding Special Disabled Veterans and Veterans of the Vietnam Era
	www.dol.gov /dol/topic/hiring/affirmativeact.htm (187 words)

	UCB Libraries \| GovPubs \| Affirmative Action
		Includes a history of affirmative action, a literature review of empirical research on the topic, and a review of Federal programs.
		Also provides the text of the Presidential Directive of July 19, 1995 to Federal agencies on the implementation of Federal affirmative action programs, and a Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel Memorandum of June 28, 1995 "on the implications of the Supreme Court's recent decision in Adarand Constructors, Inc. v.
		Offers information on affirmative action at the federal and state level, including statutes, administrative law, judicial action and the actions of agencies and commissions.
	ucblibraries.colorado.edu /govpubs/us/affact.htm (559 words)

	Affirmative Action
		This revised affirmative action policy statement incorporates substantial changes to the existing policy.
		It specifies a working definition of affirmative action, and it includes an expanded explanation of the historical and political contexts within which modern-day affirmative action has evolved.
		Additional content areas that are consistent with NASW’s position on affirmative action have strengthened the policy statement, which now better reflects current literature and events with regard to affirmative action.
	www.naswdc.org /resources/abstracts/abstracts/affirmAction.asp (93 words)

	Affirmative Action at Central Michigan University
		Affirmative action is a set of specific and results-oriented measures taken to bring about equal opportunity.
		At CMU, the Affirmative Action Office coordinates and monitors the university's affirmative action/equal opportunity efforts and programs to assure compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Executive Order 11246 and other relevant state and federal statutes.
		The office supervises the maintenance of related reports and records, provides and develops related educational programs and materials, offers guidance and advice to all community members on the University's nondiscrimination and affirmative action policies and procedures, assists departments with recruitment and retention activities, and receives and resolves complaints of discrimination from students, employees and others.
	www.cmich.edu /aaeo (209 words)

	PSU Affirmative Action Office
		Penn State University is committed to the concept of affirmative action to ensure equal opportunity in all aspects of employment for those historically excluded and to foster diversity in the University community.
		The University has a comprehensive Affirmative Action Plan which sets forth programs and goals for increasing the representation of historically excluded groups.
		The Affirmative Action Office is a service organization that supports and enhances the University's commitment to diversity, providing expert advice and leadership to colleges, departments, faculty and staff in their efforts to recruit and retain a diverse workforce and ensure an environment free from discrimination and harassment.
	www.psu.edu /dept/aaoffice (136 words)

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