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Topic: Afghan Turkestan

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	Afghanistan - LoveToKnow 1911
		The highlands which shut off the Turkestan provinces from Southern Afghanistan have afforded the best opportunities for geological investigation, and as might be expected from their geographical position, the general result of the examination of exposed sections leads to the identification of geological affinity with Himalayan, Indian and Persian regions.
		Besides their division into clans and tribes, the whole Afghan people may be divided into dwellers in tents and dwellers in houses; and this division is apparently not coincident with tribal divisions, for of several of the great clans at least a part is nomad and a part settled.
		The nomadic Afghan tribes of the west are chiefly pastoral, and the wool of the southern Herat and Kandahar provinces is famous for its quality.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Afghanistan (15631 words)

	Afghanistan - Inhabitants. Afghan Tribes. Afghan Clans.
		They are generally devoid of the turbulence of the Afghans, whom they are content to regard as masters or superiors, and lead a frugal, industrious life, without aspiring to a share in the government of the country.
		Nomad Afghans exist in the Kabul basin, but their proper fields is that part of their territory which the Afghans include in Khorasan, with its wide plains.
		The Afghans, inured to bloodshed from childhood, are familiar with death, and are audacious in attack, but easily discouraged by failure; excessively turbulent and unsubmissive to law or discipline; apparently frank and affable in manner, especially when they hope to gain some object, but capable of the grossest brutality when that hope ceases.
	www.1902-encyclopedia.com /A/AFG/afghanistan-14.html (2314 words)

	Afghanistan - Introduction. Surface Geography.
		The Afghans themselves are not in the habit of using the term.
		Under the former head come the valleys of the Yuzufzai clan north of Peshawar, the Momads, Afridis, Vaziris, andc., adjoining that district on the west and south-west, the high-lying valleys of Chitral or Kashkar, and of the independent Pagans or Kafirs, among the loftier spurs of Hindu Kush.
		The Afghans themselves make a broad distinction between Kabul, meaning thereby the whole basin of the Kabul river, and the rest of their country, excluding the former from the large and vague term KHORASAN, under which they consider the rest to be comprehended.
	www.1902-encyclopedia.com /A/AFG/afghanistan-01.html (1130 words)

	Afghan Turkestan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Afghan Turkestan is a northwestern part of Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
		Afghan Turkestan is also the name of a former province in this area, which was centred on Mazari Sharif and included territory in the modern provinces of Kunduz, Balkh, Jowzjan and Sar-e Pol.
		Ethnically and historically Afghan Turkestan is more connected with Bukhara than with Kabul, of which government it has been a dependency only since the time of Dost Mahommed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Afghan_Turkestan (498 words)

	What is an Afghan Rug?
		An Afghan rug or Afghan carpet is a textile floor or wall covering similar in style to a Persian rug.
		An Afghan rug from the border of Uzbekistan belongs to the Afghan Turkestan family of rugs and may be from a number of different tribes.
		An Afghan rug made by a Baluch tribe is made entirely of wool, and the rugs are still often made using traditional dyes rather than synthetics.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-an-afghan-rug.htm (599 words)

	Afghanistan
		Although it was clear to Yepishev that the Afghans could not effectively counter a large scale popular uprising, the PDPA government had not been idle in its attempts to strengthen the military.
		Afghan tribal warfare had always included the principle of retreat in the face of a superior force; accordingly, the guerrillas withdrew.
		During this period the Afghan army itself, approximately 25,000 in number, was a major obstacle to Soviet aims, and the Soviets felt compelled to use heavy weapons against the army whose government they were presumably supporting.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/afghanistan/cs-invasion.htm (7471 words)

	FGHANISTAN
		The Turkestan plains average between 0°-3° C; and elsewhere temperatures decrease regularly with altitude, so that a minimum of less than -15° C is attained in the central high mountain areas, the glacierized northeast, and in the Wa@kòa@n corridor-Pamir knot area.
		The Afghan pika (Ochotona rufescens, pengmu@Þ-afg@a@n^) occurs in sub-alpine valleys and is scattered from the Sa@lang pass to the Oru@zga@n mountains, while the range of large-eared pika (Ochotona macrotis, pengmu@Þ-e gu@Þdera@z) is limited to the valleys of BadakòÞa@n.
		Dialects of the Kabul region may be distinguished generally from those of Afghan Turkestan by the presence of Indian elements in the former group and of Tajik influences in the latter.
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/v1f5/v1f5a040a.html (13251 words)

	Afghanistan Factor in Central and South Asian Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Afghan mujahideen Leaders acknowledge that the 1979 Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan "helped re-establish links between the Tajiks and their Muslim brethren in Afghanistan, who have the same language, same culture, same religion and same ancestors in common''.
		Apart from the surreptious trans-border movements and smuggling of arms and ammunition, Afghan mujahideen leaders openly abetted rise of militancy among the Muslims of Tajikistan.
		It was at the Minsk summit of the Heads of CIS States on January 22,1993 that a formal decision to reinforce the Russian border troops by forces from the neighbouring CIS slates for effectively closing the Tajik-Afghan border was taken.
	www.kashmir-information.com /Afghanistan/Warikoo.html (7749 words)

	networkideas.org - State of Afghan Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Afghan economy is primarily based on agriculture (crops, livestock, and horticulture).
		Afghan agricultural production is characterised by small holdings with irrigated cropping supplemented by livestock.
		The growing of opium also allowed many Afghan families finding it difficult to survive practicing of subsistence farming in a ruined economy to gain access to land and credit and generate cash income.
	www.networkideas.org /country/dec2003/cp20_Afghanistan_Agriculture.htm (3651 words)

	Afghan Turkestan - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The province includes the khanates of Kunduz, Tashkurgan, Balkh with Akcha; the western khanates of Saripul, Shibarghan, Andkhui and Maimana, sometimes classed together as the Chahar Villayet, or "Four Domains"; and such parts of the Hazara tribes as lie north of the Hindu Kush and its prolongation.
		Ethnically and historically Afghan Turkestan is more connected with Bokhara than with Kabul, of which government it has been a dependency only since the time of Dost Mahommed.
		At the beginning of the 19th century they belonged to Bokhara; but under the great amir Dost Mahommed the Afghans recovered Balkh and Tashkurgan in 1850, Akcha and the four western khanates in 1855, and Kunduz in 1859.
	www.1911ency.org /A/AF/AFGHAN_TURKESTAN.htm (594 words)

	Afghanistan's Web Site -@ Afghanistan History
		Afghans, under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Abdali retake Kandahar, and establish modern Afghanistan.
		July 1880, Afghan woman named Malalai carries the Afghan flag forward after the soldiers carrying the flag were killed by the British.
		Afghans tried to retake it, but was finally forced to allow the Russians to keep Panjdeh, and the Russians promised to honor Afghan territorial integrity in the future.
	www.afghanistans.com /Information/History/Default.htm (2369 words)

	News Bulletin Embassy of Afghanistna in Canada
		Last week, Afghan villagers reported that dozens of civilians were killed in an errant NATO airstrike in the Panjwai district of Kandahar Province.
		The Afghan president believes the proposed jirga would help the Pashtuns living on both sides of the border to meet, understand and listen to each others problems, and would finally be able to find a way to bring an end to the lawlessness, Taliban-related violence in Afghanistan and the growing Talibanization of the region.
		However, Afghan governments in the past and present believe the British-drawn borderline is not the officially recognised border because it has been drawn during the colonial era.
	www.afghanemb-canada.net /en/news_bulletin/2006/november/01/index.php (9083 words)

	Afghanistan Online: Detailed Biography (Amir Habibullah Khan)
		A haakem was to govern the provinces-Kabul was governed by the Amir {although in 1907, the office of naib-ul hukuma (deputy governor) was founded to assist the Amir in ruling the province of Kabul}.
		The Amir surpassed his father [who was the first Afghan ruler to permit himself to be photographed], by selling his portraits [for the benefit of the orphanage].
		During WWI, most of the Afghan people were sympathetic to the Turkish cause, but Amir declared Turkey not a pure Moslem state and that Afghanistan had no obligation to respond to the jihad declared by the Khalif.
	www.afghan-web.com /bios/detail/dhabib.html (2773 words)

	K. N. Pandita: Islamic warriors in Turkestan
		Soviet system pulled Turkestan out of political, social and economic stagnation and ushered in the culture of modern industrialised society.
		It is somewhat difficult to convince these regimes that Turkestan has been the home of three major civilizations known to man viz.
		Afghan, Pakistani and Arab militants are reported to have participated in the August 1999 campaign led by the Farghana-based Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) to capture more than 20 villages in southern Kkyrgyzstan.
	www.kashmir-information.com /KNPandita/article15.html (673 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of AFGHANISTAN AND THE ANGLO-RUSSIAN DISPUTE by THEO. F. RODENBOUGH
		The Afghan people, occupied with the defence of their homes, have failed to assist the Ameer in the formation and maintenance of that indispensable instrument--an organized, well-equipped, easily mobilized army.
		The Afghan donkey was severely tested in 1880 during the operations of Sir Donald Stewart between Kabul and Kandahar, and this class of carriage was found very useful in the conveyance of provisions.
		This was violated with Afghan readiness, and the entire Anglo-Indian contingent of seventeen thousand souls was destroyed; sacrificed to the murderous brutality of the Afghan insurgents, or dying from exposure to one of the most severe winters known to that region.
	www.litplans.com /Books_Full_Text/etext05/aaard10h/aaard10h.htm (19109 words)

	GREYHOUNDS IN RUSSIA
		He is probably a cross between the Afghan and the Tazi, though certainly nearer to the latter.
		His coat is wavy and coarse, the tail not very long, thin, fine and spirally formed at the end, the last tufts overgrown and the ears hanging and lying against the head and deep in contrast to the Tazi whose ears are set at a higher level, sticking out.
		There are some supplementary writings on early hound history, firstly an extract from "Is The Afghan Derived From The Saluki" and secondly "The Encyclopedia Of The Kennel" (Afghan/Persian Hound) Also see breed history for Russia for pictures of Tazi/Taigan Afghans.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/s_tillotson/bhghruss.htm (903 words)

	Railways in Afghanistan - past, present and future
		The Afghans considered their territory to extend for some distance on the Indian side of the artificial border of the Durand line.
		The Afghan government objected to the British plans, as they were purely strategic and unlikely to ever become part of a commercial link to Afghanistan.
		An agreement for use of the 1 000 m "Friendship Bridge" was reached between the Afghan and Soviet authorities in May 1982[52], and it opened that June.
	www.ajg41.clara.co.uk /afghanistan.html (6469 words)

	Dolat Zai :: Khyber.ORG
		According to Afghan genealogists the Dolatzai constitute merely a section of the Saleh Khel subtribe of the Suleiman Khel tribe (Hayat Khan, p.
		In the unpublished survey of Afghan nomads conducted in 1357 H/1978 560 nomadic Dolatzai families and 553 semi nomadic ones were enumerated.
		In the late 19th century several hundred families were transplanted to Afghan Turkestan under the northern Afghanistan pashtunization scheme then in progress; in the 1880s 300 Dolatzai families were reportedly living (perhaps only in winter) in the Balkh oasis, and 30 others near Aybak (Samangan; Maitland, pp.
	www.khyber.org /pashtotribes/d/dolatzai.shtml (1100 words)

	Turkestan Military District
		For example, in 1969 the Turkestan Military District was divided to create the Central Asian Military District and enable the Soviet Union to double its military forces and infrastructure along the border with China.
		Administratively, the republic was part of the Soviet Union's Turkestan Military District, which was abolished in June 1992.
		With the subsequent abolition of the Turkestan Military District, Uzbekistan established a Ministry of Defense, replacing the Ministry for Defense Affairs.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/russia/vo-turkestan.htm (528 words)

	¿ABD-AL-QODDUÚS B. SOLT®AÚN MOH®AMMAD B. SOLT®AÚN PAÚYANDA MOH®AMMADZAÚY SARDAÚR, called ˆAGASÈ, prominent ...
		In the late 1860s he was governor of Ta@Þqorg@a@n while Afghan Turkestan was under ¿Abd-al-Raháma@n's control.
		In the Anglo-Afghan war of the same year, he commanded the Afghan troops at Qandaha@r.
		And in 1924, although in his mid-eighties, he took part in the suppression of the Mangal uprising in K¨u@st. He died on March 18, 1928.
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/v1f2/v1f2a041.html (703 words)

	Haibak - LoveToKnow 1911
		HAIBAK, a town and khanate of Afghan Turkestan.
		The valley of Haibak, which is 3100 ft. above sea level, is fertile and richly cultivated.
		Haibak derives its importance from its position on the main line of communication between Kabul and Afghan Turkestan.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Haibak (103 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for turkestan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Turkistan or Turkestan, historic region of central Asia.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "turkestan" at HighBeam.
		Turkestan looks a good ground force; SCU'S TV VIEW.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=turkestan (268 words)

	Oriental-rugs.com - Tribes Of Afganistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		East of Mazar is Kunduz which is said to be the Eastern-most limit of Afghan Turkestan and a capet producing area.
		Their true origins are not known, but they are probably descended from old Persian stock, who established in the mountains of Kirman, were pushed east by the Turkic invasions of the 11th and 12th centuries.
		The distinguishing characteristics of Afghan Baluch rugs are that they are made entirely of wool (Iranian Baluch use cotton warps and wefts).
	www.oriental-rugs.com /making/afghanistan-tribes.html (1118 words)

	Mazar-e Sharif Summary
		After the establishment of the community, pilgrimages by Shi'ite Muslims to the tomb for the New Year's celebration of Nao Roc and a brisk trade in the melons, high quality cotton, and grains grown in the fertile river plains enabled Mazar-e Sharif to become the region's largest city.
		On November 9, 2001 the city was recaptured by the Afghan Northern Alliance after heavy battles with help from the United States.
		Mazar-e Sharif was formerly the capital of the historical province of Afghan Turkestan.
	www.bookrags.com /Mazar-e_Sharif (551 words)

	Summary: from the establishment of the East India Company to the election of Ahmad Shah Durrani as King of the Afghans, ...
		Contact between the Afghans and the British during this period was minimal.
		At the same time, the Company's factories in Persia were greatly affected by the depredations of the 'Ophgoons' (ie Ghilzais under Mir Mahmud and Mir Ashraf) during the early part of the eighteenth century and this is reflected in their consultations and correspondence (see Archival Sources).
		Nadir's Afghan contingent was forced by the hostile Persians to withdraw to Kandahar.
	www.bl.uk /collections/afghan/summary1600to1747.html (444 words)

	The Tajikistan Update - British and Russian Commercial Competion in Central Asia.
		Their most recent attempt to subjugate Afghanistan was the Afghan Campaign of 1878-81 that resulted in a mixed battlefield record for the British and the eventual withdrawal of British forces from Afghanistan.
		While a Russo-Anglo pact in 1873 had settled the political boundaries in Central Asia their was still a strong rivalry between the Russian and British empires for trade in the sovereign states of Persia and Afghanistan and the nominally-independent Bukhara.
		I have purposely excluded Eastern or Chinese Turkestan from the area of my observation, because the problem of commercial competition across the Chinese border is on a somewhat different footing, and because I understand that that branch of the subject is in the infinitely more capable hands of Colonel Mark Bell.
	www.angelfire.com /sd/tajikistanupdate/britrus.html (4178 words)

	Afghanistan Country Study
		Secure in his rule by virtue of the support from the army created by his father, Habibullah was not as domineering as Abdur Rahman, and his reign saw the rising influence of religious leaders, as well as that of Mahmoud Beg Tarzi.
		Tarzi, a highly educated and well-traveled poet and journalist, founded an Afghan nationalist newspaper with the ruler's agreement, and until 1919 he used it as a platform for reform, for rebuttal to clerical criticism of Western-influenced changes in government and society, and for espousing full Afghan independence (from British control of its foreign policy).
		A final clause of the convention required Afghan consent to make the treaty binding, but when Habibullah refused to accept the treaty in the making of which he had had no voice, the Russians and the British declared the agreement valid anyway.
	www.gl.iit.edu /govdocs/afghanistan/ReignofHabibullah.html (814 words)

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