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Topic: Afghanistan War

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Fanny Mendelssohn

	Afghanistan. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Afghanistan is bordered by Iran on the west, by Pakistan on the east and south, and by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan on the north; a narrow strip, the Vakhan (Wakhan), extends in the northeast along Pakistan to the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China.
		Afghanistan was neutral in World War II; it joined the United Nations in 1946.
		The country was devastated by the Afghanistan War (1979–89), which took an enormous human and economic toll.
	www.bartleby.com /65/af/Afghanis.html (2936 words)

	Afghanistan war, Osama bin Laden, Taliban
		The war on Afghanistan is not against the country or its people but against the terrorist group typified by Osama bim Laden and his Al Queda network, and against the state that supports it, the Taliban...
		Of course, this war of Afghanistan is just the tip of the iceberg of the War on Terrorism, because the objective stated by President Bush is to dismantle the global terrorist networks and end state support for terrorism...
		Afghanistan was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in 1979.
	www.biblia.com /terrorism/afghanistan.htm (2320 words)

	Women War Peace - Gender Profile - Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		According to Afghanistan's new constitution, the minimum age of marriage for females is 16 and for males 18, but in rural and even some urban areas the tradition of marrying off daughters while young in order to receive money remains common among the poor.
		According to a June 2004 IWPR article, in Afghanistan, death, humiliation and threats are often the punishment for a mother who gives birth to a girl, because of the economic hardship and social stigma brought by a daughter.
		Afghanistan is considered to be one of the countries with the highest percentage of married adolescents".
	www.womenwarpeace.org /afghanistan/afghanistan.htm (12777 words)

	Fueling Aghanistan's War (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, December 15, 2000)
		Afghanistan has virtually the world's lowest life expectancy and literacy rates and the highest rates of infant, child, and maternal mortality.
		Human Rights Watch research in Afghanistan and adjacent countries has identified the major transit routes used to move arms and other equipment, the suppliers, the role of state and non-state actors, and the response of the international community.
		Diplomatic observers interviewed by Human Rights Watch in Afghanistan and Pakistan in July and October 2000 have also reported that Pakistani aircraft assisted with troop rotations for Taliban forces during combat operations in late 2000, and senior members of its intelligence agency and army were involved in planning military operations.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/asia/afghanistan/afghbk.htm (3797 words)

	War in Afghanistan
		Afghanistan is in danger of becoming the most embarrassing chapter in the recent history of British military engagements.
		The war was a crude and clumsy intervention which did little for the wretched Afghans, and even less for the struggle against terrorism.
		They also may have believed that the dead were war casualties, or wounded prisoners who, among thousands of their comrades, simply didn't survive the rugged journey from the surrender point to the prison.
	www.omnicenter.org /warpeacecollection/afganistan.htm (18231 words)

	THE SOVIET WAR IN AFGHANISTAN: HISTORY AND HARBINGER OF FUTURE WAR? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		They realized that they were not fighting this brutal war against the imperialists of America and China, but they were set to destroy a poor but proud nation which was only defending their faith, freedom and way of life.
		Afghanistan not only provided a test bed for many of these lower-level concepts, but it also demanded the employment of imaginative new techniques in its own right.
		Soviet solutions for Afghanistan were postponed, as one general secretary after another weakened and died and the military waited for a healthy general secretary who could make a decision.
	www.smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil /search/LessonsLearned/afghanistan/waraf[1].asp (6794 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - THE SOVIET WAR IN AFGHANISTAN: HISTORY AND HARBINGER OF FUTURE WAR?
		They realized that they were not fighting this brutal war against the imperialists of America and China, but they were set to destroy a poor but proud nation which was only defending their faith, freedom and way of life.
		Soviet solutions for Afghanistan were postponed, as one general secretary after another weakened and died and the military waited for a healthy general secretary who could make a decision.
		Battalion or company-sized forces were split off from the main body and sent on a separate route to the flank or rear of the mujahideen to support the advance of the main body, perform a separate mission, prevent the withdrawal of mujahideen forces, or conduct a simultaneous attack from one or more unexpected directions.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/waraf.htm (6829 words)

	CNN.com - Afghanistan's real war: Poppy and poverty - February 23, 2002
		Until the year before last, Afghanistan's poppy farmers elevated the country to the world's largest producer of heroin, which is made from opium.
		All that the Interim government in Afghanistan has to do is look across the border for advice in the war on drugs.
		There is no doubt that even though Afghanistan's war on drugs has just begun, another area will use this as an opportunity to fill a gap in the world's ever increasing demand for opium.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/01/17/afghanistan.opium/index.html (779 words)

	2001 war in Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 2001 war in Afghanistan started in October 2001, in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, marking the beginning of its War on Terrorism campaign, seeking to oust the Taliban and find al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.
		Southern Afghanistan has faced in 2006 the deadliest spate in violence in the country since the ouster of the Taliban regime by U.S.-led forces in 2001, as newly deployed NATO troops have battled resurgent militants.
		It is estimated that in Afghanistan there are 1.5 million suffering from immediate starvation, as well as 7.5 million suffering as a result of the country's dire situation - the combination of civil war, drought-related famine, and, to a large extent, the Taliban's oppressive regime and the U.S.-led invasion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/U.S._invasion_of_Afghanistan (7399 words)

	Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan is condemned in the United States and the U.N. President Carter blocks grain deliveries to the Soviet Union, launches a boycott of the Olympic Games in Moscow, and steps up U.S. spending on arms.
		Inside Afghanistan, the ferocity of the civil war increases.
		Soviet propaganda informs Soviet citizens that their soldiers are not fighting a war, but building schools and roads.
	www.pwc.k12.nf.ca /coldwar/plain/afghanistan.html (525 words)

	War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Such consequences, and the devastating legacy of 20 years of brutal war and atrocities, could be alleviated by an appropriate international presence and well-designed programs of aid and reconstruction; were honesty to prevail, they would be called "reparations," at least from Russia and the U.S., which share primary responsibility for the disaster.
		A natural starting point for an inquiry is Afghanistan's "oldest political and humanitarian organisation," RAWA (Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan), which has been "foremost in the struggle" for women's rights since its formation in 1977.
		Thus, in 1988 the UNDP senior adviser on women's rights in Afghanistan warned that the "great advances" in women's rights she had witnessed there were being imperilled by the "ascendant fundamentalism" of the U.S.-backed radical Islamists.
	www.zmag.org /lakdawalalec.htm (4192 words)

	War in Afghanistan \| Special reports \| The Observer
		The Observer's coverage of Afghanistan, the fall of the Taliban and the post-war reconstruction.
		Afghanistan is the source of most of the west's heroin.
		The Afghan people, shattered by two decades of war, heralded yesterday what they hope will be the start of a new era of peace with the inauguration of the interim government of Hamid Karzai.
	observer.guardian.co.uk /afghanistan/0,1501,573451,00.html (750 words)

	Afghanistan War. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		As the war progressed, the rebels improved their organization and tactics and began using imported and captured weapons, including U.S. antiaircraft missiles, to neutralize the technological advantages of the USSR.
		The war left Afghanistan with severe political, economic, and ecological problems.
		At the end of the war more than 5 million mines saturated approximately 2% of the country, where they will pose a threat to human and animal life well into the 21st cent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/af/AfghanWar.html (488 words)

	war on afghanistan
		August 3, 2003--Pashtuns in Afghanistan are claiming Pashtun areas of Pakistan as part of greater Afghanistan.
		This is a very harsh criticism of the Afghanistan war, and an urgent call to resist the war on resistance to fascist domination by the crony capitalist war machine.
		Bill Moyers speaks out on the war, the state of democracy and the greedy, corporate goons who are using this tragedy to ruin America by using patriotism as a sleight of hand distraction.
	users.usinternet.com /daresan/news/afghanistan.htm (4209 words)

	Strange Victory: A critical appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan war -- Project on Defense ...
		War can never be separated from political intercourse, and if, in considering the matter, this is done in any way, all the threads of the different relations are to a certain extent broken, and we have before us a senseless thing without an object.
		During the war's third week it became clear that there was no such strategy available, and this posed a choice: either the United States would have to accept the prospect of a longer war or set aside some of its broader stability concerns.
		Throughout the war it led the United States to depreciate the negative repercussions of the strategic bombing campaign, the problem of post-war chaos, and the importance of measures to stabilize and rehabilitate Afghan society.
	www.comw.org /pda/0201strangevic.html (15974 words)

	The U.S. war on Afghanistan
		In the name of the “war on terror,” the U.S. and its allies have inflicted suffering across the Middle East and around the globe--and made the world a far more dangerous place.
		Afghanistan is a country that is ripping apart at its U.S.-sewn seams.
		Many voices are applauding the U.S. war in Afghanistan for supposedly putting an end to the horrible conditions that women suffered under the Taliban government.
	www.socialistworker.org /Featured/Afghanistan.shtml (963 words)

	Weblinks on the War in Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Peacemaking and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan - Physicians for
		The War in Afghanistan - The Soviet Phase (map)
		Declaration of War Against the Americans Occupying the Lands of
	www.historyteacher.net /WarInAfghanistan-Weblinks.htm (1068 words)

	Afghanistan Reconstruction - knowledge, collaboration, information, partnerships (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		As Afghanistan undergoes substantial post-conflict reconstruction, a “Back to School” campaign beginning in 2002 (1381) has resulted in a striking total of more than 4.3 million children enrolled in grades 1–12.1 However, more than 2.5 million school-age boys and girls (ages 7–18) are still not enrolled, despite the fact that, as stated in the.
		Little research exists on gender roles within Afghanistan and the focus of much research and most programming is still the “household.” This f.
		It is essential that land policies and strategies that are adopted by the central government are both practically workable and relevant to the majority of rural.
	topics.developmentgateway.org /afghanistan (875 words)

	Online NewsHour: Afghanistan -- War Withour End? -- December 27, 1985
		CHARLAYNE HUNTER-GAULT: For more on the official U.S. view on the war and the prospects for a settlement, we have with us Arnold Raphael, deputy assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs, meaning he is the State Department's main point man on Afghanistan.
		So they've intensified the war, but we have to remember that their losses have also intensified.
		And as a result you've got all of these executive agencies going off and pretty much doing their own thing, and therefore our policies are not nearly as effective as they could be if we had one person in charge of this effort.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/afghan_12-27-85.html (1970 words)

	The U.S. War in Afghanistan
		Moreover, anti-war activists and progressive writers argue that the war in Afghanistan has been, in large part, another "oil war." The September 11 attacks provided a compelling pretext for military action against the al-Qa'ida forces in Afghanistan.
		But a growing body of research by journalists and scholars reveals that the Bush Administration's decision in favour of a regime change and all-out war in Afghanistan was significantly influenced by the desire to install a new government that would be more sympathetic to U.S. economic interests in Central Asia.
		This article reported that, though the U.S. war against the Taliban had barely begun, U.S. Ambassador Wendy Chamberlain had already informed the Pakistan government that, "in view of recent geopolitical developments," the negotiations for a pipeline through Afghanistan would be revived.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article12789.htm (2093 words)

	Afghanistan’s war season Paul Rogers - openDemocracy
		None of this resembles a small-scale guerrilla war, and it is coming at a time when the separate Isaf forces under Nato control are preparing to take over many of the operations from the United States, focusing much more on post-conflict security, civil reconstruction, and a "hearts-and-minds" approach.
		Since much of Afghanistan is simply not in a "post-conflict" environment, it is now doubtful whether this is a viable strategy, let alone whether US forces will actually withdraw many of their personnel as originally planned.
		The news of the deaths of four American soldiers in Nuristan, northeastern Afghanistan on 21 June is a further indication of the spreading challenge to United States and Isaf forces, although the scale is minor compared with the hundreds of Afghans dying each week.
	www.opendemocracy.net /conflict/war_season_3669.jsp (1801 words)

	Amazon.com: Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban: Books: Larry P. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the early parts of the war, the existing ruling classes of tribal and elders and religious leaders were killed or exiled.
		However, steering Afghanistan's social and economic environment is extremely difficult due to long standing traditions and local laws of indigenous tribes such as the Pushtins, Hazaras, Farsiwans, and among others that are often incompatible with different tribes.
		You almost have to be a scholar on Afghanistan to read this book and delve into it without being defuddled by his local dialectual tidbits thrown in the text, which serve to do nothing more than derail his message.
	www.amazon.com /Afghanistans-Endless-War-Regional-Politics/dp/0295980508 (3232 words)

	Afghanistan: History — Infoplease.com
		Supporters of Karzai won a substantial number of seats in the lower house (Wolesi Jirga); religious conservatives, former mujahidin and Taliban, women, and Pashtuns (which are overlapping groups) were all elected in significant numbers to the body.
		Although the majority of the Afghan refugees abroad have repatriated since the overthrow of the Taliban, at the beginning of 2005 it was estimated that some 2.1 million Afghanis were still refugees, with most of those in Pakistan and Iran.
		A history of women in Afghanistan: lessons learnt for the future or yesterdays and tomorrow: women in Afghanistan.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0856490.html (2603 words)

	Shrapnel Games announces War in Afghanistan - PC News at GameSpot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Instead, players will experience the entire military history of Afghanistan, from British operations in the 19th century to the 1979 Soviet invasion and continuing on through the rise of the Taliban and Operation Enduring Freedom.
		War in Afghanistan will also feature much historical detail.
		WOFOR: War on Terror is a real-time strategy game with a modern setting, 50 unique units, and three distinct campaigns.
	www.gamespot.com /pc/strategy/warinafghanistan/news_6094125.html (370 words)

	Civilian Victims of United States' Aerial Bombing of Afghanistan
		A legacy of the ten years of civil war during the 80s is that many military garrisons and facilities are located in urban areas where the Soviet-backed government had placed them since they could be better protected there from attacks by the rural mujahideen.
		Secondly, this war does little to impede the cycle of violence of which the WTC attacks are merely one manifestation.
		This mass exodus from the cities of Afghanistan is further testimony to the terror effects of the intense U.S bombing of urban areas, not in the sense of carpet-bombing [like Tokyo or Dresden] but rather in the large number of dispersed targets struck.
	www.cursor.org /stories/civilian_deaths.htm (12427 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Special report: Afghanistan
		October 20: The commanding officer of a Royal Marine killed by a suicide bomber in southern Afghanistan today said the soldier was a popular man with a good sense of humour.
		June 23: Detainees held in Afghanistan by US troops have been tortured and humiliated in the same way as those in Iraq, a Guardian investigation has found.
		A chronology of events in Afghanistan, from January 28 2003 onwards.
	www.guardian.co.uk /afghanistan/0,1284,548335,00.html (903 words)

	AOP: Today's News on Afghanistan
		He has been called "Afghanistan's top Taleban commander" by Nato officials, and is high on the US list of most-wanted people in the country.
		Afghanistan, India, Pakistan and Nigeria are the four countries worldwide where polio remains endemic, according to the WHO.
		The WHO estimates that in 2006 alone, vaccinators were unable to access an estimated 125,000 children in the south and south-eastern regions of the country due to insecurity.
	www.aopnews.com /today.html (5630 words)

	Afghanistan War — Infoplease.com
		Afghanistan War, 1978–92, conflict between anti-Communist Muslim Afghan guerrillas (mujahidin) and Afghan government and Soviet forces.
		Post-Cold War state disintegration: the failure of international conflict resolution in Afghanistan.
		Profits of mass destruction: talking points for your discussions about the Iraq and Afghanistan wars.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0802662.html (538 words)

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