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Topic: Aflatoxin

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	Aflatoxin
		Aflatoxin M1and M2 are major metabolites of aflatoxin B1 and B2 respectively, found in milk of animals that have consumed feed contaminated with aflatoxins.
		Aflatoxins are normally refers to the group of difuranocoumarins and classified in two broad groups according to their chemical structure; the difurocoumarocyclopentenone series (AFB1, AFB2, AFB2A, AFM1, AFM2, AFM2A and aflatoxicol) and the difurocoumarolactone series (AFG1, AFG2, AFG2A, AFGM1, AFGM2, AFGM2A and AFB3).
		In the presence of mineral acids, aflatoxin B1 and G1 are converted in to aflatoxin B2A and G2A due to acid-catalyzed addition of water across the double bond in the furan ring.
	www.aflatoxin.info /aflatoxin.asp (1159 words)

	Aflatoxins-Home Page
		Aflatoxins have been associated with various diseases, such as aflatoxicosis, in livestock, domestic animals and humans throughout the world.
		Aflatoxins have received greater attention than any other mycotoxins because of their demonstrated potent carcinogenic effect in susceptible laboratory animals and their acute toxicological effects in humans.
		Aflatoxins often occur in crops in the field prior to harvest.
	www.ansci.cornell.edu /plants/toxicagents/aflatoxin/aflatoxin.html (3075 words)

	Aflatoxin
		Aflatoxin poisoning is reported from all parts of world in almost all domestic and non domestic animals like cattle, horses, rabbits, and other non human primates.
		The most sever case of acute poisoning of aflatoxin was reported in north-west India in 1974 where 25% of the exposed population died after ingestion of the molded maize with aflatoxin levels ranging from 6250 to 15600 mg/kg.
		Immuno-suppression is due to the reactivity of aflatoxins with T-cells, decrease in Vitamin K activities, and a decrease in phagocytic activity in macrophages.
	www.aflatoxin.info /health.asp (1982 words)

	Understanding and Preventing Aflatoxin Poisoning
		Aflatoxins are poisonous by-products produced from the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus.
		Aflatoxins are metabolized in the liver of all living organisms.
		The use of a fl light to detect the presence of aflatoxins at the elevator is common.
	www.noble.org /Ag/Soils/Aflatoxin (854 words)

	Risk of aflatoxin contamination increases with hot and dry growing conditions \| Integrated Crop Management
		Aflatoxins are produced under certain conditions, which include temperatures from 55--104 °F (optimum 81--86 °F), and 17--18 percent and higher moisture content.
		Since aflatoxin levels are usually highest in damaged kernels, cleaning the grain using a rotary screen or gravity table may reduce their levels.
		Much of this information and more on aflatoxins and fumonisins in corn can be found in the Iowa State University Extension publications, PM 1800, Aflatoxins in Corn, and PM 1698, Corn Ear Rots, Storage Molds, Mycotoxins, and Animal Health, and also the University of Kentucky publication, ID-59 Aflatoxins in Corn.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/2005/9-19/aflatoxin.html (796 words)

	AFLATOXIN RESEARCH SHOWS PROMISE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Aflatoxin is a fungus that infects corn, cotton, peanuts and other crops.
		If there is too much aflatoxin found in a crop in the United States, it is either destroyed or it is detoxified with ammonia.
		There is strong evidence that aflatoxin is the leading cause of liver cancer in Africa and China.
	agnews.tamu.edu /stories/PATH/aflares.htm (384 words)

	Mycotoxin prevention and control in foodgrains - Aflatoxin research on grain in Asia - its problems and possible ...
		Aflatoxins are important because some are extremely toxic to many kinds of animals; 10 ppb AFB1 consumed regularly by rats may eventually result in fatal liver cancer and in somewhat larger amounts-a few hundred ppb-aflatoxin cause a great variety of ill effects in wild and domestic animals.
		Buangsuwon (1986) reported that a higher incidence of aflatoxin contamination was found in shelled peanuts, especially in samples of damaged kernels where 9 out 15 samples had aflatoxin contamination ranging from 0 to 350 ppb and in samples of damaged kernels in which all 20 samples had readings of 15 to 1350 ppb.
		However, aflatoxin was found in one of the samples of mouldy rice that was collected from families in which 25 people became ill and 3 children died of unknown cause.
	www.fao.org /docrep/X5036E/x5036E1e.htm (5354 words)

	US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book - Aflatoxins
		Aflatoxin M a major metabolic product of aflatoxin B1 in animals and is usually excreted in the milk and urine of dairy cattle and other mammalian species that have consumed aflatoxin-contaminated food or feed.
		Aflatoxins produce acute necrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma of the liver in a number of animal species; no animal species is resistant to the acute toxic effects of aflatoxins; hence it is logical to assume that humans may be similarly affected.
		The relative susceptibility of humans to aflatoxins is not known, even though epidemiological studies in Africa and Southeast Asia, where there is a high incidence of hepatoma, have revealed an association between cancer incidence and the aflatoxin content of the diet.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~mow/chap41.html (1351 words)

	Aflatoxin and Mycotoxins
		Although there are individual researchers who are not convinced that aflatoxin is a carcinogen in man, the recent realization of just how important the vitaletheine modulators are to the immune system's ability to fight off cancer indicates otherwise.
		In this regard it is probably critical to the general health of the public that aflatoxins, known to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals, be minimized in our diets, especially when the biosynthesis of the vitaletheine modulators are otherwise compromised by dietary deficiencies and by exposure to other environmental toxins and carcinogens.
		This suggests that both high cholesterol (heart disease) and liver cancer have a common contributing factor in aflatoxin, a link that may be described in part by the observed interactions between HMG-CoA reductase and the monooxygenase thought to be the target for the vitaletheine modulators.
	www.vitaletherapeutics.org /vtlafltx.htm (1482 words)

	Biological Control of Aflatoxin Contamination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts is an important food safety issue and a major economic problem facing the peanut industry.
		Aflatoxin contamination occurs when peanuts are stressed by late-season drought and become susceptible to infection by the fungus, Aspergillus flavus, which is naturally occurring in the soil.
		When field-treated and non-treated peanuts, which were not contaminated with aflatoxin, were stored under conditions that would favor contamination, aflatoxin levels in peanuts that had been field-treated were reduced by 98% compared with untreated peanuts.
	nprl.usda.gov /_private/UnusedPages/NPRL_Files/BioControl.htm (396 words)

	IS1563 Minimizing Aflatoxin in Corn
		Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring toxic chemical by-product from the growth of the fungus Aspergillus flavus on corn and other crops such as peanuts and cottonseed.
		Aflatoxin develops in the field when corn is exposed to severe environmental conditions known to stress kernel development and promote fungal infection within the ear.
		Producers may reduce the likelihood of aflatoxin buildup in the field by harvesting corn before it reaches the industry standard of 15.5 percent moisture.This system reduces duration when ears may be exposed to unfavorable drying conditions that promote aflatoxin development in the field.
	msucares.com /pubs/infosheets/is1563.htm (1198 words)

	Understanding and Preventing Aflatoxin Poisoning
		Aflatoxins are poisonous byproducts produced from the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus.
		Aflatoxins are odorless, tasteless and have no color, thus, they are difficult to detect.
		Recommended aflatoxin levels in feed is 0 parts per billion (ppb), but this is not always possible.
	www.noble.org /ag/Pests/Aflatoxin/Prevention.htm (842 words)

	Suppression of Potential Aflatoxin Prior to Harvest
		Aflatoxin contamination problems are minimized with management such as thoroughly grain cleaning, proper combine adjustment to reduce kernel damage, matching drying capacity to wet corn holding capacity, proper drying, removal of fines and broken kernels, proper grain cooling after drying, and sound storage practices.
		Aflatoxin can develop within 24 hours in mold- and fungi-infected corn stored under these conditions, even though corn was previously free of aflatoxin.
		Once aflatoxin levels are known or sus-pected, it is the owner's responsibility to isolate that corn from general commerce.
	pubs.caes.uga.edu /caespubs/pubcd/B1231.htm (2198 words)

	Information about Health & Aflatoxins in foods such as peanut butter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The occurrence of aflatoxins is influenced by the weather, (temperature, and humidity - warm and wet is worst!); so the extent of contamination will vary with geographic location, agricultural and agronomic practices, and the susceptibility of the peanuts (etc.) to fungus before they are harvested, and during storage, and/or processing periods.
		Aflatoxins have received greater attention than any other mycotoxins because they clearly have a potent carcinogenic effect in laboratory rats and their acute poisonous effects in humans.
		Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by two types of mold: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.
	www.ehso.com /ehshome/aflatoxin.php (1342 words)

	aflatoxin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Aflatoxin can result in a reduced appetite, reduced growth or milk production, rough hair coat, immunosuppression as well as many other possible symptoms.
		Screening may be beneficial in that most of the aflatoxin is in the broken kernels, tips and otherwise damaged pieces.
		Research has shown some benefit from incorporating small quantities of clays (e.g., bentonite at.5%;10 pounds per ton) for binding the aflatoxin so that it is carried on through the digestive tract and into the manure rather than absorbed into the body.
	www.auburn.edu /~rankidl/aflatoxin.html (493 words)

	Peanuts - Aflatoxin in peanuts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Aflatoxin is the name for a group of toxins (carcinogenic compounds) that are produced by two fungi called Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.
		In Australia aflatoxin is not a health risk because of the thorough testing done at various stages along the food chain and the effective technology and procedures employed by agribusinesses to eliminate contaminated product.
		Therefore, aflatoxin risk is largely determined by high temperature and the degree of drought stress.
	www2.dpi.qld.gov.au /fieldcrops/3027.html (1349 words)

	Managing Aflatoxin in AZ
		Aflatoxins are toxic chemicals produced by Aspergillus flavus and several closely related fungi.
		Aflatoxins have been shown to cause cancer at very low concentrations (1 ppb) in certain experimental animals.
		AF36 competes with aflatoxin producers and replaces them without increasing either the overall quantity of fungus in the field or the amount of the crop infected.
	ag.arizona.edu /research/cottylab/AZ_Aflatox.htm (1284 words)

	Aflatoxin Summary
		Aflatoxin intake is positively related to high incidence of liver cancer in humans in many developing countries.
		Aflatoxin is a metabolic by-product produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and the closely related species Aspergillus parasiticus growing on grains and decaying organic compounds.
		Chemical structure of Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, most notably Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus parasiticus.
	www.bookrags.com /Aflatoxin (1008 words)

	Aflatoxin
		With the growing awareness of consumers to safety and quality of foodstuffs, the aflatoxin content of groundnuts consignments is becoming a serious issue for importers as well as exporters for first choice groundnuts worldwide.
		Aflatoxin contamination usually takes place in the field long before it becomes apparent in the laboratory tests.
		Aflatoxin is formed as a by-product resulting from metabolism (fungal growth) and is stimulated by conditions of heat and drought-stress late in the season.
	members.tripod.com /gesondheid/aflatoxin.htm (640 words)

	Black Light Test for Aflatoxin Is Questionable Process 8/28/03
		Aflatoxin has been identified as a carcinogen, and acceptable levels in corn and other agricultural products, such as peanuts and cotton seed, are highly regulated.
		For elevators, operators may be accepting corn that potentially could have levels of aflatoxin that may limit its use and thus their ability to resell the commodity.
		The only sure way to know whether aflatoxin is present in a corn lot is to have a sample analyzed, using a quantitative test kit, he said.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /news/sty/2003/blacklight_test082803.htm (714 words)

	Attack Aflatoxin
		The seven-member team is helping coordinate aflatoxin research among USDA and university scientists in affected states along the Gulf Coast and the eastern seaboard.
		Aspergillus flavus is the fungus that causes aflatoxin.
		Ed Cleveland, a leader in the center's aflatoxin programs, is working directly with a colleague in Phoenix who continues to see strong results in controlling aflatoxin through a counter-fungus that can turn back the toxic strain in cotton.
	www.cornandsoybeandigest.com /mag/soybean_attack_aflatoxin (954 words)

	Aflatoxin Tainted Feed Could Hurt Wild Game
		Aflatoxin is a poisonous substance produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.
		Little information is available concerning the effects of aflatoxin on wildlife and guidelines are generally based on toxicity studies conducted on domesticated animal species like cattle, chickens and turkeys.
		If aflatoxin is present, it will glow when exposed to the ultraviolet light generated from a fl light.
	www.tamuk.edu /news/archive/arch98/october/aflatoxin.html (967 words)

	RR2, No 8 Aflatoxin Accumulation in Commercial Corn Hybrids in 1998
		When aflatoxin levels for individual hybrids were combined and averaged for Test 1 and Test 2, the lowest level of aflatoxin contamination was in AgraTech 1177 (890 ppb).
		When averaged across hybrids, aflatoxin contamination in hybrids inoculated using the side-needle technique and the spray inoculation technique was 3,603 ppb and 3,234 ppb, respectively.
		Aflatoxin levels for all hybrids greatly exceeded the FDA threshold level (20 ppb) for aflatoxin in corn grain.
	msucares.com /pubs/researchreports/rr22-8.htm (1613 words)

	Aflatoxin B2, pure, from Fermentek
		Aflatoxin B2 from Fermentek is not produced from or contains any ingredients from animal origin.
		Interaction of aflatoxin B2 with rat liver DNA and histones in vivo.
		In vitro metabolism of aflatoxin B2 by animal and human liver.
	www.fermentek.co.il /aflatoxin_B2.htm (47 words)

	Mycotoxin prevention and control in foodgrains - Control of aflatoxin in maize
		Aflatoxin content has become a major factor affecting the export of maize and most importers have set aflatoxin limits, usually in the range of 20 to 100 ppb.
		Aflatoxin restrictions and the world surplus of maize have made markets increasingly difficult to find and prices have tended to fall until the recent US drought.
		Aflatoxin quality-control procedures based on the BGYF test have been devised for monitoring the production of low-aflatoxin content maize, and for assisting grain management at regional and export storage facilities.
	www.fao.org /docrep/X5036E/x5036E0s.htm (2575 words)

	The Texas A&M Aflatoxin Resource
		Several methods of aflatoxin analysis of grain exist, each with different levels of precision, relative costs, and ease of application.
		The aflatoxin does not fluoresce; it is the indirectly related kojic acid that fluoresces.
		lists several sources of antibody aflatoxin test kits which have been tested and found to perform in a wide variety of laboratories.
	plantpathology.tamu.edu /aflatoxin/detection.htm (444 words)

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