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Topic: Afonso I of Kongo

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Affonso I of Kongo

	Afonso I of Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Afonso was the son of Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal and Teresa of LeÃ³n, the illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso VI of Castile and LeÃ³n.
		In 1169, Afonso was disabled in an engagement near Badajoz by a fall from his horse, and made prisoner by the soldiers of the king of LeÃ³n.
		Afonso married in 1146 Mafalda or Maud of Savoy (1125-1158), daughter of Amadeo III, Count of Savoy, and Mafalda of Albon.
	www.donob.com /encyclopedia/Afonso_I_of_Portugal (1129 words)

	AllRefer.com - Kongo, kingdom of, Africa History (African History) - Encyclopedia
		Kongo, kingdom of[kOng´gO, kong´–] Pronunciation Key, former state of W central Africa, founded in the 14th cent.
		Kongo was ruled by the manikongo, or king, and was divided into six provinces, each administered by a governor appointed by the manikongo.
		The area of Kongo was incorporated mostly into Angola and partly into the Independent State of the Congo (see Congo, Democratic Republic of the) in the late 19th cent.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/K/Kongo-ki.html (462 words)

	Kongo
		The Kongo region of Angola was the fount of independence struggle of the Angolans against the Portuguese.
		Language: The heart language of the Kongo is a Bantu language, characterized by the use of prefixes as indicators of classes of nouns.
		Catholicism mainly from the Portuguese colonists is by far the strongest Christian influence the Kongo have received, with its primary influences being felt in the 19th and 20th centuries.
	cesa.imb.org /peoplegroups/Kongo.htm (1178 words)

	AFONSO I, Angola/Congo/Zaire/Dem. Rep. of Congo, Catholic
		Manikongo Afonso I, the greatest king of the Kongo, reigned from 1506 to 1545.
		Afonso was born Mvemba Nzinga and son of the manikongo - the king - of the Kongo, who in 1482 made the first contact with the Portuguese.
		Afonso promoted Christianity diligently, destroying traditional religious symbols and building churches and schools, but the few missionaries he was sent proved to be lazy, corrupt, and venal; they took concubines and lived as nobility.
	www.dacb.org /stories/congo/afonso1.html (675 words)

	Angola - Kongo Kingdom
		Kongo evolved in the late fourteenth century when a group of Bakongo (Kongo people) moved south of the Congo River into northern Angola, conquering the people they found there and establishing Mbanza Kongo (now spelled Mbanza Congo), the capital of the kingdom.
		Afonso's complaints to the Portuguese crown about the effects of the trade in his lands were largely ignored.
		Adding to Kongo's troubles in the early 1600s was a general dissatisfaction among the Bakongo with their rulers, some of whom were greedy and corrupt.
	countrystudies.us /angola/5.htm (973 words)

	Kongo
		The Mbanza Kongo kings organized the surrounding communities into provinces, collected taxes and tributes, and instituted a monetary system based on shells, called nzimbu, which were farmed at the royal fisheries on the island of Luanda.
		Many Kongo attended either Catholic or Protestant mission schools and later became one of the most highly educated ethnic groups in the Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Angola and generally one of the most active in the decolonization of both countries.
		Today the Kongo, whose population is about five million, occupy a significant number of administrative, political, and commercial positions in the lower Zaire region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
	archive.blackvoices.com /research/encarta/tt_301.asp (614 words)

	Afonso I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Afonso's attempts to control and later abolish the slave trade were futile, as the Portugese appetite for slaves was insatiable.
		Social and political life in Kongo were transformed as the gap between the educated, Christianized nobility and the masses increased, leading to the shameful exploitation of the latter.
		Afonso balanced the forces affecting his kingdom by catering to the indulgences of the nobility.
	purpleplanetmedia.com /bhp/pages/afonsoi.shtml (774 words)

	AFRICAN POLITICAL ETHICS AND THE SLAVE TRADE
		Afonso's letter is a letter of complaint, yet his grief is not about the purchasing or disposing of slaves, it is that he was cheated, work was paid for but not done, or priests neglected their vows.
		Afonso did, however, provide important insights on the function of slavery in Kongo and its early relationship to the export trade, in describing a war he conducted against Munza, known only as a nobleman of the Mbundu region, around 1512 or perhaps 1513.
		Afonso complained that this was their regular practice, his complaint against them was that they worked slow, not that they bought slaves--they had done very little, he thought in the past five years (i.e.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~winthrop/Thornton.html (6590 words)

	Af AfDB Afa Afan Afan Lido FC Afar Afar language Afars and Issas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Afonso III of Portugal - Afonso III of Portugal (the Burgundian), fifth,...
		Afonso I of Kongo - Afonso I of reigned from 1505 to...
		Afonso of Portugal - Prince Afonso of Portugal was born in...
	www.geodatabase.de /?Af (2947 words)

	Heart of Darkness: : From Kongo to Congo: The History Of The Belgian Congo (To 1963) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The slaves were being taken from the Kongo to Brazil and the Catholic clergy were among the worst slave traders (Gondola 31-32).
		Afonso I was considered the most capable Catholic King because of the relations with Europe that he opened for his people.
		Afonso I was succeeded by King Diogo I. He tried to hold the Congo together during violent civil war, which was also fueled by the Portuguese government.
	caxton.stockton.edu /hod/history (3577 words)

	Civil Rights Journal: The destruction of the Kingdom of Kongo. @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		For the Kongo, a chance encounter with a peculiarly shaped twig or stone was loaded with meaning; whirlwinds incarnated the spirits of noble ancestors; grubs caused rain; albinos, dwarves, and twins could cure infertility, kill thieves, or prevent elephants from destroying the house; and disease was the invariable outcome of witchcraft.
		Afonso seized power in 1506, upon the death of his father, King Joao I. As the firstborn son of the king's principal wife, Afonso was ineligible for succession.
		Afonso continued to complain of the "inordinate covetousness" the slave trade had induced in his kingdom, spoke of slavery as "that great evil," and protested that "under cover of night" nobles and freemen were still being stolen from their homes.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:106647781&refid=holomed_1 (6218 words)

	Alfonso - TheBestLinks.com - Afonso, Afonso I of Portugal, Afonso II of Portugal, Afonso III of Portugal, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Alfonso - TheBestLinks.com - Afonso, Afonso I of Portugal, Afonso II of Portugal, Afonso III of Portugal,...
		Afonso, Alfonso, Afonso I of Portugal, Afonso II of Portugal, Afonso III of...
		Afonso I of Portugal -- (1109-1185) "the Conqueror" (Afonso Henriques)
	www.thebestlinks.com /Afonso.html (265 words)

	KONGOCHRISTIANSAFONSOSOYO
		King Nzinga's son Afonso (born Nzinga Mbemba) was sent to Portugal to study and amazed the catholic hierarchy with his intelligence and intense piety.
		Afonso's son, Henrique, subsequently became the first fl African bishop in the Catholic church.
		But the kingdom of the Kongo was ruined by the slave trade, which caused a massive drain on manpower.
	www.kanda7tumba.net /KONGOCHRISTIANSAFONSOSOYO.html (593 words)

	African Christianity in Kongo \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Kongo kingdom was one of the largest in sub-Saharan Africa during this period; spanning over 115,000 square miles, it had a highly centralized monarchy as well as a powerful noble class.
		Afonso I, the Kongo king who reigned from 1506 to 1543, was not only literate but also spoke and wrote in Portuguese, and his son Henrique was sent to Europe to complete his religious training.
		Afonso's many articulate letters to the Vatican and to Portuguese bishops are some of the most important records of precolonial Africa and the Kongo Christian faith.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/acko/hd_acko.htm (398 words)

	Kongo Kingdom - History - Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) - Africa
		At its height, the Kongo kingdom extended from present-day northwestern Angola to Gabon.
		Soon thereafter, the manikongo, or king, of Kongo converted to Christianity, but his attempts to impose the religion on his people provoked violent opposition.
		The slave raiding brought unrest to the region, however, and the Kongo kingdom declined by the end of the 16th century, in part because of invasions by the Jaga, an eastern warrior people.
	www.countriesquest.com /africa/democratic_republic_of_the_congo_formerly_zaire/history/kongo_kingdom.htm (282 words)

	An African Voice of Protest
		The largest state in central West Africa by 1500 was the kingdom of Kongo, stretching along the estuary of the Congo River in territory that today lies within Angola and Zaire.
		Afonso promoted the introduction of European culture in his kingdom by adopting Christianity as the state religion (although most of his subjects, especially those in the hinterlands, were unaffected), imitating the etiquette of the Portuguese royal court, and using Portuguese as the language of state business.
		The documents are part of a collection of twenty-four letters that Afonso and his Portuguese-educated, native secretaries dispatched to the kings of Portugal on a variety of issues.
	www.wfu.edu /~watts/w04_Africa.html (659 words)

	MSN Encarta - Angola
		When the representatives of the Portuguese Empire arrived in 1483, seeking the legendary kingdom of Prester John, as well as precious metals, they found the realm of the Kongo well established.
		The slave traffic, aided by local chiefs, gradually undermined the authority of the manikongo, and 25 years after Afonso’s death the Kongo state succumbed to the onslaught of the Jaga, a fierce nomadic people from the east.
		The Portuguese, meanwhile, had extended their reach southward to the area around and south of present-day Luanda, over which they soon claimed colonial authority; it was the title of the local ruler, ngola, that became the name of the country.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571092_7/Angola.html (1297 words)

	Africa and Slavery 1500-1800 by Sanderson Beck
		Eight years later a Kongo embassy went to Lisbon, and by 1506 the Kongo king was baptized as Afonso I; the Portuguese renamed his Mbanza capital Sao Salvador.
		In 1526 Afonso complained to his "royal brother" in Lisbon that their population was being depleted as people were captured for slavery; but he was not able to expel the Portuguese.
		Afonso II became Kongo king that year but was killed at mass.
	www.san.beck.org /1-13-Africa1500-1800.html (22906 words)

	Kongo Kingdom Of: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		KONGO, KINGDOM OF kÃ´ngËgÅ, kÅngËâ“, former state of W central Africa, founded in the 14th cent.
		From the powerful wooden statues of the Kongo to the stunning gold jewelry of the Asante, selections from this trove have been...among the most skilled and clever speakers in the kingdom, it is only fitting that Asante proverbs are given...
		The Congo Region The sculpture of the Kongo kingdom is usually characterized by naturalism.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/101253671 (1778 words)

	Practice ME - Page 7 - AlternateHistory.com Discussion Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		King Afonso Manikongo Nzinga fears the wrath of the Portuguese and their easy access to gunpowder weapons, if he chose to rebel against them.
		The Kongo Empire is severely humiliated by this lack of interest in their affairs.
		Together, the Kongo and the Rozwi are able to repel the Portuguese from their lands in a single month.
	www.alternatehistory.com /discussion/showthread.php?t=16725&page=7 (4756 words)

	Kimpa Vita (Dona Beatrice), Angola/Congo/Dem. Rep. of Congo, The Antonian Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Kimpa Vita was a popular female prophet in the kingdom of the Kongo, a precursor of the prophetic figures of the independent churches, and the creator of a movement that used Christian symbols but revitalized traditional Kongo cultural roots.
		The latter half of the seventeenth century was one of cultural disintegration and political disarray in the Kongo (which included parts of present-day Congo, Zaïre, and Angola).
		Portuguese forces had defeated the Kongo, the Christianity of AFONSO I had fallen into syncretism, a mix of Christian and African traditional religions, and three ruling families contended for power.
	wesley.nnu.edu /DACB/DACBCDFILES/stories/congo/kimpa_vita.html (334 words)

	Search Results for Kongo - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Kongo is related to Swahili, Shona, and Bembe, among others.
		It is situated on a low plateau about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Nóqui, which is the nearest point on the Congo River.
		It was the capital of the Kongo kingdom from the...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Kongo&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (316 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Kongo, kingdom of @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		KONGO, KINGDOM OF [Kongo, kingdom of], former state of W central Africa, founded in the 14th cent.
		The next manikongo, Afonso I (reigned 1505-43), was raised as a Christian and attempted to convert the kingdom to Christianity and European ways.
		Bibliography: See J. Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo (1983); A. Hilton, The Kingdom of Kongo (1985).
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:Kongo-ki&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (409 words)

	Smithsonian Natural History Web: African Voices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		After 1509, Kongo King Afonso I worked to institutionalize Catholicism.
		As Catholic priests competed for authority with priests of local religions, Christianity came to be practiced as an evolving synthesis of local practices and church doctrine.
		Kongo people who adopted Christianity applied key terms from the local religion.
	www.mnh.si.edu /africanvoices/themes/kongo/christianity/adapting.html (88 words)

	Untitled Document
		Afonso converted religion and changed the official language of the Kongo so that Portugal might give him more political power.
		People were changing things that hadn't been changed for hundreds of years to gain or in hopes of gaining more political power.
		The Portuguesse took power over the Kongo and as Afonso describes, they kidnapped people they had an alliance with.
	www.miracosta.cc.ca.us /home/llane/courses/hist101/pw/quiz2samples.htm (897 words)

	AFRICAN VOICES: Kongo Power Figures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Members of Afonso's court studied in Portugal and Portuguese clergy worked in the Kongo where religious schools educated thousands of the kingdom's elite.
		For instance, Kongo Christians continued to honor the ancestors through All Souls Day, a holiday devoted to praying for the dead.
		Christianity in the Kongo, as in much of Africa, reflects an ever-changing synthesis of local practices and church doctrine, often expressed in independent Christian churches.
	www.rit.edu /~africa/kongo/kongoPg3.shtml (310 words)

	Introduction to African History
		By the early 1500's African slave traders had raided and kidnapped so many tribes that Kongo's King Afonso complained to his Catholic brother, the King of Portugal.
		Even Afonso's complaints to the Pope fell on deaf ears as the demand for slaves intensified with the colonization of the Americas.
		The social fabric of Africa continued to unravel as a mix of war captives, debtors, criminals and innocent kidnapped victims were sold to sail the middle passage of the triangle trade route.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/intro/intro_africa.htm (979 words)

	AFONSO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Search the AFONSO Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the AFONSO Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named AFONSO at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/A/AFONSO.htm (73 words)

	MSN Encarta - Democratic Republic of the Congo
		In the southern savanna zone, the Luba, Lunda, and other Bantu groups set up centralized kingdoms by 1500.
		The Portuguese had some contact with the Kongo around 1482, when navigator Diogo Cam visited the mouth of the Congo River and claimed the surrounding region as Portuguese territory.
		Under Afonso, Kongo participated in slave raids in neighboring regions and in slave trade with the Portuguese, making Kongo a significant supplier to the Atlantic slave trade.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561261_9/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.html (1425 words)

	Kongo, kingdom of
		Kongo, kingdom of, former state of W central Africa, founded in the 14th cent.
		Afonso I (reigned 1505–43), was raised as a Christian and attempted to convert the kingdom to Christianity and European ways.
		The slave trade, which undermined the social structure of Kongo, continued to weaken the authority of the
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0828072.html (339 words)

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