
	Where results make sense

Topic: African Americans at Siege of Petersburg

	Siege of Petersburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Petersburg was crucial to the supply of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's army and the Confederate capital of Richmond.
		The Siege of Petersburg foreshadowed the trench warfare that would be common in World War I, earning it a prominent position in military history.
		It also featured the largest concentration of African American troops employed in the war, who displayed valor and suffered heavy casualties at such engagements as the Battle of the Crater and Chaffin's Farm.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg (4007 words)

	American Experience \| The Time of the Lincolns \| Americans at War
		In one of the bloodiest battles of the war, African American troops from the 9th Louisiana Infantry, the 1st Mississippi Infantry, and the 13th Louisiana Infantry fought alongside white troops from the 10th Illinois Cavalry and the 23rd Iowa Infantry.
		African American soldiers and white officers from across the North comprised the celebrated Massachusetts 54th Regiment.
		Like most African American units, the 54th was led by a white man, a blue-blood named Robert Gould Shaw, who had years of military experience but little of it in battle.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/lincolns/atwar/es_aaregiments.html (1538 words)

	Celebrate African American Heritage - Parks
		African American Civil War Memorial National Memorial, District of Columbia: By supporting the Union, slaves and free fls, living in the North and South, courageously advanced the cause of freedom for more than four million enslaved people.
		Fort Davis is important in understanding the presence of African Americans in the West and in the frontier military because the 24th and 25th U.S. Infantry and the 9th and 10th U.S. Cavalry, all-fl regiments established after the Civil War, were stationed at the post.
		Petersburg National Battlefield, VA: Petersburg, Virginia, became the setting for the longest siege in American history when General Ulysses S. Grant failed to capture Richmond in the spring of 1864.
	www.nps.gov /pub_aff/african_am/parks.htm (4689 words)

	Petersburg
		In the summer of 1864, Petersburg, Virginia, became the setting for the longest siege in American warfare.
		An important supply center to the Confederate capital, Petersburg was the junction of five rail lines and key roads used to supply the armies with food, weapons, and additional manpower.
		A visitor center houses artifacts and displays explaining the ten-month siege, and a four-mile self-guided driving tour is also available, with short interpretive walking trails throughout the journey.
	www.npca.org /cultural_diversity/battlefields/petersburg.html (695 words)

	A CHRONOLOGY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MILITARY SERVICE From the Colonial Era through the Antebellum Period
		African- American soldiers and sailors again won respect and recognition for their heroism by winning several Congressional Medals of Honor as well as laudatory comments from senior officers and the press.
		During this period of service, the Native Americans began referring to the fl troopers as "buffalo soldiers." This nickname was derived partly from the soldiers’ physical characteristics (i.e., dark skin and tightly curled hair) which were reminiscent of the buffalo, and partly from the Indian warriors’ respect for the fl troopers’ fighting abilities.
		African Americans were among the troops committed to combat in World War I (WWI) and World War II (WWII), even though they and other fl Americans were denied the full blessings of the freedom for which the United States had pledged to fight.
	www.ufphq.com /aams.htm (8182 words)

	Preserve America Community: Petersburg, Virginia
		Petersburg, Virginia (population 33,740), was the site of battles during the Revolutionary War and the Civil War.
		A little over 80 years later, the city suffered the longest siege in American warfare and was the site of the disastrous Battle of the Crater, where Union troops attempted to tunnel under Confederate lines.
		Petersburg has historic properties from three centuries, located in seven locally designated historic districts and six districts listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
	www.preserveamerica.gov /PAcommunity-petersburgVA.html (244 words)

	Celebrate African American History Month
		He took the American jazz tradition as it had developed by the late 1940s, with its established forms and harmonies, and radically transformed it, pioneering modal harmonies and incorporating influences from a variety of international sources.
		Four scholars from the Organization of American Historians are preparing a historical context for this study, while NHL Survey staff are identifying potential landmarks that are associated with individuals, community groups, and agencies involved in the efforts of a variety of ethnic groups to influence and achieve school desegregation.
		African American History and Culture: A Remembering A CRM issue that explores African American heritage in the National Park Service architecture.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/feature/afam/2000/AFAM2000.HTM (1280 words)

	African American Contributions
		The answer to that question consists of a lot of things such as self-improvement, African American accomplishment throughout history, respect, and tolerance of all cultures in the United States.
		It is symbolic of equality among all races, not just toward African Americans, and is an annual reminder of the trials faced by many people in order to reach the status our country is at today.
		Though African American recruits were not as copiously paid as the Caucasian soldiers, they were still grateful for what they could receive.
	www.ucaconline.org /juneteenth2006_essay.html (2170 words)

	Middle Passage and Enslavement
		The siege of Petersburg during the Civil War is the setting for the experiences of two boys with different perspectives.
		Filmed on location across twelve states and three continents, Africans in America is the first documentary series to examine fully the history of slavery in America using a combination of vivid first-person narratives, compelling interviews with historians and descendants, rich music, and cutting-edge scholarship.
		The struggle of fl Americans for freedom and dignity is illustrated through the telling of one family's odyssey.
	arkedu.state.ar.us /africanamerican/slavery.htm (1525 words)

	Hannibal & The Silence of the Lambs - Official Site - Now on DVD
		In 1850, however, Petersburg was the fourth largest industrial city in Virginia.
		At the height of its prosperity in the mid-19th century, Petersburg had the largest free fl population in Virginia.”; The town’s population has always been pretty evenly divided between fl and white.
		In 1829, a group of free fls left Petersburg, sailing up the Appomattox to the James and across the Atlantic to West Africa where one of its party, Joseph Jenkins Roberts, became the first president of Liberia.
	www.hannibaldvd.com /english/journal/entries/10/a.html (571 words)

	Outline of U.S. History
		Grant, meanwhile, lay siege to Petersburg, Virginia, for nine months, before Lee, in March 1865, knew that he had to abandon both Petersburg and the Confederate capital of Richmond in an attempt to retreat south.
		African Americans were required to enter into annual labor contracts, with penalties imposed in case of violation; dependent children were subject to compulsory apprenticeship and corporal punishments by masters; vagrants could be sold into private service if they could not pay severe fines.
		Without economic resources of their own, many Southern African Americans were forced to become tenant farmers on land owned by their former masters, caught in a cycle of poverty that would continue well into the 20th century.
	usinfo.state.gov /products/pubs/histryotln/civil.htm (4696 words)

	Fort Ward Museum - Fighting for Freedom, Black Union Soldiers of the Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Approximately 180,000 African American soldiers took up the call to fight for the Union, comprising more than 10% of all Federal forces.
		American fls had taken part in the country's defense since the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.
		Of particular note in the West was the Battle of Nashville, fought on December 15-16, in which eight fl regiments played a key role in the Federal defeat of the Confederate Army of Tennessee by the Army of the Cumberland.
	oha.ci.alexandria.va.us /fortward/special-sections/freedom (2856 words)

	Illinois During the Civil War: Race and Ethnicity
		African Americans, Race and Ethnicity in Illinois and the North During the Civil War
		In February of 1863 local officials convicted six African Americans of living in Carthage, in western Illinois, in violation of the state’s fl laws, and sold them to the highest bidders.
		Persons of African descent.” 4 The law provided that African American laborers be paid ten dollars a month, three dollars of which might pay for clothing, as compared to a white private’s monthly wage of thirteen dollars, plus a clothing allowance of three dollars and fifty cents.
	dig.lib.niu.edu /civilwar/race.html (2124 words)

	African-American Archaeology Newsletter, Winter 1994
		The Federal Advisory Committee (or Steering Committee on the African Burial Ground) was established in 1992 for a two year period to make recommendations to the GSA concerning the skeletal remains and associated issues relating to the burial ground.
		As archaeological data on African Americans has accumulated over the last twenty years, archaeologists have taken two major approaches to analyzing and explaining their information.
		Additional archaeological findings indicative of African American religious beliefs have most likely been misinterpreted either because their context was not as tightly defined, or through lack of a perspective informed by West African traditions.
	www.diaspora.uiuc.edu /A-AAnewsletter/Winter1994.html (6761 words)

	Hartford, Connecticut \| Statues, Monuments & Plaques
		Hero of the American Revolution, fatally wounded in the Battle of Harlem, mourned by George Washington as "a brave and gallant officer." Sculptor Enoch Smith Woods.
		The hart at the apex of the fountain is a symbol of Hartford and settlers from Hertford, England.
		A hero of the American Revolution from the battle of Brandywine, Pulaski was mortally wounded on October 9, 1779 in Savannah, Georgia.
	hartford.omaxfield.com /monuments.html (1568 words)

	Columns: A citizen's duty is to ferret out the truth
		Being a good citizen and a patriot during 2004 means unequivocally and unapologetically expressing what I consider to be the truth and the reality about our national politics, our federal policies and President Bush.
		Bush can get away with this cynical game because too many Americans have no sense of what being a real citizen of a democracy means.
		Someone, perhaps the trusted Colin Powell, should have told us that Iraq had not purchased "yellow cake" from "an African country," that no credible evidence suggested Hussein had stockpiles of WMD, that Bush was hell-bent on going to war.
	www.sptimes.com /2003/12/31/Columns/A_citizen_s_duty_is_t.shtml (787 words)

	Eagles on Their Buttons A Black Infantry Regiment in the Civil War Versalle F. Washington
		The men serving in the 5th USCT, however, were freemen who were raised in a northern state and saw serving in the army both as a way to gain equal rights under the law and as an opportunity to prove their worth as men.
		Versalle Washington shows what caused the soldiers in the Fifth USCT to join their regiment, what sort of men they were, and how they fought and lived as African American soldiers under white officers.
		He discusses the regiment's service, addressing its role in the siege of Petersburg, the battle of Chapin's Farm, and the capture of Fort Fisher and the port of Wilmington.
	www.umsystem.edu /upress/spring1999/washingt.htm (349 words)

	[No title]
		The American Civil War is typically regarded as the first major world battle that was 'observed' by the general population while it occurred.
		One of the leading figures in American art, Winslow Homer was a Civil War illustrator for Harper's in 1861 and 1862, filling his sketch book with informal studies of uniforms, weapons, and daily activities of individual soldier.
		He joined the rebel forces in Kentucky and participated in the Siege of Vicksburg before being transferred back to his native Virginia in 1862, and then in 1863 to Charleston, where he was detailed to sketch the city's fortifications.
	www.askart.com /AskART/interest/civil_war_art_1.aspx?id=40 (5099 words)

	The Face of Slavery & Other African American Photographs -- American Museum of Photography
		During the Siege of Petersburg, troops under the command of General Butler attempted to build a canal across the James River at Dutch Gap in Virginia.
		Many units suffered heavy casualties: it's estimated that one-third of all African Americans in the Union military lost their lives in the Civil War.
		American Museum of Photography and the logo are Service Marks of The American Photography Museum, Inc.
	www.photographymuseum.com /majstrong.html (235 words)

	An Early History - African American Mental Health
		Benjamin Rush, MD (17461813), signer of the Declaration of Independence, Dean of the Medical School at the University of Pennsylvania and the "Father of American Psychiatry, "described Negroes as suffering from an affliction called Negritude, which was thought to be a mild form of leprosy.
		Apparently little concern was given to the ability of family and friends throughout the state to visit their loved ones at the facility that was so far from home for so many.
		During the siege, the inmates reportedly hooked the hospital superintendent up to the electroshock machine and attempted to deliver maximum voltage to him.
	academic.udayton.edu /health/01status/mental01.htm (2551 words)

	Hog River Journal
		Though African Americans had served in American conflicts since before the Revolution, the first large-scale recruitment occurred during the Civil War, and even then, was hotly contested.
		The Twenty-ninth was mustered into service on March 8, 1864, fought in nine major battles, including the Siege of Petersburg.
		The regiment was discharged in Hartford on November 25, 1865.
	www.hogriver.org /issues/v02n01/fighting.htm (674 words)

	Connecticut African Americans and the Jackson Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the cities, there was perhaps greater opportunity for advancement through trades and even professional occupations, but in the countryside, the African American population's chief economic role was as a source of farm labor.
		Existing anecdotal evidence suggests that the resulting relationships were characterized by personal familiarity and even affection, though white attitudes were also commonly marked by condescension and racial stereotyping.
		James Jackson died in Texas guarding prisoners and John Elkey was wounded at the siege of Petersburg.
	www.past-inc.org /TenantHouse/jacksons.htm (415 words)

	National Museum of Civil War Medicine's Online Store (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		African American Soldiers in the War of Independence, The War of 1812 and the Civil War.
		This classic includes succinct, compelling accounts of African Americans in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, who fought and died for a freedom they could not enjoy.
		African Americans spilled blood in every theater of the war, from Arkansas to Virginia, and The Black Phalanx is Wilson’s spirited history of those soldiers whose valor was denied until it was proven in carnage and victory.
	www.civilwarmed.org /shop/product.htm?id=1817 (212 words)

	Battery B, 4th U.S. Light Artillery - Civil War Military Parks Addresses
		First used by large game animals in their migratory journeys, followed by Native Americans, the Cumberland Gap was the first and best avenue for the settlement of the interior of this nation.
		From this house, she organized and directed American Red Cross relief efforts for victims of natural disasters and war.
		Petersburg, Virginia, became the setting for the longest siege in American history when General Ulysses S. Grant failed to capture Richmond in the spring of 1864.
	www.batteryb.com /park_addresses.html (4044 words)

	Sergeant Nimrod Burke (1836-1914)
		During the early part of the Civil War, until late in 1862, official policy was not to enlist African Americans in the capacity of fighting men.
		African Americans involved in the early phase of the Civil War were civilian laborers, teamsters, servants for high ranking Union officers, and as in some cases my g-g-grandfather Nimrod Burke, some were teamsters and scouts.
		They guarded wagon trains for the Army of the Potomac through the Wilderness from June 15-18 as they moved into position Petersburg at the Siege of Petersburg and Richmond which was begun on June 16, 1864, and lasted to April 2, 1865.
	www.coax.net /people/lwf/HRB_NB.HTM (1174 words)

	Sheridan, Philip H.
		By the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Sheridan had attained the rank of captain.
		Following his campaign against Early, Sheridan and his command participated in the siege of Petersburg and the surrender of Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House.
		The Congress wanted to maintain a military presence, primarily to maintain law and order and to defend African Americans from racist whites, in the states that had seceded from the Union in 1860 and 1861.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=337 (598 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)