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Topic: African Americans in the United States Congress

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	Africans in America/Part 3/American Colonization Society: a Memorial to the United States Congress
		To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
		Your memorialists beg leave to state that, having expended considerable funds in prosecuting their inquiries and making preparations, they are now about to send out a colony, and complete the purchase, already stipulated for with the native kings and chiefs of Sherbro, of a suitable territory for their establishment.
		Your memorialists further request, that the subscribers to the American Colonization Society may be incorporated, by act of Congress, to enable them to act with more efficiency in carrying on the great and important objects of the Society, and to enable them, with more economy, to manage the benevolent contributions intrusted to their care.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aia/part3/3h483t.html (1253 words)

	African Americans in the United States Congress - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The right of African Americans to vote and to serve in the United States Congress was established after the Civil War by the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution.
		In 1866 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act and the Reconstruction Act, which dissolved all governments in the former Confederate states, with the exception of Tennessee, and divided the South into five military districts to protect the rights of the newly freed fls.
		In several states (notably Mississippi and South Carolina) fls were the majority of the population, and were able, in coalition with pro-Union whites, to take control of the state legislatures, which at that time elected members of the United States Senate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress (1596 words)

	USA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
		Manifest Destiny was a philosophy that encouraged westward expansion in the United States: as the population of the Eastern states grew and as a steady increase of immigrants entered the country, settlers moved steadily westward across North America.
		Congress can legislate to constrain the President's executive power, even with respect to his or her command of the armed forces; however, this power is used only very rarely—a notable example was the constraint placed on President Richard Nixon's strategy of bombing Cambodia during the Vietnam War.
		The United States is often under criticism from Western governments and NGOs concerning lengthy detention without trial, forced confessions, torture, and mistreatment of prisoners as well as some restrictions on freedoms of speech and the press, as being violations of their definition of human rights.
	www.solarnavigator.net /geography/united_states_of_america_usa.htm (6769 words)

	States
		Delegates of American Samoa to the United States Congress Delegates of United States Congress FALEOMAVAEGA, Eni Fa'aua'...
		Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Dakota Territory From United States House of Representative...
		Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the District of Columbia Delegates of the United States Con...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/states.html (8427 words)

	African art - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about African art (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Knowledge of African art history south of the Sahara is sketchy, partly because of the limited amount of archaeological work that has been carried out in such a huge area, and partly because humidity and termites quickly destroy perishable materials.
		Consequently, traditional African art forms embody the beliefs and values of the community, often in the form of masks or ancestor figures, which are used during religious ceremonies.
		As African art is made for a functional purpose rather than for decoration, it is not necessary for it to be realistic, beautiful, or to follow conventional art rules such as proportion.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /African+art (1506 words)

	United States Congress - (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Image:State of the Union.jpg The United States Congress is the biennial meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government.
		Thus, the current Congress (whose term lasts from 2005 to 2007) is known as the "109th Congress"; the previous Congress (whose term lasted from 2003 to 2005) was the "108th Congress," and so forth.
		The speech is modeled on the Speech from the Throne given by the British monarch, and is mandated by the Constitution of the United States.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Congress_of_the_United_States (5398 words)

	Crittenden Compromise
		Congress was forbidden to abolish slavery in places under its jurisdiction within a slave state, such as a military post.
		Congress could not abolish slavery in the District of Columbia so long as it existed in the adjoining states of Virginia and Maryland, and without the consent of the District's inhabitants.
		Congress was empowered to sue the county in which obstruction to the fugitive slave laws took place to recover payment; the county, in turn, could sue "the wrong doers or rescuers" who prevented the return of the fugitive.
	thomaslegion.net /crittendencompromise.html (542 words)

	AFRO-AMERICAN ALMANAC - African-American History Resource (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The American Colonization Society was founded in the City of Washington in December 1816 for the purpose of colonizing the free people of color as an alternative to emancipation in the United States.
		State, county and town societies, auxiliary to the parent society, were formed in nearly every State in the Union.
		The surpassing fertility of the African soil, the mildness of the climate during a great part of the year, the numerous commercial advantages, the stores of fish and herds of animals to be found here, invite her scattered children home.
	www.toptags.com /aama/events/acs.htm (1413 words)

	Category:African Americans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This category includes articles on African American people.
		Categories: American people by ethnic or national origin
		This page was last modified 02:32, 9 May 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:African_Americans (96 words)

	U.S. Initiatives to Advance Civil Rights in 21st Century, 8/3 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		By 1993, those states had a total of 312 fl state legislators, and were represented by 16 African-Americans in the United States Congress.
		I will also outline for the Committee some of the steps that the United States will undertake over the course of the next several years to further ensure that all people in America are, in the words of Article 2(2) of the Convention, guaranteed the full and equal enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
		Americans are now assured that, in nearly every significant aspect of their lives, laws exist to protect against discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity, whether it involves deciding where to live, financing a home, obtaining credit, getting a job, securing an education, or traveling anywhere in America.
	www.usembassy.it /file2001_08/alia/a1080507.htm (4500 words)

	Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Adopted at a time when African Americans were substantially disfranchised in many Southern states, the Act employed measures to restore the right to vote that intruded in matters previously reserved to the individual states.
		Congress determined that such a far-reaching statute only in response to compelling evidence of continuing interference with attempts by African American citizens to exercise their right to vote.
		Congress had found that case-by-case litigation was inadequate to combat wide-spread and persistent discrimination in voting, because of the inordinant amount of time and energy required to overcome the obstructionist tactics invariably encountered in these lawsuits.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/voting/intro/intro.htm (511 words)

	Internment of Japanese Americans in Concentration Camps
		Hirbayashi, an American citizen of Japanese ancestry, was convicted in the district court of knowingly disregarding restrictions made applicable by a military commander to persons in a military area prescribed by him as such, all as authorized by an Executive Order of the President.
		There is support for the view that social, economic and political conditions which have prevailed since the close of the last century, when the Japanese began to come to this country in substantial numbers, have intensified their solidarity and have in large measure prevented their assimilation as an integral part of the white population.
		American citizen of Japanese ancestry petitioned for writ of coram nobis to vacate his 1942 conviction for being in a place from which all persons of Japanese ancestry were excluded pursuant to a civilian exclusion order.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/02rights/intern01.htm (3646 words)

	African-Americans in the Twentieth Century
		The Congress of the United States passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which included provisions for the elimination of discrimination in education, employment, and in public accommodations.
		The 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on January 23, 1964.
		She later was elected to the United States House of Representatives in November 1972.
	www.liu.edu /cwis/cwp/library/african/2000/1960.htm (2304 words)

	African Americans in Philadelphia - Research Guide
		The educational experiences of African Americans in Philadelphia between 1900-1950 are the focus of this text.
		This text closely examines African Americans' role in all areas of law in Philadelphia along with their presence in law in other cites in the United States.
		A historical analysis of the African American elderly population along with a discussion of the Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Persons, a Philadelphia institution for the aged found in 1864.
	gethelp.library.upenn.edu /guides/afam/afamphil.html (2936 words)

	OklahomaCity.com Oklahoma City's Number One Website * Hotels * Real Estate * Restaurants * Events * New Homes * and ...
		And African Americans, some who were former slaves of Indians, took part in the runs or accepted their allotments as tribal members.
		African Americans came to this region as cowboys, settlers, gunfighters, and farmers.
		Oklahoma is bordered by six states: Texas to the south and west, Arkansas and Missouri to the east, Kansas to the north and Colorado and New Mexico at the tip of the northwestern Oklahoma panhandle.
	www.oklahomacity.com (3829 words)

	Discrimination against African Americans (Site not responding. Last check: )
		87% of African Americans live in urban areas, and they are a young population, with a median age of 27, compared to the white median age of 34.
		It's estimated that every African American experiences about 200 incidents a year, from slurs hurled at them by passing motorists to cashiers who won't put change in their hand, to a whole variety of other unclassifiable events.
		African Americans throughout most of the 20th Century have been discriminated against in housing, education, employment, and politics.
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/soc/355lect11.htm (2977 words)

	Immigration... African: Introduction
		The story of African immigration is unique among immigrant groups, just as the African experience in America has been uniquely central to the course of American life.
		The treatment they and their descendents endured in the United States was of a harshness seldom surpassed in recent history, and their role in U.S. society was contested with a ferocity that nearly tore the nation apart.
		Today, there is no aspect of life in the United States that has not been touched by the African American experience; there is no institution, custom, or daily practice that has not been influenced or remade by the efforts of African American thinkers, workers, artists, activists, and organizers.
	memory.loc.gov /learn/features/immig/alt/african.html (201 words)

	African Americans - Rosa Parks - United States of America Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom ...
		All the students were African Americans, and all the teachers were white women from the North.
		African Americans were required to pay their fares at the front of the bus and then to reboard through the back door.
		The decision was later upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States.
	www.africanamericans.com /RosaParks.htm (2340 words)

	Migrations: The African-American Mosaic (Library of Congress Exhibition)
		Probably the first atlases to include maps portraying the distribution of fls in the United States were statistical ones based on United States censuses.
		Statistical Atlas of the United States, Based upon the Results of the Eleventh Census, Map 29, Plate 11 Henry Gannett, ed.
		By 1950, the fl population comprised approximately eleven percent of the population of the United States, while fl migrants comprised forty percent of the population in several of the U.S. major cities.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/african/afam008.html (519 words)

	African-Americans in the Twentieth Century
		She is credited with becoming the first woman or African American descent to become a millionaire.
		It is among the oldest published African-American newspapers in the United States.
		The swell in number of African-American women nurses in the United States led to a union called the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses as a professional organization of quality for the nursing profession.
	www.liu.edu /cwis/cwp/library/african/2000/1900.htm (1086 words)

	"African-Americans" are NOT citizens of the United States
		All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
		But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.
		The three branches of the United States government perpetrated this fraud on the citizens of the United States to give pretext for a whole forest of subordinate, pursuant, and dependent laws that are likewise and equally invalid.
	jabpage.org /posts/notuscit.html (2678 words)

	African American - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
		Learn about the "thirteen defining migrations that formed and transformed African America," including the transatlantic slave trade, the Great Migration, the return to the American South, and Haitian and African immigration in the 20th century.
		African American soldiers during the civil war, with links to photographs and descriptions.
		The case that stated slaves were property to be owned.
	www.multcolib.org /homework/aframhc.html (760 words)

	African American Records
		African American historical research can be undertaken in both military and civilian records; however, the documentation is scattered through a variety of correspondence of government and private citizens and government reports.
		Records of the American Revolution and the War of 1812 are filled with the services of African Americans.
		These records are an extremely rich source of documentation for the African American family historian seeking to "bridge the gap" for the transitional period from slavery to freedom, and may provide considerable personal data about the African American family and community.
	www.archives.gov /research/african-americans (1167 words)

	AFRICAN AMERICAN POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES
		The goal of this course is to give students a pragmatic understanding of the African-American political experience in the United States in order to facilitate an understanding of the current status of African-Americans in general, and the plight of the African-American urban "underclass" in particular.
		All papers written for this class will examine the status or condition of African Americans in comparison to whites as it relates to a particular policy area.
		The African American population has increased dramatically over the past 10 years, from 12% of the population to 58% (Williams 4).
	www.uic.edu /depts/pols/syllabus/pols311fall2001.html (1830 words)

	African Americans - Culture, History, Legacy and Heritage of A Proud People including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and ...
		The history of African Americans in the United States began in 1619 when a Dutch ship brought the first slaves from Africa to the shores of North America.
		Of all ethnic groups, African Americans were the only ones to arrive on these shores against their will.
		The National Museum of African-American History and Culture Act of 2003 is a significant piece of legislation and represents the story of trial, tribulation and triumph in African American history.
	www.africanamericans.com (385 words)

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