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Topic: African plate

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	African plate - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The African Plate is a continental tectonic plate covering the continent of Africa and extending westward to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
		The westerly side is a divergent boundary with the North American Plate to the north and the South American Plate to the south forming the central and southern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
		The African plate is bounded on the northeast by the Arabian Plate, the southeast by the Indo-Australian Plate, the north by the Eurasian Plate, and the south by the Antarctic Plate.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/African_plate (214 words)

	Continental Drift and Tectonic Plates
		Plate tectonic theory arose out of two separate geological observations: continental drift, noticed in the early 20th century, and seafloor spreading, noticed in the 1960s.
		The key principle of plate tectonics is that the lithosphere exists as separate and distinct tectonic plates, which "float" on the fluid-like asthenosphere.
		Tectonic plates are comprised of two types of lithosphere: continental and oceanic lithospheres; for example, the African Plate includes the continent and parts of the floor of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
	www.crystalinks.com /tectonicplates.html (1448 words)

	What is Plate Tectonics?
		Plate tectonics is the study of how the Earth's plates are driven and shaped by geological forces that keep them in constant motion.
		A thin oceanic plate converging with a thick continental plate will be pushed beneath the continental plate, creating a subduction zone -- an area marked by a deep submarine trench where the oceanic plate is being driven downwards, eventually returning to the molten mantle.
		This plate moves northwesterly at a rate of about 2 inches (5 cm) per year, while the North American plate on the opposite side of the San Andreas fault is moving in a southerly direction.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-plate-tectonics.htm (734 words)

	African Plate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The African Plate is a tectonic plate covering the continent of Africa and extending westward to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
		The African Plate comprises several continental blocks or cratons, stable continental blocks of old rocks, which came together to form the African continent during the assembly of the supercontinent Gondwana around 550 million years ago.
		Cenozoic dynamics of the African plate with emphasis on the Africa-Eurasia collision
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/African_Plate (354 words)

	Plate Tectonics
		Plate Tectonics is a theory developed in the late 1960s, to explain how the outer layers of the Earth move and deform.
		Plate tectonics has proven to be so useful that it can predict geologic events and explain almost all aspects of what we see on the Earth.
		The observation that the orogens are generally younger towards the outside of any continent suggests that the continents were built by collisions of plates that added younger material to the outside edges of the continents, and is further evidence that plate tectonics has operated for at least the last 2 billion years.
	www.tulane.edu /~sanelson/geol111/pltect.htm (3395 words)

	ScienceMaster - JumpStart - Plate Motion
		Plate boundary zones -- broad belts in which boundaries are not well defined and the effects of plate interaction are unclear.
		Even though the Nazca Plate as a whole is sinking smoothly and continuously into the trench, the deepest part of the subducting plate breaks into smaller pieces that become locked in place for long periods of time before suddenly moving to generate large earthquakes.
		Land on the west side of the fault zone (on the Pacific Plate) is moving in a northwesterly direction relative to the land on the east side of the fault zone (on the North American Plate).
	www.sciencemaster.com /jump/earth/plate_motion.php (2550 words)

	Plate Tectonics - The Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These constitute regions where, respectively, the plates are moving apart and new crust is added, where one plate loses material by descending (being subducted) under another plate to disappear into the mantle, or where existing plates move horizontally past each other.
		In actual practice, plate motion along rifts or subduction zones seldom conforms to the ideal orientation seen in the diagrams but is usually at an angle, rather than straight apart or straight together.
		The African, Arabian, and Indian plates are colliding with the Eurasian plate.
	eol.jsc.nasa.gov /handbooks/arabianpages/plate-title.htm (451 words)

	Troubled Times: African Plate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The African plate is approximately 1/2 land mass with a divergent plate boundary on the west edge running up through the Red Sea.
		The African plate turns at a very slow counter-clockwise direction causing a lot of earth quake and volcanic activity on the west coast of Africa.
		This area should be fairly old land because of the rotation of the plate and most activity being on the east coast and then pushed west because of new land being formed.
	www.zetatalk.com /info/tinfo05r.htm (283 words)

	Dynamic topography
		The anomalous topography under the eastern African plateau is the result of the portion of the density anomaly in the upper mantle (325-525 km).
		But, because plates are coupled to mantle flow, other density anomalies in the mantle (such as the large-scale upwelling described here) will also have an influence on the shear tractions at the base of the lithosphere.
		Brown, C. and Girdler, R. Interpretation of African gravity and its implication for the breakup of the continents.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/images/dynamic_topography.htm (2876 words)

	Plate Tectonics - Crystalinks
		At divergent boundaries, two plates move apart from each other and the space that this creates is filled with new crustal material sourced from molten magma that forms below.
		Tectonic plates across the globe are constantly shifting - though slowly, usually by a few centimetres a year - with the magma beneath the crust.
		Early in this process, at the plate margins, the Earth's crust stretches and thins in the manner of toffee.
	www.crystalinks.com /platetectonics.html (2460 words)

	Plate Tectonics - Discover Our Earth
		The largest plate is the Pacific plate, followed by the African plate, Eurasian plate, Australian-Indian plate, Antarctic plate, North American plate, and South American plate.
		There are several entirely oceanic plates (Nazca, Cocos), but no entirely continental plates (with the possible exception of the Arabian peninsula; it depends on the criteria one uses to define individual plates and how much ocean is required to be considered "ocean").
		The fact that continents are included as part of plates made of both continent and ocean suggests that the continents do not move independently of the oceans as Wegener envisioned, but rather that continent and ocean move together as part of a single plate.
	atlas.geo.cornell.edu /education/instructor/tectonics/boundaries.html (490 words)

	Plate tectonic processes
		Plate tectonics dehomogenises the mantle by extracting fusible melt at ridges and returning it, in the form of basalt, back into the mantle at subduction zones, along with sub-adjacent melt-depleted abyssal peridotite, lithospheric mantle, accumulated pelagic and terrigenous sediments and volatiles including H
		Gradual changes in plate boundary configuration are predicted to result in gradual evolution of the intraplate stress field and gradual migration of loci of extension.
		Instead of viewing Earth as being surfaced by rigid plates that move relative to one another only at plate boundaries, deformation is recognised to be a continuum with intraplate deformation sometimes exceeding the rates of motion at slow plate boundaries.
	www.mantleplumes.org /PTProcesses.html (2576 words)

	Plate Tectonics
		To understand plate tectonics we first need to understand the properties of the lithosphere, which includes the earth's crust and upper mantle.
		Located on the eastern side of the plate boundary is most of San Francisco, on the North American Plate, which is moving southeast.
		Being on opposite sides of the plate boundary, these cities are moving toward each other at a rate of 5 cm/yr.
	www.cst.cmich.edu /users/Franc1m/esc105/lectures/plate.htm (886 words)

	CSULA - Geology 155 Lecture: Plate Tectonics, part 2
		Not all divergent plate boundaries occur at mid-ocean ridges.
		The East African Rift Valley is a part of a rift system and is located in the African Continent.
		The Juan de Fuca Plate is being subducted beneath the North American Plate.
	www.calstatela.edu /faculty/sleyva/lectures/Oceans/platetectonics02.htm (600 words)

	PLATE PUZZLE
		The plate puzzle activity requires cutting a copy of the map into pieces along the plate boundaries so that students can put it together like a jigsaw puzzle.
		African Plate (The African plate is defined as two smaller plates, the Nubian and the Somalia plates, Figure 6, on the 2006 “This Dynamic Planet” map; because the plate boundaries between these smaller plates are not very distinct, we suggest cutting along the African plate boundaries as shown in Figure 12)
		For the plate puzzle activity, cut along boundaries (divergent, convergent and transform boundaries) and along the "plate boundary zones" (diagonal shaded areas) that are marked with a bold line.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~braile/edumod/platepuzz/platepuzz.htm (3060 words)

	Is catastrophic plate tectonics part of Earth history?
		Plate tectonics was little accepted by scientists until the magnetic anomalies in the ocean crust were discovered in the 1960s.
		Supporters of plate tectonics often point to the matching geology and paleontology across the Atlantic as a proof that the continents were joined at one time.
		In fact, the African plate is well known for extensional features, such as the Eastern African rift, which is the opposite to that expected.
	www.answersingenesis.org /tj/v16/i1/plate_tectonics2.asp (3777 words)

	Amateur Geologist Structured Geological Glossary: Plate Tectonics
		A point that is common to three plate and which must also be the meeting place of three boundary features, such as divergence zones, convergence zones, or transform fault.
		An elongated region along which a plate descends relative to another plate, for example, the descent of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate along the Peru-Chile Trench.
		Small crustal fragments, island arc, or seamount which are transported by the moving oceanic plate and are added to a continental mass at the subduction zone.
	www.amateurgeologist.com /content/glossary/tectonics/tectonics.html (1219 words)

	Newswise
		Gordon and Chu tested their data against two possible models of the region--how a single rigid plate is predicted to behave, and how two separate plates are predicted to behave.
		North and northwest of the pivot point, the two plates are moving apart, where the East African rift is located.
		Gordon and Chu believe the boundary between the Nubian and Somalian plates is very wide and diffused, rather than narrow and localized, as is the case across midocean ridges.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/?id=PLATES.RIC (1006 words)

	math lessons - North American Plate
		The easterly side is a divergent boundary with the Eurasian Plate to the north and the African Plate to the south forming the northern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
		The southerly side is a boundary with the Cocos Plate to the west and the Caribbean Plate to the east.
		The westerly side is a convergent boundary with the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate to the north and a transform boundary with the Pacific Plate to the south along the San Andreas Fault.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/North_American_Plate (215 words)

	Tectonic Plates
		Where an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the oceanic plate tips down and slides beneath the continental plate forming a deep ocean trench (long, narrow, deep basin.) An example of this type of movement, called subduction, occurs at the boundary between the oceanic Nazca Plate and the continental South American Plate.
		Where plates diverge, hot, molten rock rises and cools adding new material to the edges of the oceanic plates.
		Plate tectonics, the branch of science that deals with the process by which rigid plates are moved across hot molten material, has helped to explain much in global-scale geology including the formation of mountains, and the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes.
	www.webspawner.com /users/thecosyslughutt/tectonicplates.html (2216 words)

	The Theory of PLATE TECHTONICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The theory of plate techtonics was developed in the 1960s to explain the structure and movement of the earth’s crust or lithosphere. This phenomenon is sometimes called continental drift.
		According to the theory, the outer layer of the earth is composed of approximately ten (10) major plates and about twenty (20) minor ones.
		This is a plate margin in which two plates are pushing against each other. The result is that one plate bends and moves under the other plate in a process called subduction.
	www.webdesigns.ai /classnotes/form3/platetechtonics.html (664 words)

	Geology 105 - Lecture Key Points
		The area of interest with regard to the Earth’s plate motion is the outer 350 km (220 miles or so).
		Tectonically, the lithosphere (which equals the plates) moves around on the underlying flowing asthenosphere.
		There, the Arabian plate is tearing away from the African plate creating the East African rift valley (with earthquakes and volcanoes), the
	faculty.washington.edu /sechern/key/060214.html (348 words)

	Rice researchers solve longstanding tectonic mystery
		From the time plate tectonics was proposed in the mid-1960s, geologists have speculated about whether, and in what direction, the boundary continues from the south end of the rift valley, beyond which seismic and volcanic activity disappear.
		Gordon, Royer and Lemaux, now with BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., determined movement rates for the African plates by studying the magnetic profile of the seafloor on both sides of the slowly slipping fault zone.
		The Rice researchers compared the magnetic signature of a single band in 237 locations -- six times as many as in prior studies of the region -- to determine the relative movement of the plates and to pinpoint the location of the boundary zone between the two African plates.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-03/ru-rrs031802.php (499 words)

	Thera Expedition - Geological Settings
		The volcano is located in the Hellenic volcanic arc where the convergence of the smaller Aegean plate and the large African plate to south produces a subduction zone (shown in red on the map).
		The rate at which the African plate is descending beneath the Aegean plate is about 3.5 cm/year.
		Magmas that are generated near the interface between the descending and overiding plate rise to the surface due to buoyancy to feed volcanic eruptions along a narrow arc above.
	www.uri.edu /endeavor/thera/geo.html (160 words)

	Geomorphology: Chapter 2 Plate T-37
		Separation of the two plates is greater in the south along the Red Sea, and true ocean floor does not extend all the way to the Gulf of Aqaba.
		These are the dark-toned highly fractured areas seen in the Plate and Figure T-37.1, a Landsat view, on the southern end of the Sinai Peninsula, along the Gulf of Aqaba and adjacent to the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez.
		The linear edge of the graben between the Gulf of Aqaba and the Dead Sea is quite evident in the Plate and Figure T-37.1.
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /geomorphology/GEO_2/GEO_PLATE_T-37.shtml (989 words)

	Geotimes - April 2002 - Tectonic puzzle
		The East African Rift is the boundary between the west African, or Nubian, plate and the east African, or Somalian, plate.
		The Rift, which is the locus of east-west stretching from the separation of the Nubian and Somalian plates, transforms into seafloor spreading along the Southwest Indian Ridge off the eastern coast of South Africa.
		Both the Nubian and Somalian plates are moving away from the Antarctic plate, at a relative movement rate between the African plates of only about 2 millimeters per year.
	www.agiweb.org /geotimes/april02/WebExtra0329.html (622 words)

	African Conservation Foundation Conservation Projects - African Islands - Profile on Gulf of Guinea Islands.
		The coastline of the Gulf of Guinea forms part of the western edge of the African tectonic plate and corresponds remarkably to the continental margin of South America running from Brazil to the Guianas.
		The variety of the marine flora and fauna of the Gulf of Guinea is limited when compared with that of the western tropical Atlantic and, especially, with the Indo-Pacific biogeographic realm.
		Because most of the coast is low-lying, is without natural harbours, and is largely separated from the dry land of the interior by a belt of muddy mangrove-infested creeks and lagoons, the African coastal peoples have usually not taken easily to seafaring on the Gulf.
	www.africanconservation.org /gulfofguineaprofile.html (536 words)

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