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Topic: African rap

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	Rap Music Videos: The voices of organic Intellectuals
		Historically, Africans (in the Diaspora) have relied on individuals who are talented in the transmission of ideas or feelings in the oral tradition as sources of information and inspiration.
		Both rap and blues praise the hero outsmarting the oppressive establishment, male sexual prowess and frequently catalogue internal as well as the external sources of social problems plaguing their communities of residence.
		The African American working class and poor were concentrated in larger numbers first by their desire to be a community and second by deliberate social marginalization plans of city governments.
	www.sibetrans.com /trans/trans4/dee.htm (5841 words)

	From Homeland to Township: Rap Music and South African Choral Tradition
		Noticeably, this choral tradition is deeply influenced by African American musical forms, whether in the rural homelands, the urban townships, or the process of cultural interaction between the two.
		South African music may have started its transition from homeland to township some centuries before, but as the incident with the schoolchildren at the mine illustrates, the transition is still in process.
		Like so many South Africans before them, the members of Prophets of the City, who are drawn from the ranks of the city's numerically dominant mixed-race and African communities, have appropriated an African American musical repertoire, re-creating it to suit the specific circumstances in which they live and work.
	www.worldandi.com /public/1994/april/cl1.cfm (3583 words)

	93.04.04: The Evolution of Rap Music in the United States
		Rap is an integral part of this subculture that did not evolve or exist in isolation from its other major components.
		Even though rap is proportionally more popular among fls, its primary audience is white and lives in the suburbs according to David Samuels in his article in the November 11, 1991 issue of “The New Republic.” The article was titled “The Rap on Rap: the ‘Black Music’ that Isn’t Either”.
		As rap music evolved and became popular, women tended to be the targets of male rap lyrics and generally were not portrayed in a favorable light.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1993/4/93.04.04.x.html (7748 words)

	Rap City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The definition of rap music is a form of vocal music in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment.
		Rap music is a composition or performance of such music.
		Rap came from African people in general and fl people born in the United States.
	www.promotega.org /uga30050/Rap.htm (325 words)

	World Music Central - The Rough Guide To African Rap
		The Rough Guide To African Rap (RGNET1126CD), released this week, displays the kind of grooves that are rocking twenty-first century urban Africa and the Diaspora.
		Probably the originals, the role models, the godfathers, of African Rap, Positive Black Soul emerged from Dakar, the capital of Senegal, rapping in Wolof, their main language.
		Rapping in Twi, the language of the Ashanti, and Pidgin English, his music has taken him to superstar status.
	www.worldmusiccentral.org /article.php?story=20040127162230526 (706 words)

	Carl Petters Blå sider:Hip Hop
		Among the more typical islam inspired teachings found in rap lyrics are the notion that heaven and hell are not places in the hereafter, but mental conditions, and that each individual is god or has god within himself.
		This is evident in all of the four basic elements of hip hop culture: rapping, dj'ing, breaking and graffiti.
		The same flexiblility in mixing sources applies to rapping, wich is the term of the specific way the lyrics are recitated with emphasis on rythm and rhyme.
	www.carlpetter.com /texts/blackpreach.htm (2569 words)

	Article - AFRICAN RAP : THE PARIS-DAKAR CONNECTION
		During the election campaign there was a lot of talk about rap and some parties tried to get local rappers on board, trying to get them to go along and sing at their meetings.
		If a young generation of rap artists are thriving on the Senegalese scene today, the majority of them are aware that they owe their existence to Awadi and Positive Black Soul.
		Outspoken rap rebels with a cause, Positive Black Soul were the pioneers of a consciousness-raising form of rap during the "white years" at the end of the 80s when school lessons and university courses were disrupted by endless strikes.
	www.rfimusique.com /siteEn/article/article_7036.asp (1403 words)

	New Page 1
		In the history of rap music it is easy to follow the braggadocio style of rappers as they boast of their achievements and status.
		The presence of the boaster in both the blues and gangsta rap suggests that gangsta rappers are perpetrators, not innovators, of misogyny in African-American music.
		There is a continual social subplot present in most popular gangsta rap in which the gangsta rapper's bravado aggressively seeks to protect him from the perceived threat of the "bitch" character.
	www.uga.edu /~womanist/rhym2.1.htm (4880 words)

	Africanhiphop.com :: Hip hop from the motherland :: African Rap
		Uniting presenters/deejays from five African countries, it's the first time in history for hip hop radio from all over the motherland to be available in one place.
		The webcast is interactive as it allows African emcees to upload their own tracks, which are added to the playlist.
		African Hip Hop Radio is the latest project by the African Hip Hop Foundation, the team behind the popular Africanhiphop.com website.
	www.africanhiphop.com (2432 words)

	Articles - Roots of hip hop music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hip hop culture, including rapping, scratching, graffiti, and breakdancing, emerged from 1970s block parties in New York City, specifically The Bronx (Toop, 1991).
		Rap music emerged from block parties after ultra-competitive DJs isolated percussion breaks, those being the favorites among dancers, and MCs began speaking over the beats (Toop, 1991); in Jamaica, a similar musical style called dub developed from the same isolated and elongated percussion breaks.
		Early rap records are a mix bag of quality material by party veterans and poorer material quickly produced for a profit.
	www.mildhome.com /articles/Roots_of_hip_hop_music (1355 words)

	African rap - We're loud and we're proud
		"Hip-Hop Colony" is a new documentary that traces the scene in the East African state of Kenya.
		The crew will also be appearing with a live band at the Queen Elizabeth Hall as part of the London African Music festival on March 10 at 7.45 sharp.
		He died in a fight, protecting his father from an attack and is survived by a wife who is expecting his child.
	www.african-rap.com (1450 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There were not a lot of avenues for African Americans to be able to express themselves during the 1900s, because colored people were not allowed to watch the cruelty when people were doing to them.
		I agree that African -American portrayals in popular music reflect cultural stereotypes because the hip-hop music describes how the fl live in the city and became the best way to show their life and their mood.
		In the 1900s, African Americans always acted as buffoons and some sort of lower creature which was like in the real life.
	mason.gmu.edu /~xzhang1/hist120/abadrap.html (502 words)

	Rap Music \| Hip Hop Music \| Questia.com Online Library
		...color style and authenticity, rap music has become the key to the niching...party rap, gangsta rap, political rap--tags that were once a mere music critics game--are...
		rap is differentiable from other rap music in that gangsta rap makes use of...of gangsta...
		Rap music videos provide a site to explore...radical of all, perhaps, are feminist rap music videos, because rap is perceived...and then...
	questia.com /library/.../music/music-genres-and-styles/rap-music.jsp (804 words)

	AfricasGateway.com - The South African Rap Game
		Outfits such as H2O that rap in vernacular have contributed profusely to the ownership of South African hiphop.
		The interpolation of indigenous instruments, known as being South African (and African in the greater scale of things), emphasises the fact that this rap is the proud property of the African foundation.
		Even though the vernacular rapping is greatly appreciated, it promotes an almost palpable inaccessibility, even within the country; not everyone understands Zulu or Sotho etc. So those who prefer to rap in the lingua franca of a large percentage of the world are doing it for the accessilbility of most of the market.
	www.africasgateway.com /article1080.html (563 words)

	Hip Hop Bibliography--Africana Library, Cornell University
		The Rap Attack: African Jive to New York Hip Hop.
		Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop.
		Rap Attack 3: African Rap to Global Hip Hop.
	www.library.cornell.edu /africana/guides/hiphop.html (1340 words)

	New Internationalist: The Rough Guide to African Rap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It forms the basis of reggae; it's arguable that the idea of 'home' so prominent in gospel was all the more poignant because of the brutal making of the diaspora; even rap, that most urban of forms, is increasingly interested in its Afrocentric roots.
		On the one hand, we're hearing rap being reflected back to its roots; on the other, hearing--in a rich linguistic mix of indigenous and European tongues--lyrics that say much about the colonial heritage of the continent.
		Above all, The Rough Guide to African Rap is a refreshing change from the gangster strut and bling-bling avarice that's made much Western rap so formulaic.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0JQP/is_368/ai_n6134432 (321 words)

	The History of Rap Music (African American Achievers): Current Amazon U.S.A. One-Edition Data
		Lommel often quotes academics pontificating on rap as a manifestation of social problems, but the quotes are not directly sourced.
		James Haskins's One Nation under a Groove: Rap Music and Its Roots (Hyperion, 2000) is more attractive and, while the writing is at times academic, it is one of the most current and well-done books of its kind.
		Cookie Lommell's History Of Rap Music will appeal to ages 10 and older with its fine survey of the rap music genre's origins and evolution.
	www.ferretexpert.info /stuff-0791058212.html (250 words)

	The FlipSide: An African State of Mind Page 2/3
		This may simply be because African Hip-Hop is at an earlier stage in its development, or it may be because their values are different to those of American rappers.
		As the African rappers seek to solidify their identity in the world of Hip-Hop, they blame part of their slow development on the misconceptions that American people have of their mother continent.
		When fls came to the United States, their culture was African, but with time, wars, suffering, and slavery, this music and culture took another path in its evolution.
	hiphop.co.za /flipside/archive/interviews/2000/african_som/page2.html (1296 words)

	Various Artists: The Rough Guide to African Rap: Pitchfork Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A major music critic I formerly held in some esteem last year proposed, in a flurry of stale, self-annihilating wit, that "there was only one thing more dystopic and frightening than [Company Flow]; I believe it was called the Zaire dictatorship." First of all, maybe a certain international publication should learn some grammar rules.
		In case you've forgotten, the last significant encounter with African rap was Dead Prez's description of the continent as "camouflage fatigues and dashikis, somewhere between NWA and PE," which makes Africa sound less like a diverse and gigantic continent and more like an army surplus store.
		Put it like this: Pee Froiss' "Djalgaty" is regrettably the African version of "Make 'Em Say Ugh", but no one will even remember the beat because the lunatic lyricists are running a scorched-earth campaign through everyone's brains in the Wolof dialect.
	pitchforkmedia.com /record-reviews/comp/rough-guide/african-rap.shtml (727 words)

	UCLA Center for African Studies Public Event, Print Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Her publications include Rap Music and Street Consciousness, “Empowering Self, Making Choices, Creating Spaces: Black Female Identity via Rap Music Performance, and “At the Crossroads: Rap Music and Its African Nexus.” She teaches courses in the UCLA Ethnomusicology Department, including Cultural History of Rap and African American Musical Heritage.
		African hip-hop's politically conscious messages set it apart from the materialism and misogyny so common in mainstream, Western rap.
		He describes how mbalax and rap developed from similar appropriation processes and contributed to the formation of new collective identities.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /africa/printevent.asp?eventid=2584 (1329 words)

	Hip-Hop Culture and Identity
		"Beyond Artifacts: Cultural Studies and the New Hybridity of Rap." In Ezell, Margaret J. and Katherine O'Brien O'Keefee, eds.
		Nelson, Angela M. "The Persistence of Ethnicity in African American Popular Music: A Theology of Rap Music." Explorations in Ethnic Studies 1992 15(1): 47-57.
		Yasin, Jon A. "Rap in the African-American Music Tradition: Cultural Assertion and Continuity." In Spears, Arthur K., ed.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /afx/Hip-Hop.htm (1092 words)

	BBC - World Review - Various Artists, The Rough Guide to African Rap
		The Rough Guide To African Rap contains 14 tracks by artists from 11 countries with lyrics in numerous different languages.
		This is one of very few existing collections of specifically African hip hop tracks.
		Followers of African hip hop, on the other hand, will be pleased to see early 90s African hip hoppers Reggie Rockstone (Ghanaian hip-life in Twi and Pidgin English) and South Africa's Prophets of Da City included.
	www.bbc.co.uk /music/world/reviews/artvari_africanrap.shtml (549 words)

	South African Rap Music - Bongo Maffin
		In South Africa the most popular music making the scene is a new blend called Kwaito.
		Seen as the first cultural expression of the post-apartheid generation, it is a mixture of African rhythms, house music and American hip hop.
		The bands music format falls under the kwaito umbrella, but has managed to distinctly form a sub culture in itself.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/arts/atoday/stories/s115906.htm (164 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Rap Attack 3: From African Jive to Global Hip-Hop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amazon.ca: Books: Rap Attack 3: From African Jive to Global Hip-Hop
		Rap Attack 3: From African Jive to Global Hip-Hop
		With a dry wit and the erudition of a walking pop-music encyclopedia, Toop tells the tale of the amazing homegrown phenomenon that by 1998 "had overtaken country music to become America's biggest-selling format."
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1852426276 (361 words)

	ethnores
		African Art:Aesthetics and Meaning (online exhibition with essay summary on aesthetics)
		Research on rites of passage in African American society
		Case Study--JAZZ FUNERALS: African Funeral and Memorial Traditions in America
	people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /avorgbedor1/afmuscul.htm (86 words)

	Kai Fikentscher, Curriculum Vitae
		African Rap to Global Hip Hop." By DAVID TOOP.
		New York/London: Serpent' s Tail, 1991; "The Emergency of Black and the Emergence of Rap - A Special Issue of Black Sacred Music: A Journal of Theomusicology." By JON MICHAEL SPENCER (ed.).
		"A History of Rap and Oral Poetry." Intersession Workshop/Lecture, Amherst College, Massachusetts, January 8-9, 1992.
	users.rcn.com /hubby/kai.html (1183 words)

	Hip-Hop
		African Americans - Culture, History, Legacy and Heritage of A Proud People including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
		The Afrocentric News Network focusing on African American news, entertainment, fl newspapers, kwanzaa, african american culture.
		CBMR is an internationally recognized center devoted to research into the music of the global African Diaspora.
	www.buymixtapes.com /hip-hop.php (4504 words)

	Rumba, rumba en bogota, rumba estereo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Read about rumba in the free online encyclopedia and dictionary.
		This site, originally called 'Rumba-Kali Home of Pan African Hip Hop'; was initiated in February 1997 as a platform for information and discussion on hip hop...
		The so-called rumba rhythm, a variation of the African standard pattern or...
	www.jewelryfine.com /rumba.html (982 words)

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