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	African Cinema 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		African films (films made in Africa by Africans) have long been the forgotten children of the global cinema world.
		Few realize that African countries have been producing films almost as long as most Western countries -- but because of myths about low box-office appeal and inaccessible subject matter, these films are rarely seen, especially in America.
		The Museum of Fine Arts is doing its part to rectify the situation by presenting "African Cinema 2000." This month, the museum will show eight films from eight different countries.
	www.bostonphoenix.com /archive/movies/00/01/27/AFRICAN_CINEMA_2000.html (706 words)

	African Cinema: Addressee Unknown
		It seems necessary to stress the shameful fact that over 90% of African cinema is still produced by men and that inevitably most of those that get to make films come from the urbanised educated elites of their respective countries.
		African cinema has developed largely on auteurist lines with a predominance of directors who are also, at one and the same time, the producers of their own films.
		One of the real strengths of African cinema in recent years has been its sustaining interaction with the fast-changing ferment of African culture and society, where, for example, many countries are starting to question the idea of the one-party state.
	www.kinema.uwaterloo.ca /stonm941.htm (2775 words)

	Approaches to African Cinema Study
		For the past four decades or so African cinema has been construed by critics as a mode of film discourse that is understood historically but defined artistically: that is, a cinema concerned with information brought to light less by formal techniques than by an implicit world view.
		African films are presented as being 'African' because they reflect African conditions, and critics have discussed the content of films as being the defining purpose of film production in the continent.
		In many cases, when African cinema is seen from a Eurocentric perspective it forfeits on the dynamics of 'effective identities' premised by the evolving Afro-centric perspectives.
	www.sensesofcinema.com /contents/00/8/african.html (5867 words)

	AFRICAN CINEMA IN THE NINETIES
		For African cinema, the final decade of this century has been a mixed bag of promises, hopes, achievements, and continued struggle and frustration with the same set of issues and challenges that have always confronted filmmakers throughout the continent.
		The Southern African Film Festival (SAFF), under the direction of Zimbabwean filmmaker Isaac Mabhikwa, is fast emerging as a prominent venue for filmmakers from the region and elsewhere on the continent, as well as for filmmakers from the African Diaspora.
		This is the challenge for African cinema in the "New" South Africa.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v2/v2i1a4.htm (2352 words)

	African cinema beyond the musical
		The South African musical and the fl milieu and its elaboration are the central themes of the film.
		African musicians are heroes on stage, but rarely play the same role in film.
		A few years earlier, the famous South African singer Myriam Makeba proved herself to be a deeply tragic actress in Amok by the Moroccan Souheil Ben Barka, 1982, playing the role of a prostitute forced to survive in Soweto.
	www.africultures.com /anglais/articles_anglais/37amarger.htm (3251 words)

	Cinema of South Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cinema of South Africa refers to the films and film industry of the nation of South Africa.
		This film, television, or video-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
		Cinema · Cuisine · Islam · Literature · Music · Poets · Public holidays · Television
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa (90 words)

	Imagining Alternatives: African Cinema in the Year 2000
		As many African officials are not at all interested in promoting work critical of their regimes, the risk of censorship is real.
		African films are financed by European governments but hardly screened in European theaters where they are seen as having limited box office appeal.
		If we can develop and embrace an alternative definition of cinema (which doesn't mean that we won't continue seeking financing and shooting in film!), we will certainly soon thereafter see a dramatic increase in the number of films produced, and a diversification of subjects, styles, and voices.
	www.newsreel.org /articles/teno.htm (1594 words)

	Black African Cinema. - book reviews African American Review - Find Articles
		Black African Cinema is a rich, welcome addition to the small but growing number of scholarly works on African cinema.
		The most debilitating problems for African filmmakers are technical and financial: the rudimentary or non-existent infrastructure in most African countries and the paucity of national funding.
		He frequently asserts that African film's fundamental, perhaps sole, purpose should be to nurture the political and social needs of post-colonial Africa rather than to entertain, yet at other times he faults politically sound films for their aesthetic and literary lapses or their failure to engage audiences.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2838/is_n1_v31/ai_19569667 (792 words)

	Beti Ellerson
		The Panafrican Festival of Cinema and Television of Ouagadougou began in 1969 as the Week of African Cinema from 1 to 15 February.
		Ousmane Sembene said: "Cinema is a night school," and on a continent where literacy is low, cinema can serve as a short but effective way to transport those coming out of the tramatic darkness of colonization towards a hopeful future that they must assure for themselves.
		The films are viewed in cinema houses and cultural centers that are located in the majority of the sectors of the city.
	www.howard.edu /bellerson/african_cinema/PanAf_Film.HTM (1672 words)

	africa through african eyes
		This New African Cinema is a vital addition to the cinematic literature of the world.
		African filmmakers saw their task as adapting the Western medium of cinema to the urgent task of defining an authentic modern African identity.
		During the past thirty years, African cinema has developed three broad trends, taking their inspiration from the recent anti-colonial struggle, the distant pre-colonial past, and the current post-independence era.
	spot.pcc.edu /~mdembrow/africa_through_african_eye.htm (1043 words)

	BBC - BBC Africa - Africa 05 - African Cinema (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A short season of contemporary African cinema and documentary, including Waiting for Happiness, winner of the Grand Prize at FESPASCO (Africa's most important film festival) and Abouna, a modern-day tragedy about childhood dislocation in Chad, is planned throughtout the festival.
		This includes The African Film and TV programmes Market (BOBTV)which is an annual event that holds between the 12th and 16th of March.
		BBC4 programmes on African Music and African Cinema were outstanding such a shame that the BBC is too afraid to present this kind of positive and thoughtful viewing on BBC1 and BBC2.
	www.bbc.co.uk /bbcafrica/africa05/african_cinema.shtml (1841 words)

	Denise Brahimi*
		The African village which is the place of this story is, otherwise a creation, at least a re-invention of the cinema from Burkina-Faso, which he uses as a real laboratory of reflection and experiment on the social life.
		It is there, at least, an aspect of this cinema which allows to be at the same moment itself, authentically African, and nevertheless to exceed the limits of the continent of origin.
		For him, the medium that is the cinema is perfectly adapted to the expectation of the Africans and to their demand: “The public is avid for images and attentive to what one proposes to him, which does not mean that he is accommodating” (quoted by Jeune Afrique/ L intelligent n°2088, in January, 2001).
	www.african-geopolitics.org /show.aspx?ArticleId=3679 (4366 words)

	Phyllis R. Klotman / African Americans in Cinema
		Filled with a trove of primary and secondary source material, this CD-ROM is an invaluable resource for film scholars as well as anyone with a desire to explore in detail this fascinating and often-overlooked chapter of cinema history.
		She is the author of Another Man Gone: The Black Runner in Contemporary Afro-American Literature and the editor of Screenplays of the African American Experience, Struggles for Representation: African American Film and Video, and Humanities through the Black Experience.
		Klotman has compiled a visually rich, user-friendly compendium that examines the early history of African American cinema, placing the pioneers and their films within their larger cultural and aesthetic contexts.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /f03/klotman.html (372 words)

	Untitled Document
		Like practically everything else in South Africa, in which the economy is directly determinant, the evolution, the structure and the ideological complications of the South African cinema is to be explained in the context of the historical intractables and the social contradictions that were the outcome of the mining revolution.
		This apartheid fl cinema was made by white South Africans (directors, cameramen, editors, etc.) on the basis of the dominant ideology of apartheid and fed to the fl public sphere.
		Linguistically, the film employs three South African languages which are at the center of our historical and cultural experience: Zulu is spoken by workers in the mining conpound, Afrikaans is spoken by policemen arresting Africans, and English is spoken by African intellectuals in a shebeen as well as by busenessmen.
	www.pitzer.edu /new_african_movement/general/essays/cinemasouth.htm (3420 words)

	africanfront.com (AUF)
		The African Library of Ouagadougou was founded in 1989 on the 20th Anniversary of FESPACO.
		The African Film Library responds to the call made by filmmakers and cultural defenders to Safeguard the cultural heritage of Africa.
		The professionals working within cinema and film-making who participated in the international forum on African Cinema (21-24 Febrary, 1994) under the auspices of FEPACI, call on all African filmmakers to provide the African Film Library with a copy of their films.
	www.africanfront.com /cinemadistribution.php (441 words)

	New African Cinema (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The ruins of postwar Italy nurtured neo-realism, and the seeds of the French New Wave were sown in the political beds of Algeria and Indochina.
		Over the next two weeks the Museum of Fine Arts will present a series of the best of recent African cinema -- eight films from eight different countries, each distant enough from the worst chaos to be able to reflect it with passion, detachment, depth, and poetry.
		If the three I got to preview are an indication, these films are as rich in tradition and myth as they are rife with contemporary problems: they combine the two realms with exhilarating grace.
	www.bostonphoenix.com /archive/movies/98/01/08/NEW_AFRICAN_CINEMA.html (1087 words)

	africanfront.com (AUF)
		The beginnings of the cinema coincided with the height of European imperialism, it is hardly surprising that European cinema portrayed the colonised in an unflattering light.
		In terms of current methods and approaches in African film theory, the extent to which African film satisfies an inter-cultural communication perspective, African film functions as part of the social fabric, inseparable from questions of economics, ethics, politics and personal relationships.
		Much of African film is derivative, although there a significant selection are innovative and exploratory.
	www.africanfront.com /cinemahistory.php (194 words)

	Globalizing African Cinema?
		Divestiture of government interests in movie theater ownership and management in many structurally adjusting African countries has occasioned the sale of movie houses to private entrepreneurs, many of who decide to close these down and convert them into warehouses for imported commodities such as rice, sugar, flour, cement and second hand clothing from the West.
		Such moves have put added pressure on the distribution and exhibition of African films on African soil, so that African films continue to be strangers in their own territories.
		Granted, this is not unique to African filmmakers, as gestures of independent filmmakers from Europe, Latin America, Asia and other parts of the world reveal, but I would argue that the burden is heavier on African filmmakers.
	www.africanfilmny.org /network/news/Acham3.html (726 words)

	African Cinema
		The main LC Subject Heading for the more commonly used terms like "film" or "movies" or "cinema" is motion pictures, under which you'll find narrower headings such as Silent films or Women in motion pictures.
		African Studies at University of Toronto (link to journal article indexes and databases).
		African Cinema and African Cinematic Representation: A Selected Bibliography/Videography of Materials in the UC Berkeley Libraries Bibliography includes books, journal articles (arranged by author and by individual film title), and reviews.
	www.utoronto.ca /innis/library/africanfilm.html (884 words)

	New Directing Voices in South African Cinema
		Film schools have become vital in a post-apartheid South African cinema to expose students to international cinema, as well as to focus on the technological, social, aesthetical and political highlights in the development of cinema in all its facets.
		Film schools have thus become vital in a post-apartheid South African cinema to expose students to the highlights in the development of cinema in all its facets.
		One could just look at three decades of African cinema to note the role played by film in the exploration of sociopolitical issues, popular memory, modes of communication and providing a space and a voice to those who never had the power in their representation on film.
	www.kinema.uwaterloo.ca /botha051.htm (5759 words)

	The East African - Magazine
		WITH OVER 44 YEARS of experience in African filmmaking and over 26 films to his credit, Mustapha Alassane is considered one of the fathers of African cinema.
		Born in 1942 in Dougou, Niger, Alassane was a mechanic before he became aware of the cinema and the films of Jean Rouch.
		As director of the cinema section of the University of Niamey for 15 years, Alassane, by his prolific engagement in cinema activity, contributed in the years 1960-1970 to make Niger a significant country for cinema, just like Senegal and later Burkina Faso.
	www.nationmedia.com /eastafrican/07112005/Magazine/mag071120051.htm (1247 words)

	Questioning African Cinema (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Diverse in their art, paradoxically more celebrated abroad than they are at home, African filmmakers eke out their visions against a backdrop of complex historical, social, economic, and political practices.
		Situating the unique achievement of each filmmaker within the geographic, historical, social, and political context of African cinema, he also explores questions about acting, distribution and exhibition, history, theory and criticism, video-based television production, and television's relationship to independent film.
		Frank Ukadike is associate professor of film and of African and African diaspora studies at Tulane University.
	www.upress.umn.edu /Books/U/ukadike_questioning.html (147 words)

	African Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB
		Her reminiscences are replete with encounters with the incredible beauty and cruelty of nature, with friendships with both Africans and British expatriates and reminiscences of the Masai and Kikuyu tribes that were a major part of her childhood years.
		In a mythical African country, a rich, self-made businessman and member of the post-colonial ruling elite takes on a third wife to show the world his wealth, only to be stricken by a curse resulting in impotency.
		The clown-magician is now the strongman in an African country where he incites the tribal members to torture the young girl in the presence of her assumed father only to learn that she is actually his own daughter.
	www.lib.berkeley.edu /MRC/Africanfilm.html (9899 words)

	Black African Cinema
		From the proselytizing lantern slides of early Christian missionaries to contemporary films that look at Africa through an African lens, N. Frank Ukadike explores the development of fl African cinema.
		Every aspect of African contact with and contribution to cinematic practices receives attention: British colonial cinema; the thematic and stylistic diversity of the pioneering "francophone" films; the effects of television on the motion picture industry; and patterns of television documentary filmmaking in "anglophone" regions.
		And, by contrasting "new" African films with those based on the traditional paradigm, he explores the trends emerging from the eighties and nineties.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/5944.html (234 words)

	African Media Program
		It includes books and scholarly articles that are pan African in focus in addition to studies of cinema, film and video in specific African countries.
		This workshop aimed to enhance social science, natural science, and humanities undergraduate courses that teach about the African environment, by encouraging the use of film and video images that are accurate representations of Africans and Africa and that challenge the conventional concept of the African environment.
		To accompany and support the workshops, the AMP is producing curriculum guides for classroom use of subject-specific film specifically to infuse an international and African content into undergraduate courses.
	www.africanmedia.msu.edu /~afrmedia/resources.php (461 words)

	AFRICAN FILM FESTIVAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Many of the directors featured here are concerned with rebuilding their countries and transforming their societies, as expressed in films that trace the legacy of colonialism or civil war, explore women's attempts to change traditional culture, or document staggering economic challenges.
		The African Film Festival Traveling Series has been organized by African Film Festival, Inc. This series has been made possible by the generous support of the National Endowment for the Arts, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, and the New York State Council on the Arts.
		We are grateful to UC Berkeley's Department of African American Studies and Center for African Studies for their generous support in making this series possible.
	www.bampfa.berkeley.edu /pfa_programs/africanff/content.html (569 words)

	African Cinema - dark discussion
		I think we have discussed cinema from all the continents on Earth, with two exceptions: Africa (and Antarctica for obvious reasons).
		Given that several films from African directors are screened in British independent cinemas now, I think it's fair to start a thread devoted to - what I believe - the interesting African cinema.
		The programme seeks to challenge stereotypical perceptions of Africans, to broaden representations of Africa on screen and to place fl creativity at the heart of world cinema by celebrating revolutionary fl film-makers past and present, as well as highlighting the new talent and innovation emerging today.
	www.darkdreams.org /dd_forum/showthread.php?t=8035 (317 words)

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