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	African History
		The clearest sign of its African origin is language, for the speech of ancient Egyptians belonged to the language group called Afroasiatic, a family of languages which originated probably in the southeastern Sahara.
		For most Africans (and this was particularly true for women), the colonial period was deeply frustrating, because they had little opportunity to obtain the new forms of knowledge and economic opportunity which were being introduced by colonialism, and instead were confined to menial, poorly-paid occupations.
		African frustration was compounded by the inconsistency between, on the one hand, universalistic Christian ideals (for Christianity spread widely during the colonial period, as did Islam) and liberal political ideas which colonialism introduced into Africa, and, on the other hand, the discrimination and racism which marked colonialism everywhere.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/history/giblinhistory.html (5215 words)

	African American History - MSN Encarta
		African American History or Black American History, a history of fl people in the United States from their arrival in the Americas in the 15th century until the present day.
		Africans and their descendants have been a part of the story of the Americas at least since the late 1400s.
		Africans were confined for two to three months in irons in the hold of a slave ship during the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean called the Middle Passage.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761595158/African_American_History.html (817 words)

	African American History
		And the medal that we confer today means that we're doing a small part to ensure that your story will be told and honored for generations to come.
		Today, African Americans are seizing opportunities gained at great price, and they're making their mark in this wonderful country in countless ways.
		These opportunities include the right to a decent education in a good school, the chance to own a home or small business, and the hope that comes from knowing you can rise in our society through hard work and using your talents.
	www.whitehouse.gov /history/africanamerican (1335 words)

	African Masks History and Meaning
		African masks are considered amongst the finest creations in the art world and are highly sought after by art collectors.
		It can be worn in three different ways: vertically covering the face: as helmets, encasing the entire head, and as crest, resting upon the head, which was commonly covered by material as part of the disguise.
		African masks often represent a spirit and it is strongly believed that the spirit of the ancestors possesses the wearer.
	www.rebirth.co.za /African_mask_history_and_meaning.htm (462 words)

	History of South Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of South Africa is viewed differently by various scholars and by its various population groups because South Africa is a multicultural country.
		The South African 2nd Infantry Division also took part in a number of actions in North Africa during 1942, but on 21 June 1942 two complete infantry brigades of the division as well as most of the supporting units were captured at the fall of Tobruk.
		The African National Congress won election to govern for the very first time, leaving the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party behind it and parties such as the Democratic Party and Pan Africanist Congress took up their seats as part of the parliamentary opposition in the first genuine multiracial parliament.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_South_Africa (8627 words)

	African American history - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		African American history is the history of an ethnic group in the United States also known as Black Americans.
		The majority of African-Americans are the descendants of enslaved Africans transported from West and Central Africa to the States during the trans-Atlantic slave trade.
		In North America, African slaves could be found primarily in the southern half of the British colonies, although slaves also were owned in the Spanish colony of Florida and the French colony of Louisiana.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/African_American_history (9433 words)

	Ancient Africa's Black Kingdoms
		Examines the history of the continent from an African perspective.
		Cheikh Anta Diop, a modern champion of African identity, was born in Diourbel, Senegal on December 29, 1923.
		History is a light that illuminates the past, and a key that unlocks the door to the future.
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/ancientafrica.html (780 words)

	AFRICAN HISTORY
		Africans engage in peasant agriculture, pray in mosques, dance in discos, and sell tourist art on dusty noisy city streets in the shade of high-rise office buildings.
		This course is an introductory survey of African history, concentrating on conflict and change within Africa in the contexts of cultural and economic exchange, conversion, and conquest.
		A narrative history of a millennial Christian movement in the kingdom of Kongo.
	www.southwestern.edu /academic/history.dept/African-History.html (1481 words)

	Scholastic.com Librarians: Internet Field Trip: African Culture and History
		Then, through vibrant pictures that embody African voices, learn about the history of the region: early civilizations, influences on Europe, the slave trade, and more.
		Another dramatic change of the last century was the historic fall of South African apartheid.
		Some of the legends and myths are visible in African art such as ceremonial masks and unique clothing like the beaded crown.
	www.scholastic.com /librarians/tech/ift_africanculture.htm (251 words)

	Internet Public Library: African History
		History of the Near East and the Mediterranean world, including Egypt, prior to the concept of Europe as distinct from Africa and Asia (which arose in the fourth or fifth century AD).
		It is a selected chapter of the site owner's CD-ROM, showing the African art objects that are present and used during the different phases of an African's life, from birth to death.
		Resources for the West African Mandinka kora (cora), a lute like instrument that is played in a style similar to that of a flamenco guitar.
	www.ipl.org /div/subject/browse/hum30.05.00 (1296 words)

	AT&T Knowledge Network Explorer: Black History Homepage
		African-American History was chosen as a topic because of its importance, popularity and the wealth of Internet resources available on the topic.
		Black History Hotlist is a starting point for anyone studying African-American events and issues.
		The Subject Sampler Sampling African America helps you engage in the topic and explore things about it that personally interest you.
	www.kn.pacbell.com /wired/BHM/index.html (330 words)

	African Art - African History Links
		Lesson focuses on African drums/various countries - for grades K - 2 and for grades 3- 5.
		West African Wisdom: Adinkra Symbols and Meaning originating in West Africa (Ghana), the adinkra symbols reflect a system of values that are universal: family, integrity, tolerance, harmony, determination, protection among many others.
		African Art Now: Masterpieces from the Jean Pigozzi Collection - profiles 28 artists from 15 African countries, all of whom came of age in Africa and maintain close ties to their native countries.
	www.princetonol.com /groups/iad/lessons/middle/afrilink.htm (2302 words)

	DoD Celebrates African American History Month (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In 1915, Carter Godwin Woodson, the father of Black history, founded the Association for the Study of African-American Life and History.
		The recent growth in the study and interpretation of African- American History within the National Park Service illustrates the comprehensive attempt by many park units to tell their parts of this story to the American people.
		The integration of the armed forces was a momentous event in our military and national history; it represented a milestone in the development of the armed forces and the fulfillment of the democratic ideal.
	www.defenselink.mil /specials/africanamerhistory (481 words)

	Internet African History Sourcebook
		It is not possible, in any non-ideological way, to claim any one of these peoples or societies as more essentially "African" than others; nor is it possible to exclude a given society as "not really African".
		A narrative of the most remarkable particulars in the life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, an African prince, written by himself.
		The pope gives a history of slavery in the modern period, condemns Muslim slavery and condones anti-slavery activity by popes.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/africa/africasbook.html (4329 words)

	African Studies Center \| AAfrica: History
		The Estevanico Society is dedicated to scholarly research into the life and journeys of Estevanico (also Esteban or Stephen the Black.) The society aims to explore his origins in Morocco, and enslavement by the Portugese and Spanish, and his historic journey thru the American Southwest ending in his death at the Zuni Pueblo of Hawikuh.
		Contributions dealing with pre-colonial history, and with the historical relationships between Africa and the African diaspora are especially welcome.
		This is part of World History Archives which is a repository for documents that support an understanding of world history and the struggle for social progress.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /African_Studies/About_African/ww_hist.html (410 words)

	African History Concentration
		In addition to the GER requirements, all majors in African History are required to take an additional 6 hours of survey courses, selected from the following groups:
		All majors in African History must take at least 15 hours in departmental electives, as outlined in the following three groups (see course descriptions for details).
		With the prior approval of the Department, other courses may be used to satisfy the requirements for concentration and support electives.
	www.coppin.edu /history/histafrican.asp (129 words)

	African History Homepage
		Lecture on the the British, Boers and Africans in mid-19th century South Africa
		Records of her life provided the basis for a study by Donald Schafer that was published by the St. Augustine (Florida) Historical Society.
		Her experience provides an example of the effects of the African diaspora, as well as a way to examine the connections between African and American history in the early 19th century.
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his311.htm (336 words)

	African History for K-12 Classes
		"the history of the continent from an African perspective." "from the origins of humankind to the end of South African apartheid" by major African historians (Jacob Ajayi, George Abungu, Director-General of the National Museums of Kenya and others).
		History of Nubia the area partly in southern Egypt and partly in northern Sudan.
		Has a History of Film in South Africa (including a chronology), a history classroom section, This Day in History, a chronology of South African history, biographies, topics (African independence, Black Consciousness, Black education, Gandhi, Paul Kruger, Mandela, Umkhonto we Sizwe, passive resistance, the United Nations and apartheid, etc.).
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/history/hisk12.html (2407 words)

	African Studies: African History & Cultures
		African Odyssey Interactive at The Kennedy Center, Washington, D.C.: A festival of music, dance and theater from Africa and the African Diaspora.
		For use with African History courses: a website with notes in English from the records of the National Archives of Mali and of Senegal, plus other sources, as well as some photographs, a slide show, and related links.
		The NHP affiliated with the UNESCO Slave Route Project focuses on the development of the African diaspora stemming from the "Nigerian" hinterland during the era of the slave trade from approximately 1650 to 1900.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/cult.html (7208 words)

	Mr. Dowling's African History Page
		Many have been buried beneath the sands of time, but we know of others, and archaeologists continue to uncover more clues about ancient African civilizations.
		Often a griot will memorize the genealogy, or family history, of everyone in a village going back centuries.
		American writer Alex Haley met a griot in 1966 that had memorized the entire story of the village of Juffure to a date two centuries in the past when his ancestor was enslaved.
	www.mrdowling.com /609ancafr.html (286 words)

	The Universal Black Pages
		The Book Tour through African American culture and history in words, images, and sounds (under construction as of 12/1/98).
		The Faces of Science: African-Americans in the Sciences Profiled here are African American men and women who have contributed to the advancement of science and engineering.
		Pathfinder Celebrates Black History Through the Ages Check out the Savoy poll for the most influential Black men and women of the 20th century, then link to Britannica Online to read their biographies.
	www.ubp.com /History (639 words)

	American Memory from the Library of Congress - Browse by Category
		African Americans ~ Daniel A. Murray ~ Pamphlets ~ 1818-1907
		African American Perspectives: Pamphlets from the Daniel A. Murray Collection, 1818-1907
		African Americans ~ Ohio ~ Multiformat ~ 1850-1920
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/browse/ListSome.php?category=African (193 words)

	African American History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		For other sites related to African American history see American History to 1865, American History from 1865 and State History.
		This project produced by the Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance and Abolition is a collection of primary documents from the 17th century to the present "about the shared history of African Americans and Irish Americans." Also see the center's archive of more than 200 digitized items dealing with African American history.
		Artifacts are from the 19th and 20th centuries and depict African American heritage in the Midwest and the World." Focus on African Americans in Missouri.
	www.lib.washington.edu /subject/History/tm/black.html (1619 words)

	The_Anacostia_Community_Museum
		Thursday, 4/5/07 2:21 PM s the Smithsonian Institution's museum of African American history and culture, the Museum explores American history, society, and creative expression from an African American perspective.
		The museum encourages the collection, protection, and preservation of materials that reflect the history and traditions of families, organizations, individuals, and communities.
		The On-line Academy is a virtual learning environment that features links to resources, information on artifacts in our collections, and streaming video presentations from leading scholars in fields related to the discovery, interpretation, and preservation of African American history and material culture.
	www.anacostia.si.edu (118 words)

	Encyclopedia Smithsonian: African American History and Culture
		National Museum of African American History and Culture
		African American Masters: Highlights from the Smithsonian American Art Museum Series
		Explores the varied ways that African and African American artists interpret their ideas and identities
	www.si.edu /resource/faq/nmah/afroam.htm (171 words)

	African American History
		Cemented deep in the Annals of history and progress in America is the myriad and uncompromising contributions of African Americans in all facets of endeavor.
		The African-American Pioneer pages contain biographical sketches of African American pioneers past and present who have left an indeligible imprint on race progress and the total spectrum of our American way of life.
		It sets forth, in fascinating detail, the history, from earliest recorded times, of the fl races of the Middle East and Africa.
	afgen.com /history.html (291 words)

	African-American Archaeology and African Diaspora Archaeology Resources
		Additional links to online resources and presentations concerning African-American history and culture, African archaeology, African history and cultures, African heritage in Britain, and the subjects of slavery, resistance and abolition are also provided.
		History and Archaeology of a Caribbean Plantation, USVI (E. Yates)
		History and Archaeology in Africa, by Jan Vansina
	www.diaspora.uiuc.edu /bookmark3.html (1196 words)

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