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Topic: African

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	African Vacations & African Safaris - African Vacation Accommodation
		Within africanvacation.co.za you will be able to find some of Africa's most exquisite and luxurous game venues from where you will be able to explore and experience the big five game (Lion, Rhinoceros, Buffalo, Leopard and Elephant) on your safari tour, while enjoying the hospitality from Game Lodges and other other accommodations available.
		If you are looking to see some of Africa's best African Safari Vacations or are looking for African Safari Tours, AfricanVacation.co.za is the place to find it all.
		A recent development of the 21st century is the emergence of African hip hop, in particular a form from Senegal is blended with traditional mbalax.
	www.africanvacation.co.za (930 words)

	African Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania
		The African Studies Center at the University of Pennsylvania brings together researchers and students, along with cultural, business and media entities, to gain knowledge of contemporary and historical Africa.
		The geographic expertise of Penn Africanist faculty and staff spans the continent and extends to the African diaspora.
		In recognition of the quality and richness of African Studies resources at Penn, Bryn Mawr, Haverford, and Swarthmore colleges, this four-school consortium has repeatedly received Title VI National Resource Center grants from the United States Department of Education since 1993.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /African_Studies/AS.html (302 words)

	African American - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans, Black Americans, or simply fls are an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to West and Central Africa.
		Africans were sold and traded into bondage and shipped to the American South from 1619 until 1807 when slave importation was formally outlawed but this was widely disregarded.
		The desperate conditions of African Americans in the South that sparked the Great Migration of the early 20th century, combined with a growing African American intellectual and cultural elite in the Northern United States, led to a strengthening movement to fight violence and discrimination against African Americans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/African_American (2535 words)

	Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Africans may be conveniently grouped according to whether they live north or south of the Sahara Desert; these groups are called North Africans and Sub-Saharan Africans, respectively.
		A recent development of the 21st century is the emergence of African hip hop, in particular a form from Senegal is blended with traditional mbalax.
		African Christians appear to be more socially conservative than their co-religionists in much of the industrialized world, which has quite recently led to tensions within denominations such as the Anglican and Methodist Churches.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Africa (4510 words)

	African History
		African colonies were governed by quite small corps of European officials; most local-level administration was provided by African employees and appointees of the colonial government.
		For most Africans (and this was particularly true for women), the colonial period was deeply frustrating, because they had little opportunity to obtain the new forms of knowledge and economic opportunity which were being introduced by colonialism, and instead were confined to menial, poorly-paid occupations.
		African frustration was compounded by the inconsistency between, on the one hand, universalistic Christian ideals (for Christianity spread widely during the colonial period, as did Islam) and liberal political ideas which colonialism introduced into Africa, and, on the other hand, the discrimination and racism which marked colonialism everywhere.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/history/giblinhistory.html (5215 words)

	African Penguins (Site not responding. Last check: )
		African penguins have a broad band of fl that is in the shape of an upside-down horseshoe on their fronts.
		African penguins live and breed on the coast of South Africa and on the off shore islands.
		The African penguin is a protected species, but their habitats continue to be damaged by oil spills from tankers off the Southern coast of Africa.
	www.siec.k12.in.us /~west/proj/penguins/africanpen.html (319 words)

	Children's Literature
		A quick definition is "literature written for African children by African authors either in the vernacular or in a foreign language" (Meniru 1992:43).
		During the colonial period African children in government and missionary schools were introduced to children's literature that was alien to their experience.
		The South African Children's Literature Collection at UCT [see the same page for their historical Children's Literature Collection]: "Books published in South Africa from 1989 and exhibited annually by the Children's Book Forum of the Western Cape make up the core of this collection, apparently the only one of its kind in the country.
	web.uflib.ufl.edu /cm/africana/children.htm (1213 words)

	Religions of the World -- African
		African and African-Derivative Religions are a large group of beliefs and practices based upon ancient indigenous faiths of sub-Saharan African peoples.
		The evolution of African spirituality in the Americas occurred mainly in the Caribbean Islands and in Brazil, and to a perhaps lesser extent in Mexico.
		For the most part African spiritual traditions in the Americas derived from two or three major cultures in ancestral Africa, the Yoruba culture of Nigeria, Benin and neighboring areas being perhaps of greatest influence.
	members.aol.com /porchfour/religion/african.htm (819 words)

	African Philosophy
		All anthologies I have seen purporting to be traditional "African philosophy" consist largely of either wisdom writing or anthropology or folklore; i.e., calling these works "philosophy" in the academic sense is problematic, either because of the absence of dialectic and/or a continuing tradition.
		According to this school, African philosophy is the philosophy done by African philosophers whether it be in the area of logic, metaphysics, ethics, or history of philosophy.
		So to say that "African philosophy is the philosophy done by African philosophers whether it be in the area of logic, metaphysics, ethics, or history of philosophy" is at the very least a departure from common practice.
	www.westvalley.edu /ph/africa.html (2395 words)

	Penguins: African Penguins - Spheniscus demersus
		African Penguins are fl above and white below, with a fl chin and face patch separated from the crown by a broad white band.
		The African Penguin is classified as Vulnerable in the South African Red Data Book for birds, is considered Vulnerable in terms of the IUCN threatened species categories, and is listed in Appendix II of CITES and the Bonn Convention for the conservation of migratory species.
		African Penguins also face predation of eggs and chicks by avian predators such as Kelp Gulls and Sacred Ibises, while natural terrestrial predators, such as mongoose, genets and leopard are present at the mainland colonies.
	www.penguins.cl /african-penguins.htm (1676 words)

	Fact Sheet - HIV/AIDS Among African Americans - CDC-NCHSTP-Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention (Site not responding. Last check: )
		African Americans accounted for 21,304 (49%) of the 43,171 estimated AIDS cases diagnosed in the United States (including US dependencies, possessions, and associated nations) [2].
		African Americans accounted for 16,165 (50%) of the 32,048 estimated new HIV/AIDS diagnoses in the United States in the 32 states with confidential name-based HIV reporting [2].
		African American women are most likely to be infected with HIV as a result of sex with men [2].
	www.cdc.gov /hiv/pubs/facts/afam.htm (1880 words)

	African languages on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Some 50 African languages have more than half a million speakers each, but many others are spoken by relatively few people.
		In the last few decades great strides have been made in the study and classification of the African languages, although the results are still far from definitive.
		African American and Francophone fl intellectuals during the Harlem Renaissance.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/A/Africanlng.asp (733 words)

	African Elephants - National Zoo\| FONZ
		Physical Description: Two African elephant species are recognized: the larger and more widespread savanna elephant (L. africana), pictured here, and the forest elephant (L. cyclotis), which is smaller, has downward-pointed tusks, and smaller, rounder ears.
		However, African elephants have lost much of their habitat to ranches, farms, and desertification.
		The largest known specimen of the African savanna elephant is on display at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History.
	nationalzoo.si.edu /Animals/AfricanSavanna/fact-afelephant.cfm (913 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: African Synods
		These are commonly called African or Carthaginian Synods, and are not to be confounded with the district or provincial assemblies, of which there were also very many in the separate provinces of North Africa.
		Cyprian that, except in time of persecution, the African bishops met at least once a year, in the springtime, and sometimes again in the autumn.
		The African synods dealt for the most part, as was natural, with matters of local discipline, and today are chiefly of interest to students of Church History and Canon Law.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01199a.htm (1891 words)

	Detroit Institute of Arts : Permanent Collection - AONWC - African Art
		In the 13th and 14th centuries, the great African empires of Mali, Ghana, and Songhai flourished in the Inland Niger Delta, an area formed by a huge bend in the Niger River.
		Animals were keenly observed in traditional African art and are shown not only for their beauty and ornamental quality but also for their potent symbolism.
		African musical instruments are frequently decorated with human and animal forms.
	www.dia.org /collections/aonwc/africanart/africanart.html (256 words)

	African American Roots, Heritage Wedding Brooms, Accessories & Gifts - About African Weddings (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As an African American, you have a wealth of cultures from which to choose.
		Today's African American is a new breed of people, we are no longer afraid of our heritage however, we're so far removed from it that we are unsure how to make our heritage, and our new lives as Americans complement each other.
		African American Roots is not a consulting service, we merely provide you with assistance in creating a wedding atmosphere that reflects your heritage.
	www.african-weddings.com /about_us_ (1469 words)

	African Art
		It is also problematic to label as 'art' the productions of African craftspeople who frequently considered their work as an essential part of secular or religious life.
		In many tribes, the artist had a high status, but the artist would not necessarily have been the equivalent of the western fine artist who relied on patronage or the marketplace to regulate his or her production.
		The dark wood of the Ivory Coast was the basis for sculptural figurines of the Baule people, who produced classically naturalistic masks, and terracotta was the material used for heads produced by the Nok peoples of central and north Nigeria.
	www.artchive.com /artchive/A/african.html (505 words)

	African Traditional Religion
		Voodoo, Santeria and other religions with African roots are drawing followers in the United States among immigrants and fl Americans interested in their ancestry, their leaders say.
		Now is the time for spiritual, religious, and mental liberation of African Americans, from the hegemony of European (white) Christianity, and Arab white cultural forms of Islam.
		The concept of conversion is as relevant to African indigenous religions as it is to many other religions of humankind.
	afgen.com /religion.html (529 words)

	Open Directory - Home: Cooking: World Cuisines: African (Site not responding. Last check: )
		African Chop - Listing of African markets and restaurants along with some recipes and a glossary of tropical foods.
		African Foods - School project describing African foods, with recipes from various countries.
		African Recipes - Collection of eleven recipes from the African Studies Centre at the University of Pennsylvania.
	dmoz.org /Home/Cooking/World_Cuisines/African (970 words)

	African American Roots, Heritage Wedding Brooms, Accessories & Gifts - History of Jumping the Broom (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is said that broom jumping comes from an African Tribal Marriage Ritual of placing sticks on the ground representing the couple's new home together, I have also heard it said that the spray of the broom represents all of us scattered and the handle represents the almighty who holds us together......
		Today's ceremony can be performed at the wedding, after the minister pronounces the couple man and wife or at the reception, just after the bridal party enters the reception area.
		African American Wedding Readings brings together a unique collection of original and previously published poetry, prose, verse, songs, and love letters by African Americans that celebrate the joyous occasion of marriage.
	www.african-weddings.com /jumping_the_broom (1032 words)

	Internet African History Sourcebook
		A Greek colony on the North African coast.
		A narrative of the most remarkable particulars in the life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, an African prince, written by himself.
		For decades western researchers tried to deny that it was built by Africans.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/africa/africasbook.html (4329 words)

	Immigration... African: Introduction
		The story of African immigration is unique among immigrant groups, just as the African experience in America has been uniquely central to the course of American life.
		The treatment they and their descendents endured in the United States was of a harshness seldom surpassed in recent history, and their role in U.S. society was contested with a ferocity that nearly tore the nation apart.
		The centuries-long battle African Americans waged for freedom, for dignity, and for full participation in American society utterly transformed the nation, and shaped the world we live in today.
	memory.loc.gov /learn/features/immig/african.html (566 words)

	Program in African American Studies
		Courses in African American and Diaspora Studies will allow you to better grapple with the ideas of plurality and diversity in our multicultural and multiethnic society; such ideas and ideals are integral to understanding today’s complex global realities.
		The contributions of people of African descent are considerable human achievements in the areas of literature, philosophy, science, music, politics, and visual culture.
		Concentrators in African American and Diaspora Studies go on to pursue Graduate Studies in a variety of fields as well as careers in government, journalism, business, law, K-12 and post-secondary education, engineering and public service.
	sitemason.vanderbilt.edu /aframst (312 words)

	African Art on the Internet
		The AC's "mission is to preserve African wildlife and traditional cultures." Its founder is Corinne Waldenmayer.
		Its Africans in Holland is a directory to "locate African expertise and African entrepreneurs in the Netherlands." They also design web sites.
		A directory to African music in 100 CDs is a directory arranged by country, name of artists or groups, CD titles, artists (including compilations), style of music, instrument, language, type of music, and label.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/art.html (9830 words)

	African Foods
		Animals such as cattle, poultry, goats and pigs are all raised for food in Africa.
		When there is little food and game is scarce, Africans can rely on roots, herbs, and berries for a food source.
		Beat the eggs in a small bowl, and stir into the cabbage and cook for three minutes, until set.
	members.tripod.com /meganjohnston/p2africa/Africanfoods.html (540 words)

	APOD: 2002 November 15 - Night Trails of Africa (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The three hour long exposure was made on a clear, dark, mid November evening facing due west and covers just over 180 degrees along the horizon.
		And, you guessed it(!), the stars setting along the Celestial Equator leave the straight trails near the middle of the picture.
		Well illustrated in this thoughtfully composed panorama, the star trails in the African night are, of course, not due to motions of the individual stars but simply reflect the daily rotation of
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap021115.html (166 words)

	African Art: Your Source for African Artists
		African fine art and home decor, direct importer of Zimbabwean stone sculpture.
		Your source for imported Shona sculpture, African masks and artifacts, tribal art, original paintings and art glass.
		Original African paintings brings to the world the undiscovered and the untapped talents in African art as expressed on canvas.
	www.artpromote.com /african.shtml (337 words)

	African Culture - Society on the Internet
		African Crossroads: Intersections between History and Ethnography in Cameroon.
		African mythology is in the Other Mythologies section.
		An NGO to promote "an increased international understanding of Africans, and life in Africa," supports microfinance institutions in Africa, "which make credit and savings services available to the poor, who otherwise have no access to money from banks." Offers free email subscriptions to their publications.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/culture.html (5190 words)

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