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	Africanized bee - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Africanized bees are characterized by their aggressiveness in establishing new hives and in their vigorous defensive behavior, attacking perceived threats to their hive, including people.
		In Mexico, where Africanized bees are well established, pollination beekeepers have found that a purchased and pre-bred non-Africanized queen may be used to locally create a first generation of virgin queens that are then bred in an uncontrolled fashion with the local wild Africanized drones.
		African bees are also much more migratory and can move the colony to an entirely new location in pursuit of good foraging (leaving behind their combs at the old location, which may be reoccupied by other swarms in the appropriate season).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Killer_bee (2266 words)

	Africanized bee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Africanized bees are hybrids of the African honeybee, Apis mellifera scutellata, with European honeybees.
		Africanized bees are characterized by their aggressiveness in establishing new hives and in their vigorous defensive behavior, attacking perceived hunters, including people.
		African bees are also much more migratory and can move the colony to an entirely new location in pursuit of good foraging (leaving behind their combs at the old location).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/africanized_bee (1533 words)

	Africanized Bees in North America
		Africanized honeybee colonies in Africa, and now in much of the Neotropics, are attuned to finding and exploiting isolated mass-flowering tropical trees, and also use pollen and nectar from the nocturnal flowers of bat-pollinated flowering plants.
		One observational and manipulative competition study between honeybees, bumblebees, solitary bees, and ants was at midelevations in the Santa Catalina Mountains in the Sonoran Desert near Tucson, Arizona (Schaffer et al.
		Africanized honeybees find and exploit these rich flowers at first light, and we predict that saguaros and other columnar cacti will be heavily used as food plants for AHBs in Arizona.
	biology.usgs.gov /s+t/noframe/x189.htm (2291 words)

	Urban IPM: Insects: Bees, Hornets, and Wasps: Honey Bees and Africanized Bees
		The Africanized bee is a hybrid of the African and European honeybee.It is almost identical in appearance to the European subspecies of honeybee and identification requires microscopic measurements or DNA analysis in a laboratory.
		The venom of the Africanized honeybee is no more potent than that of the European honeybee and both produce about 0.1 mg of venom per bee.
		However the Africanized honeybees are capable of killing humans and even larger animals because they respond in larger numbers and pursue their victims for longer distances.
	ag.arizona.edu /urbanipm/insects/bees/africanizedhoneybees1.html (785 words)

	Africanized bee : Africanized honeybee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Kerr was attempting to breed a strain of bees that would be resistant to parasitic mites which have decimated honeybee populations in the Americas.
		Africanized bees are characterized by their aggressive behavior in establishing new hives and in their vigorous defensive behavior, attacking perceived hunters, including people.
		As this subspecies of honeybee migrates further north, colonies are interbreeding with European honeybees to survive.
	www.termsdefined.net /af/africanized-honeybee.html (636 words)

	AFRICANIZED HONEY BEES
		African honey bee queens were also given to beekeepers at that time.
		The first Africanized honey bee colony found in the United States (as a result of natural range expansion) was reported on October 15, 1990, at Hildago, Texas, very near the Mexican border.
		Disposing of Africanized honey bee swarms and feral colonies: The increase in the number of swarms that normally accompanies the Africanization of an area and the greater public awareness of all honey bees means there will be more requests for assistance to dispose of unwanted colonies.
	chppm-www.apgea.army.mil /ento/facts/afrbee.htm (1173 words)

	Killer Bees
		The Africanized Honey Bee is a hybrid of one of the several European Honey Bee subspecies (Apis mellifera mellifera, A.m.carnica, A.m.caucasia, or A.m.linguica) and the African Honey Bee (Apis mellifera scutellata).
		Africanized honeybees are preyed on by ants, anteaters, and armadillos.
		Although Africanized bees are subject to the same diseases and mites that European bees are, Africanized bees have different biological processes and behaviors that affect the importance and visibility of the diseases and mites.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Apis_mellifera_scutellata.htm (2270 words)

	Agriculture, Weights & Measures
		Africanized honey bees (AHB)--also called "killer bees"--are established in parts of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California.
		The Africanized honey bee is closely related to the European honey bee used in agriculture for crop pollination and honey production.
		Africanized honey bees are less predictable and more defensive than European honey bees.
	www.co.san-diego.ca.us /cnty/cntydepts/landuse/agri/beealert.html (588 words)

	Africanized Honey Bee, HYG-2124-97
		The Africanized Honey Bee (AHB) is a result of mating between African bees and European honey bees of North and South America.
		Africanized honey bees are hybrids of African honey bees brought to Brazil in 1956 and honey bees originally brought to the New World by European colonists.
		Africanized honey bees are less discriminating than other honey bees when it comes to nesting sites.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/2000/2124.html (1340 words)

	Brandontimes: Honey with a bite
		Africanized honeybees likely compose only 1 percent of the current bee population in Florida.
		In the fields, farm workers are advised to stay 1,000 feet from managed bee colonies because of the defensive nature of Africanized honeybees.
		Africanized honeybees may pursue for a quarter of a mile.
	www.sptimes.com /2005/08/12/Brandontimes/Honey_with_a_bite.shtml (1014 words)

	USDA establishes Honeybee Genetics and IPM Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The introduction of the parasitic bee mite Varroa destructor in 1987 and the invasion of the Africanized honeybee in 1990 have threatened honeybee colonies.
		This honeybee is well established in the southwestern United States and is spreading northward into the Central Valley area of California and into the southeastern United States, says Calderone.
		The establishment of the Africanized honeybee in the southern states will result in restrictions on the movement of migratory operations throughout the country, Calderone says.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-01/cuns-ueh011002.php (546 words)

	[No title]
		This natural boundary between European and African honeybee populations in the Old World may provide a model for predicting the eventual outcome of the colonization of North America by introduced African honeybees." @A "Smith, R. K." Identification of Africanization in honey bees based on extracted hydrocarbons assay.
		South African Journal of Science 1993 89 6 294-297 @C "Herbert, E. R.//Sylvester, H. A.//Vandenberg, J. D.//Shimanuki, H." Influence of nutritional stress and the age of adults on the morphometrics of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.).
		South African Journal Of Zoology 1990 25 2 93-96 @C "Nijland, M. M.//Hepburn, H. R." Ontogeny of a circadian rhythm in the cluster temperature of honeybees.
	bees.ucr.edu /ahb.procite (18175 words)

	Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food & Forestry: Forest Regeneration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		That means that she "bleeds" to death while the stinger remains in the body attached to a muscle and venom sac that continues to pump venom until it is empty or the stinger removed.
		Africanized honeybees, like their cousins the regular European honeybee, actually are useful in helping to pollinate plants.
		And because the population of regular honeybees has been greatly harmed by a deadly mite in recent years, honeybees are desperately needed to pollinate our crops and flowers.
	www.oda.state.ok.us /agri-ahbfaq.htm (2602 words)

	Entomology - Africanized Bees in California
		Africanized bees in California, an update on when and where AHB have been found in California, and recent trends.
		The spread of Africanized bees in the USA 1990-1995, and it implications for the future of Africanized bees, especially in California.(An article originally published in California Agriculture).
		Kirk Visscher, is researching the biology of Africanized and European honey bees, developing new techniques for effectively managing these bees, and helping to prepare California to deal with the new challenge of Africanized bees.
	bees.ucr.edu (340 words)

	AgNews -- Africanized Honey Bees: Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Africanized Honey Bee educational materials can be purchased online at the Texas Cooperative Extension Bookstore http://tcebookstore.org.
		Included are a blue pinata trap box, four color photos, 2 videos, stickers, an Africanized honey bee in resin, a sample of honeycomb, a 36-slide program with cassettes and scripts in English and Spanish, and a 24-page lesson plan.
		The Africanized honeybee is a threat to people and animals because of its defensive behavior.
	agnews.tamu.edu /bees/beekits.htm (255 words)

	The County of Santa Clara - An Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Africanized Honeybee (AHB) poses a serious treat to California. ; The adverse impact in not limited to public health and safety, but also to emergency services, parks and recreation. In addition, AHB threatens to disrupt the commercial beekeeping industry that provides services vital to many of California's most important agricultural crops.
		Africanized honeybees are found throughout most of Mexico, and were first detected in southern Texas in 1990. AHB is now in Arizona and New Mexico. ; Naturally migrating swarms of AHB entered California in October 1994.
		Honeybees play an integral role in the pollination of 42 different nut, fruit, vegetable, forage, and seed crops directly valued at $1.5 billion per year.
	www.sccvector.org /content/0,4745,ccid=108635,00.html (414 words)

	Africanized Honeybee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Africanized Honeybees get their name from their place of origin - Africa.
		The bees found the climate in their new home favorable and were able to proliferate by hybridizing with European Honeybees.
		Africanized Honeybees (AHB's) are problematic not because of their killer sting, but because of the way they respond to disturbances around their nests.
	www.sutter-yubamvcd.org /AHB.htm (482 words)

	Africanized Honeybee
		Behavior – Africanized honeybees (AHB) are actually a subspecies of the European honeybee, and the two look exactly the same.
		In the wild, honeybees most often nest inside cavities of trees, but they will also nest within caves and cracks in rock formations.
		Tips for Control – Because the Africanized honeybee cannot be distinguished from its native cousins without detailed scientific measurements, any honeybee nest or swarm found in southwestern states should be respected at a safe distance.
	www.curtispestcontrol.com /africanized_honeybee.htm (371 words)

	State of Utah Department of Agriculture and Food
		The trap placement comes after Africanized bees were responsible for a stinging incident last year in Mesquite, Nevada 30 miles from the Utah border.
		The UDAF is notifying various state agencies and community groups about Africanized honeybees, and is making information and brochures about the bee available to the public.
		The brochures, and more information on Africanized honeybees are available here.
	www.ag.utah.gov /pressrel/ahb2.html (345 words)

	HoustonChronicle.com - Buzz over 'killer bees' fades, quarantine lifted
		Africanized bees are "wild" and are not comfortable being around people or animals.
		The quarantines prevented beekeepers from moving hives to an Africanized honeybee-free county without first having samples taken to certify they were not contaminated with the African variety.
		African honeybees are slightly smaller than domestic honeybees but otherwise resemble them closely.
	www.chron.com /cs/CDA/ssistory.mpl/metropolitan/3240314 (654 words)

	TEKTRAN Africanized Honeybee Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Effect of Africanized Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on the Pet Population of Tucson: a Case Study
		Differential Grooming Responses of European and Africanized Honeybees Apis Mellifera to Infestation by the Parasitic Mite Varroa Jacobsoni
		African Apis Mellifera in the Americas: its Impact on Honey Bee Germplasm, Ecosystems, the Beekeeping Community, and the Public
	www.nal.usda.gov /ttic/tektran/news/afrhoneybees.htm (863 words)

	Africanized honeybee from LiveJournal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		For centuries, beekeepers in Yucatán have harvested honey from the log nests of the large-bodied, stingless bees.
		Brazilian scientists wanted to breed a new species of honeybee in the 1950s, but some bees escaped and began "mating" with Brazilian honeybees.
		Africanized bees are the roaming sort; they'll simply pack up and move on, or die out-- there higher-energy lifestyle doesn't allow them the surpluses of wax and honey which their less aggressive cousins...
	www.ljseek.com /search/Africanized%20honeybee (343 words)

	Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Killer Bees
		These African bee escapees have since formed hybrid populations with European Honey Bees, both feral and from commercial hives.
		Interbred colonies of European and Africanized honey bees may differ in pollination efforts, be more aggressive, excessively abandon the nest, and not survive the winters.
		The second strategy is requeening frequently, where the beekeeper replaces the queen of the colony, thus assuring that the queens are European Honey Bees and that mating has also occurred with European drones.
	www.si.edu /resource/faq/nmnh/buginfo/killbee.htm (548 words)

	What are killer bees?
		Africanized honey bees (also known as "Africanized bees" or "killer bees") are descendants of southern African bees imported to South America in 1956.
		Brazilian scientists were attempting to breed a honey bee better adapted to the tropics.
		Since 1957, pure African bees and their hybrid offspring, the Africanized honey bee, have vigorously multiplied and extended their range throughout South, Central, and North America at rates frequently exceeding 200 miles per year.
	www.stingshield.com /whatahb.htm (86 words)

	CHAPTER 75. BEE KEEPING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		(b) Any person keeping bees in the State shall notify the State Apiarist immediately of the existence or the suspected existence of any bee disease, mite or Africanized honeybee in such person's own or any other apiary in the State.
		No person shall give false information in any matter pertaining to this chapter, or hinder or resist the State Apiarist or the inspector in the discharge of his or her duties.
		(1) A statement that the colonies or used beekeeping equipment is free of all diseases, mites and Africanized honeybees, based on an inspection within the preceding 60 days.
	www.delcode.state.de.us /title3/c075 (919 words)

	Africanized Honey Bee(AHB)
		The hybrid is virtually indistinguishable in the field from the common honey bee.
		If the average wing length is under 9mm, the bees are suspect Africanized Honey Bees.
		They are only suspect AHB because there are some Egyptian Honey Bees in the county that are a domesticated bee but are slightly smaller that the EHB.
	acwm.co.la.ca.us /scripts/AHB.htm (1114 words)

	Africanized honey bee lesson plans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Africanized honey bees have moved into the Southwest and are here to stay.
		In addition to the safety issues that need to be addressed because of the defensiveness of these bees, honey bees are also fascinating subjects to study.
		Technical questions about African honey bees can be directed to Dave Langston at langston@ag.arizona.edu
	ag.arizona.edu /pubs/insects/ahb (91 words)

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