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Topic: Afroasiatic

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	Afroasiatic languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Since four of the Afroasiatic tongues, Arabic, Hebrew, Coptic, and Syriac, are also respectively the languages of Islam, Judaism, and two sects of the Christian faith, the language family reaches many millions in addition to its native speakers.
		The Egyptian branch of the Afroasiatic family comprises Ancient Egyptian and its descendant, Coptic.
		Of all the Afroasiatic languages, Ancient Egyptian is the one for which there is the oldest surviving evidence.
	www.bartleby.com /65/af/Afroasia.html (2033 words)

	The 6000 or so languages of the world are grouped in families, of which members of each family are descendant languages ...
		Established at Michigan State University in cooperation with MSU’s H-Net (http://www.h-net.org/), AABO is initially an internet-online searchable annotated bibliography of publications on the Afroasiatic language family, to be expanded and maintained as a cooperation of international Afroasiaticists.
		Much less studied than Indoeurpoean, Afroasiatic owes its secondary importance to the long historical connection of its speakers in the East Mediterranean early history of Europe, and the fact that the earliest writing, after Sumerian, was in the Afroasiatic languages Egyptian and Semitic Akkadian, from about 5500 BP.
		The study of Afroasiatic offers a needed contrast and comparison to Indo-European studies, expands our knowledge of Indo-Asian prehistory, and provides a model for progress in the unification and integration of study of lesser-known peoples of the world through discovery of the family membership of their languages.
	www.msu.edu /~hudson/aabo.htm (1701 words)

	Berber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are between 14 and 25 million speakers of Berber languages in North Africa (see population estimation), principally concentrated in Morocco and Algeria but with smaller communities as far east as Egypt and as far south as Burkina Faso.
		Their languages, the Berber languages, form a branch of the Afroasiatic linguistic family comprising many closely related varieties, including Kabyle, Tachelhit, and Central Atlas Tamazight, with a total of roughly 14-25 million speakers.
		Linguists and population geneticists alike have identified this culture as a probable period for the spread of an Afroasiatic language (ancestral to the modern Berber languages) to the area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Berber (3319 words)

	The Afroasiatic Index Project
		The Afroasiatic Index Project is a scholarly initiative that aims at creating an etymological database of Afroasiatic languages.
		Afroasiatic languages are a group of related languages spoken by various communities from a large area in West African centered around Lake Chad (Chadic), all the way across North Africa (Berber) into Egypt (Egyptian), Ethiopia, and Somalia, and down the Great Rift Valley to the foot of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Cushitic / Omotic).
		The idea was that, in addition to contributing to comparative Afroasiatic studies, the Project would provide faster and more accurate searches of the literature, and would offer query, display, and report facilities that would put old-fashioned 3x5 card files, notes, and even printed dictionaries to shame.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/PROJ/CUS/AAindex.html (1375 words)

	African languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The principal linguistic families of Africa are now generally said to be Afroasiatic; Niger-Kordofanian (including Niger-Congo); Nilo-Saharan; and Khoisan, or Click; two other stocks, Indo-European and Malayo-Polynesian, are also represented.
		These languages are spoken in all parts of the continent, from the extreme south up to the territory of the Afroasiatic languages of N Africa.
		The Afroasiatic family is also spoken in the Middle East.
	www.bartleby.com /65/af/Africanlng.html (1428 words)

	Re: MORE: Afroasiatic Language and the Ancient Egyptians
		Afroasiatic is one of the most widespread language families in the world, its geographic area comprising, from antiquity to the present time, the entire area of the eastern Mediterranean, northern Africa, and western Asia.
		The individual branches of the Afroasiatic family are: (1) ANCIENT EGYPTIAN, to which this book is devoted.
		Although written records exist only since the nineteenth century, some scholars take Berber to represent the historical outcome of the ancient language of the more than 1000 'Libyan' inscriptions, written in autochthonous or in Latin alphabet and documented from the second century BCE onward.
	www.talkaboutculture.com /group/alt.culture.egyptian/messages/16410.html (696 words)

	Relations between Indoeuropean and Afroasiatic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As an age of at least tenthousand years is supposed for this family it is worth noticing that the Sahara was green at the time of Proto-Afroasiatic and that Europe was under the influence of the last glacial epoch at the same time.
		The common origin of gender in Central Khoisan, Afroasiatic and Indoeuropean already has been maintained, as this feature is a rare one among the world's language families.
		Afroasiatic shows a gender system male versus female (including things) with the female marker -t (for example Akkadian `sarr-um "king" versus `sarrat-um "queen".
	members.pgv.at /homer/INDOEURO/afroasia.htm (740 words)

	Welcome to the LOT pages
		The Afroasiatic languages of Africa and the Middle East have a rich morphology for verbal derivation and inflection.
		In Classical Arabic, for instance, there is a clear sense in which verbs and nouns like kataba 'he wrote', kaataba 'he corresponded', and kitaabun 'book' are morphologically related to one another by means of the consonantal structure of the root, although they do not share discrete strings of segments in concatenated morphemes.
		In comprising three discontinuous morphological components (the root, the stem template, and the vowel melody) the verb phrase structure in Afroasiatic is radically different from the one in Indo-Eurpoean languages.
	www.let.uu.nl /LOT/News&Events/Newsletters/2004/2004-06-18.html (736 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2000.08.14
		As a separate branch of the Afroasiatic family, Egyptian, from Old Egyptian down to Coptic, has a recorded history of more than 4,000 years, making it one of the longest continuously documented languages in the world.
		These introductory grammars have as their audience those interested in a thorough introduction to one phase of the Egyptian language and usually have as a practical aim the training of Egyptologists.
		Here the use of comparative evidence from Afroasiatic languages, and Coptic, is essential because the hieroglyphic system did not indicate vowels.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2000/2000-08-14.html (1345 words)

	The Origin of Hebrew Civilization is Afroasiatic - ColorQ's Bible Story Corner
		Semitic languages in turn belong to a larger family of languages, the Afroasiatic.
		The Chadic branch is by far the largest subfamily, containing 150 African tongues and spanning a vast area of West Africa, including Nigeria and the Cameroons.
		Linguist Joseph H. Greenberg deduced that the original homeland of Afroasiatic speakers appears to be somewhere in Ethiopia.
	www.colorq.org /bible/default.aspx?d=Historical_Background&x=Afroasiatic (573 words)

	Gene B. Gragg
		Cushitic and Afroasiatic Comparative Linguistics, Historical and Computational Linguistics, Unaffiliated Languages of ANE (Sumerian, Hurrian, Urartian).
		To the extent allowed for the past several years by current administrative responsibilities as director of the Oriental Institute, he has been teaching courses in Ethiopic (Ge’ez) and Hurrian, plus a reading course in computational linguistics.
		In this context he has designed the interface and wrote application programs (Perl, for the most part) for a web-based reference archive of comparative-historical information on the Afroasiatic languages (more than 300 languages are referenced in the database).
	humanities.uchicago.edu /depts/nelc/facultypages/gragg (740 words)

	The case against Martin Bernal by David Gress
		According to Bernal, while many classicists immediately recognized the proof as a major discovery, they were dismayed by evidence that the Mycenaeans used Greek, because Mycenaean culture was derived from that of Minoan Crete which was in turn influenced by Egypt and Asia.
		What they could not and cannot accept, however, is continuity of Afroasiatic influences across the Dark Age—not because they are racists, but because all the evidence is against it.
		Bernal’s denunciations, delivered with a uniformly spiteful tone, give his work the same moral and scholarly status as the Aryan science of the Third Reich or the Lysenkoite genetics of Stalinist Russia; that is, none whatever.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/08/dec89/gress.htm (4019 words)

	Exerts From "Amharic Verb Morphology: A Generative Approach"
		All but a relative handful of Ethiopians are native speakers of languages of one genetic super-family: Afroasiatic.
		Not only are the languages spoken by most Ethiopians genetically related, but (as Ferguson 1970 and 1976 has shown) the phenomenon of diffusion of traits over a large area has resulted in even more sharing of common features than one would expect among languages of three coordinate branches of a super-family.
		In fact, the Afroasiatic languages of Ethiopia and adjoining countries constitute an impressive example of a language area, clearly set off from surrounding Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Kordofanian languages by the features identified by Ferguson.
	www.abyssiniagateway.net /info/bender.html (1976 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ethiopic (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		Ethiopic[EthEop´ik] Pronunciation Key, extinct language of Ethiopia belonging to the North Ethiopic group of the South Semitic (or Ethiopic) languages, which, in turn, belong to the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic family of languages (see Afroasiatic languages).
		B.C. The native Cushitic tongues of Ethiopia (which are also Afroasiatic languages) exerted a degree of influence on the newly arrived Semitic language or languages with respect to grammar, vocabulary, and phonology.
		Although the script used for Ethiopic and other Semitic tongues of Ethiopia is syllabic rather than alphabetic, it seems to be derived from the alphabetic South Semitic writing of the Old South Arabian inscriptions, to which it shows many similarities.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/Ethiopic.html (377 words)

	Newswise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Nostratic is the name given to a language hypothesized to be the common ancestor of a number of families of languages, including Indo-European (which includes English), Uralic, and Afroasiatic.
		Nostratic believers argue that they have found similarities between some language families, such as Indo-European and Afroasiatic, that suggest they originate from a common language.
		For example, a Indo-European word that means "to fly or flee" is "per" while the Afroasiatic word is "par." Skeptics are not so sure that these similarities indicate a true relationship.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view?id=NOSTRAT.OSU (629 words)

	ETYMOLOGY AND ELECTRONICS: THE AFROASIATIC INDEX
		The object of that project was to explore the possibility of using standard relational database file formats and off-the-shelf database managing software to create and maintain an etymological database (cognate sets, correspondence sets, sound changes, bibliography) for Cushitic and Omotic.
		Inevitably cognates were noted between these languages and the other major branches of Afroasiatic, so that the project early on acquired a certain Afroasiatic dimension.
		Computational (and Northwest Semitic) expertise for the Afroasiatic Index is being provided by Richard Goerwitz, Research Associate and Lecturer in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, and recent Ph.D. in that department.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/PROJ/CUS/NN_Spr96/NN_Spr96.html (1426 words)

	John Benjamins: Book details for Research in Afroasiatic Grammar II [CILT 241]
		Research in Afroasiatic Grammar II Selected papers from the Fifth Conference on Afroasiatic Languages, Paris, 2000
		This volume contains 22 of the papers presented at the 5th Conference on Afroasiatic Languages (CAL 5) held at Université Paris VII in June 2000.
		Taken as a whole, the papers provide an accurate picture of the state of current research in Afroasiatic linguistics, containing important new data and new analyses.
	www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=CILT_241 (294 words)

	FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES (CAL5) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The `Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle' URA 1028 CNRS-Universite de Paris 7 is hosting the Fifth International Conference on Afroasiatic Languages (CAL5).
		The aim of the Conference is to promote research in theoretical linguistics in relation to Afroasiatic languages.
		The editorial committee hopes to undertake the publication of a collection of papers based on the presentations at the colloquium, a sequel to the volumes entitled 'Studies in Afro-Asiatic Grammar' (Holland Academic Graphics, 1996) and `Studies in Afro-Asiatic Grammar 2' (John Benjamins, in press).
	www.llf.cnrs.fr /en/CAL5-call.html (189 words)

	RichardPoe.com - Single Blog Entry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		REGARDING THE AFROASIATIC LANGUAGE FAMILY: Your contention that the Afroasiatic language family entered Africa by means of Arab invaders in the 7th century BC is wrong.
		Since the Egyptians were speaking Egyptian at least as early as 4,000 BC (and undoubtedly much earlier), it would require an Einsteinian time warp for them to have picked up their language from Arab invaders who did not arrive in Africa until more than 3,000 years later.
		To suggest that all of the hundreds of Afroasiatic languages arrayed across half the African continent evolved from a mere handful of Arab invaders in the 7th century BC is comparable to claiming that all the major languages of Europe descended from the speech of Surinamese immigrants to Holland.
	www.richardpoe.com /blog_single.php?rowID=21 (2019 words)

	Melanie Green (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hausa is a Chadic language belonging to the larger family of Afroasiatic languages, which, alongside Chadic, has four other main branches: Semitic, Egyptian, Berber and Cushitic.
		The Afroasiatic Family is the major language family of North Africa, and spreads as far as the Eastern Horn of Africa and across into South West Asia.
		The (sometimes controversial) claim that Chadic belongs within the Afroasiatic has been established in particular on the basis of lexical and morphological similarities which point towards a common 'genetic unity' (Schuh 1982; Pawlak 1994 and references cited there).
	www.sussex.ac.uk /Users/melanieg/hausa.html (2671 words)

	CV. Chris Reintges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Papers from the Fifth Conference on Afroasiatic Languages (Paris).
		Papers from the Fourth Conference on Afroasiatic Languages (London, June 1998).
		Papers from the Third Conference on Afroasiatic Languages (Sophia Antipolis, June 1996).
	www.filol.csic.es /lenguas/botones/cvitae/reintges.htm (662 words)

	Black Athena: Towards a constructive reassessment II
		Also one might expect the argument on Afroasiatic languages to be traced further inland into the African continent.
		Even so the correspondences and correlations between language, culture and phenotype are merely statistical, very often spurious, and they never rise to the point of one to one relationships.
		Therefore Bernal’s use of Afroasiatic and of other such terms introduces a lack of precision which has been one of the factors producing the emotional and occasionally vicious overtones of the Black Athena debate.
	www.shikanda.net /afrocentrism/black2.htm (5574 words)

	Language Classification
		The Afroasiatic family is considered a distinct language grouping.
		Languages of the Adamawa-Eastern branch are spoken from northeastern Nigeria east to Sudan, north almost to the Sahara, and south to extreme northern Zaire.
		In most of this area, these languages are interspersed with Chari-Nile languages of the Nilo-Saharan family; in the extreme west, Chadic languages of the Afroasiatic family are also spoken.
	www.ntz.info /gen/n00329.html (1462 words)

	SILEBR 2004/002 — Review of “African languages” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The opening chapters are summaries of the basis for the four major African language families: Niger-Congo (Kay Williamson and Roger Blench), Nilo-Saharan (Lionel M. Bender), Afroasiatic (Richard Hayward), and Khoisan (Tom Güldemann and Rainer Vossen).
		The Afroasiatic chapter, by Richard Hayward, is a good example of how to present a language family.
		These elements can provide a field researcher with a pre-knowledge of what to expect if one will be working in an Afroasiatic language.
	www.sil.org:8090 /silebr/2004/silebr2004-002 (1289 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian and Muslim Religions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is argued that just as there is a common Afroasiatic language family, so too there is a common Afroasiatic family of religions.
		There is an inner logic to be found in myths, folk-tales, rituals, customs and beliefs as far apart as Yemen and Nigeria which go back to an ancient past shared by the Bible and the pharaohs.
		Using the method of comparative mythology, the author sifts through the work of scholars - including anthropologists, religious historians, archaeologists and classical Greek writers and contemporary comments on them by professional Egyptologists - to build his picture of the Afroasiatic heritage, and how much of it is still with us in modern Western thought.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1860641237 (316 words)

	ipedia.com: Berber Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Berbers are a predominantly Caucasoid, predominantly Muslim ethnic group living in northern Africa.
		The Berbers (also called Amazigh, "free men", pl. Imazighen) are a predominantly Caucasoid, predominantly Muslim ethnic group living in northern Africa.
		They speak the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family.
	www.ipedia.com /berber.html (973 words)

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